CHAPTER 5 HYDRAULIC MACHINERY

PUMPS

Types of hydraulic machines

Two categories: Pumps Machines which give energy to fluid are called pumps 2. Turbine Machines which take energy from fluid are called turbines Pumps and turbines can be divided into : Positive displacement units (piston & diaphragm pump) Continuous flow units/rotodynamic (turbines) Radial flow machines (centrifugal pumps), axial flow machines and mixed flow machine

Pumps function
Used to transfer fluid in system, either at the same level or to a new height. The flow rate depends on the height to which the fluid is pumped. The relationship between head and flowrate is called pump characteristic

Selecting a pump
The nature of liquid to be pumped The required capacity (volume flow rate) The conditions on the suction & discharge (inlet & outlet) side of pump The total head on the pump The type of system to which the pump is delivering the fluid The type of power source (electric motor, diesel engine, steam turbine etc) Space, weight and position limitation Environment condition Cost : pump purchasee, installation andoperation

Dimensionless parameters for hydraulic machines

For hydraulic machines, the quantities usually considered in a dimensionless analysis are:
Quantities Dimensionless formula D rotor diameter [L] Q discharge through pipe [L3T-1] N rotational speed [T-1] H energy [L] g gravity [LT-2] - density [ML-3] - fluid density [ML-1T-1] P power transferred between [ML2T-3] fluid and rotor

The dimensionless coefficient

Modern hydraulics turbines and centrifugal pumps are highly efficient machines with few differences in their characteristics. For each design there is a definite relationship between; The speed of rotation, N Discharge of flow ,Q Head, H Diameter, D of the rotating element Power, P Power, discharge and head coefficient are given as

And for homologous machines, the following equations relate the size, head, flow rate, speed and power between models and prototype. , ,
And the specific speed represented by

For turbine, the specific speed and the turbine efficiency are respectively given as

and

Example 1
A centrifugal pump discharged 0.017 m3/s against a head of 16 m when the speed was 1200 rpm. The diameter of the impeller was 300 mm and brake power was 4.0 kW. A geometrically similar pump 350 mm in diameter is to run at 1700 rpm. Assuming equal efficiencies, what head will be developed how much water will be pumped what brake power will be developed

Example 2
In order to predict the behavior of a small oil pump as a prototype, tests are to be made on a model using air. The oil pump is to be driven by a 30 W motor at 1500 rpm and a 186W motor is available to drive the air pump at 450 rpm. Using oil of specific gravity 0.912 and air of constant density at 1.23kg/m3, find the size of model that should be built?

PUMP TYPES
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT Reciprocating piston Diaphgram CONTINUOUS FLOW/ROTODYNAMIC Radial flow machine (eg centrifugal pump) Axial flow machine Mixed flow machine

Pump system analysis

considered pumps that are integrated into a pipe system Simple pump-pipeline system Multiple pump system a) Parallel Operation/Pump in Parallel b) Series Operation/Pump in series

Simple pump-pipeline system

A pipe delivers a liquid from a lower tank to a higher tank through a static lift HST at a discharge Q. The total head generated by a pump is also called the manometric head (H) since it is the difference in pressure head recorded by pressure gauges connected to the delivery and inlet pipes on either side of the pump when the pipes are of the same diameter. The pump must generate a total head equal to HST plus the pipeline head losses. The following variables are defined: hld = head loss in delivery pipe (friction, valves, etc) hls = head loss in suction pipe (entry, bend, etc) Applying the Bernoulli equation to section (1) to section (2) gives,
Since HST=Z2-Z1, the equation can be rearranged as

Example for simple pump-pipeline system

Calculate the steady discharge of water between the tanks and the power consumption in the system as shown in figure below. Pipe diameter (Ds=Dd)=200 mm. The delivery pipe is 2000m long; surface roughness size ks = 0.03 mm. Losses in valves, bends plus the velocity head amount to 6.2V2/2g. Static lift = 10.0 m.

Q (l/s) 0 H (m) 25 (%) -

10 23.2 45

20 20.8 65

30 16.5 71

40 12.4 65

50 7.3 45

Solution :
Solve simultaneously the head-discharge relationship for pump and system For the system, use the system equation to determine the head
The ks/D = (0.03/200)=0.00015, and Q Re (x 105) hf (m) hL (m) H (m) 10 0.56 0.021 1.08 0.03 11.11 20 1.13 0.0185 3.82 0.13 13.95 obtained from Moody diagram

30 1.10 0.0172 7.99 0.29 18.28

40 2.25 0.0165 13.63 0.51 24.14

50 2.81 0.0160 20.65 0.80 31.45

Plot the H and against Q (a graphical solution to interpret the matching of pump and the system)

Take discrete values of hf and calculate V and Q from Darcy and Colebrooke-White equation,

hf (m) V (m/s) Q (l/s) hL (m) H=Hst + Hlosses (m)

2 0.45 124.06 0.06 12.06

4 0.66 20.57 0.13 14.43

6 0.97 30 0.29 18.29

8 1.4 43.61 0.61 26.61

Multiple pump system : Pump in Parallel

contains several pumps in a parallel arrangement

This is the common feature of sewage pumping stations head (H) across all the pump will be same no matter how many pumps are operating.

Whatever the H may be, each pump will be discharging a rate of flow consistent with the H-Q curve for that particular pump
the total discharge from all the pumps will be the sum of those discharges.

If the pumps have identical performance characteristics, the total discharge would simply be nQ, where n is the number of pumps in operation.

Multiple pump system : Pump in Series

less common than parallel pump installation

For series installation, the discharge will be the same through each pump the total head for the combined operation will be the summation of H for each pump having the given Q.

It should be noted that all pumps in a series system must be operating simultaneously.

Pump efficiency
Pump efficiency is calculated from, =Q p/W Where Q : flow through each pump and p is the pressure across it.
In series, the flow through each pump is equal to the measured flow, but pressure rise across the upstream pump is approximately (p1-p2) For parallel flow, the flowrate through each pump is half the measured value.