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Parak14kmpled

Transmission~Line~Resonator
SEYMOUR

Filters*

Summmy-This paper describes the synthesis of band-pass transmission-line titers consisting of series of half-wavelength resonant conductors such as strips. The design differs from the usual end-coupled strip configuration in that successive strips are parallel coup~ed along a distance of a quarter-wavelength. The resulting coupling between resonators is partly electric and partly magnetic. Several important advantages are gained by this arrangement: 1) the length of the filter is approximately half that of the end-coupled type; 2) the gaps are larger and therefore less critical; and 3) the insertionIoss curve is symmetrical on a frequency scale with the first spurious response occurring at three times the center frequency of the pass band. transFormulas are derived for the parallel-coupled-resonator mission-line filter that permit accurate design for Tchebycheff, maximally flat, or any other physically realizable response. The formulas are theoretically exact in the limit of zero bandwidth, but frequency-response calculations show them to give good results for band widths up to about 30 per cent. An experimental strip-line filter of this typ,s has been constructed, and the data given in this paper show that excellent performance has been obtained.

ripple. checked found about and method paper3 resonator low-pass made resonant

The by to

accuracy exact

of

the

design and for

formulas they bandwidths flat in

has have

been been up to

computation, results

give

excellent cent in the

20 per 30 per of for

case of maximally ripple used of that types the the either by An between

response 1he earlier an

cent

in the

case of equal of this other method, having of

response. direct-coupledresponso or paral

analysis a number filters. In to

is basically

lumped-constant desired seriesis [el -

prototype equivalent

filter

a set

LC arms

interconnected

broa,d-band

quarequiva-

ter-wavelength lence the then actual

transformers. is established coupled-resonator

approximate the latter

circuit

and

structure.

INTRODUCTION

=Z2%E2Z2H22%Z+= a) ~~
I

.1

A
this

S shown

in Fig.

1(a) ,13 multiple-coupled-resonator in strip have strips strips Parallel over reduced line been (or most other end TEM a~~ to end. in
Fig, lCoupled-resonator (b) and

I
(b) ~~nu (c)

[ 1

band-pass transmission

filters line)

comr$only

composed In which the

of half-wavelength paper, an alternative half-wavelength 1 (b) the and filter 1 (c). is

coupled are

arrangement

is treated parallel-coupled, offers coupling: by

strip-line (c) parallel

filters: coupled.

(a) end coupled;

as in Fig. ber length of

coupling end approximately

a num1) the half; is at larger last eases adthe The coupled ment filter, design filter values which formulas are gl, may given @ for in Table of an m-resonator 1. They the for means utilize paral[elthe eleDESIGN PROCEDURE

of important

advantages

2) a symmetrical obtained three gap times between is of with the the

insertion-loss-vs-frequency first spurious frequency, strips response and

response occurring

center

3) a much The it

. . , g.

prototype either

low-pass flat in that in a are of [respecieventhe have rellatare

adjacent particular gaps

is permitted. since bandwidth, tolerance. power that any maximally allow in desired

be computed response by from

maximally given

vantage tolerance a broader the filter. Formu forward realizable larger

importance, for for a given a given a higher derived to to such be have as

or equal-ripple Table the I I.3 The filter

of formulas in Fig.

on the

or permits Furthermore, rating the of the

schematic

diagram

2 shows resulting sections center of the and

bandwidth gap Ias have manner, response,

is assembled containing (one-quarter their on wave. been to The for the total the

