PLAIN & REINFORCED CONCRETE - I

LECTURE 1

INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE
by

Engr. Muhammad Ammar

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE
CONCRETE
Concrete is a mixture of portland cement or any other hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water, with or without admixtures.

CONSTITUENTS
PORTLAND OR OTHER HYDRAULIC CEMENT
FINE AGGREGATE COARSE AGGREGATE

WATER
ADMIXTURES (OPTIONAL)

INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE
CONCRETE
Concrete is manufactured in definite proportions of cement: fine aggregate : coarse aggregate & %age water by weight. TYPES OF CONCRETE
Concrete generally has three types depending upon the method of its manufacturing. IN-SITU Concrete which is manufactured, placed and left to set at the site to be placed is called In-situ Concrete. This type of concrete is further divided into two types;
Site batched Central plant batched

PRE-CAST Concrete which is prepared and allowed to set in proper shape and size at a place other than the site and transported to the site for placement is called pre-cast concrete. PRE-STRESSED Concrete which is subjected to tensile forces in advance of its proper setting and placement to produce extra strength in the section is called pre-stressed concrete.

INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE
CONCRETE
TYPES OF CONCRETE (Based on Manufacturing Ingredients)

Plain concrete Normal Weight Concrete Light Weight Concrete Heavy Weight Concrete Asphaltic Concrete Reinforced Concrete Fibre Reinforced Concrete Other types

INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE
CONCRETE MANUFACTURING
PROPORTIONING
The process of manufacturing of concrete is called batching. Concrete is batched by volume. Principles for proportioning concrete to achieve a prescribed compressive strength after a given age under standard curing are: The strength of a hardened concrete mix depends on the water-cement materials ratio (ratio of water to cement materials, by weight). The water and cement materials form a paste. If the paste is made with more water, it becomes weaker. The ideal minimum amount of paste is that which will coat all aggregate particles and fill all voids. For practical purposes, fresh concrete must possess workability sufficient for the placement conditions. For a given strength and with given materials, the cost of the mix increases as the workability increases. Additional workability is provided by more fine aggregate and more water, but more cement materials must also be added to keep the same water-cement materials ratio.

INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE
CONCRETE PROPERTIES
FRESH CONCRETE
WORKABILITY AIR-CONTENT CEMENT CONTENT SEGGREGATION

INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE
CONCRETE PROPERTIES
HARDENED CONCRETE
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

WEIGHT
DIRECT TENSILE STRENGTH MODULUS OF RUPTURE RESILLIANT MODULUS

INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE
CONCRETE WATER
FREE FROM SALTS PH VALUE FREE FROM IMPURITIES FREE FROM ORGANIC IMPURITIES SALINE WATER POTABLE WATER

INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE
CONCRETE ADMIXTURES
Accelerate or retard the initial setting Increase the strength Improve workability, penetration and pump ability Reduce heat of evolution Increase durability Control expansion caused by reaction Decrease capillary flow of water to make it impermeable Reduce segregation in grouts Inhibit corrosion, increase resistance to chemical attack Produce concrete which is colored, cellular, fungicidal, germicidal, and insecticidal

INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE
CONCRETE FORMWORK
The temporary works which are used to support the plastic concrete or any other material in desired sections un till it sets is called formwork.

PURPOSE
STRUCTURAL ADEQUACY SAFETY

MATERIALS USED AS FORMWORK

WOOD PLANKS & PANELS STEEL PANELS PLASTIC PANELS

INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE
CONCRETE FORMWORK
LOADINGS ON FORMWORK
PRESSURE DUE TO FRESH CONCRETE ON VERTICAL FORMWORK p = 150 + 9000(R/T) Where, p = lateral pressure, psf R= Rate of filling, ft/h T= Temperature of concrete, 0F

DESIGN VERTICAL LOADS FOR HORIZONTAL FORMS

DEAD LOAD due to weight of concrete or any other allied material LIVE LOAD due to labour, power buggies and other temporary loads, normally 50 psf is added IMPACT LOAD due to any impact on forwork due to sudden loads, normally 25 psf is added.

LATERAL LOADS FOR SHORING

Lateral loads may cause progressive failure Horizontal Formwork should be braced to resist atleast 100 lb/lin ft of horizontal force 2% of total dead loads on the floor Vertical formwork should be braced to resist local building-code wind pressure + 100 lb/lin ft at the top in each direction.

INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE
CONCRETE PLACING PRACTICES
The principles governing proper placement of concrete are: Segregation must be avoided during all the operations between the mixer and the point of placement , including final consolidation and finishing. The concrete must be thoroughly consolidated, worked solidly around all embedded items, and should fill all angels and corners of the form. Where fresh concrete is placed against or on hardened concrete, a good bond must be developed. Unconfined concrete must not be placed underwater. The temperature of fresh concrete must be controlled from time of mixing to the final placement , and protected after placement.

INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE
CONCRETE TRANSPORTATION PRACTICES
The transportation of concrete is generally practiced through the following methods; Wheel-barrows Chutes Hand or power operated buggies Drop-bottom buckets with cranes Flexible and rigid pipes Side-dump cars Belt conveyors Paving mixer Dump truck Mixer truck

INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE
CONCRETE
FACTORS FOR CHOOSING R.C STRUCTURES
ECONOMY
SUITABILITY TO ARCHITECTURAL & STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONS FIRE RESISTANCE RIGIDITY LOW MAINTENANCE AVAILABILITY OF MATERIALS LONG LIFE EASE TO IMPROVISE PROPERTIES ACCORDING TO USE.

INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE
CONCRETE
DEMERITS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES
HIGH STRENGTH TO WEIGHT RATIO
LOW TENSILE STRENGTH FORMS & SHORING TEMPORARY WORKS REQUIRE LABOUR REQUIRES TIME TO SET TIME DEPENDENT VOLUME CHANGES EXPENSIVE REPAIR/REPLACEMENT