n + 1 sections, The wavelength design

permits been filter and

structure equal quency), fied mode by

n resonators. electrical parallel and

length and two wave

at the

parallelphysically or equal-

is completely

coupled-resonator

designed

a straight-

characteristic

impedancesZo,, conductors, formulas of structure flat the or the

Z~ of

flat

odd-mode previously ing them

These defined,

characteristic

impedances and cross always graphs section will

dimensions filter

* Manuscript received by the PGMTT, October 21, 195 ~. The work described in this paper was supported by the U. S. Army Signal
Eng. Labs under Contract No. D.\ 36-039-sc-64625. + Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif. 1 E, G. Fubini, W. E. Fromm, and H. S. Keen, {Microwave applications of hi~h-O striu components, IRE CONVENTION RECORD, pt. 8, pp. 981 O:; Marcfi, 195~. 2 E. A. Bradley, Design and development of strip-line filters, IRE TRANS., vol. MTT-4, pp. 8693; April, 1956. J S. B. Cohn. Direct-couded-resonator filters, PROC. IRE, vol. 45, pp 187-196 ~ February, 1$57.

available.4 metrical In one the the should number

be sym-

maximally of select first

equal-ripple of response will yield

response. fil ker function the desired

line,

design

a parallel-coupled-resollator type that

and inIRE

of resonators

Shielded coupled-strip 4 S. B. Cohn, TRANS., vol. MTT-3, pp. 29-38, October,

transmission 1955.

224

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TABLE I

THEORY

AND

TECHNIQUES

April

FORMULAS

FOR PARALLEL-COUPLED

TRANSMISSIOWLINE-RESONATOR (n :

FILTER

t--t-+-
I I

$ PROTOTYPE
~ I
I

LOW-PASS

BAND-PASS

[,
I

1.
f,
1

[
f.

I f2

2-

1
I

n
line at ,fO

~zo
n+l

(For either maximally-flat

or equal-ripple

response, the structure is symmetrical.)

1 = AO/4, where AO = wavelength

/0= (f,

in transmission

+,fJ/2

gl,

gz,

. . . , b

prototype

elements

in

farads

and henries

from

Table

11

r = W = ~,, .fz = Z.,i = ZOO,=

right-hand load resistance in schematic of Table II. pass band edge of prototype filter. corresponding pass band edges of transmission-line filter. even-mode characteristic impedance with respect to ground of each conductor in ith section. odd-mode characteristic impedance with respect to ground of each conductor in ith section. for strip-line construction may be obtained as function of Zo.t and Zao, from Cohn:)

(The dimensions

sertion-loss may be done in Table between the

function with the the I I and the

in

the aid

pass of the

and

stop

bands.

This

dimensions these easily

in

each

section

should

be designed This ~ may

to be and strips, It

yield done with by differ of the

insertion-loss

formulas relationship filter and

characteristic in the case of

impedances. thin strip in the graphs and and spacings

following scales

approximate of the filter: prototype

conductors, case will, as shown amount and, variation a few the to This filter of thick

frequency

somewhat means that the

more strip will

difficulty

parallel-coupled-resonator J . Zall

of the section

available widths to not section,

and

formulas.1 the

is noted

()
ffo f,fl and show how be reduced

in general, width in Fig. for of variation except

(1) the bandwidth-error response by errors are 0.1. exceeds preadjusting be comof

from variation ences creases for the

hence

resonators in the

be constant, is necessary gap. section, The

2. This differde-

The curve The the

exact (which bandwidth design

response appear when with the the error

curves later) may aid values of these relative

in width coupling as the first case

to compensate

introduced

bandwidth curves.

bandwidth and last

is reduced the

perhaps

is negligible per cent. is to for done

of these

in the One alter fringing

of bandwidths important of the at

less than step their in ends.

Next, puted, each of

the and the

element in n+ terms

gl, g2, . . . , g. may the Z.. the and Then,

further the length

design may be

Zoo values

resonators

compensate

1 sections.

transmission-line

capacitance

! 95%

Cohn: Parallel-coupled

Transmission-Line-Resonafor
TABLE 11
FOR MAXIMALLY-FLAT

Filfers

225

PROTOTYPE LOW-PASS

FILTER

AND ITS DESIGN

EQUATIONS

AND TCHEBYCHEFF

RESPONSE

@::%r=

:Qr

n
Maximally-Flat r=lforalltz

ODD
Response

EVEN

=2 in[%3
A = 10 log,a (1 + coz)db

Al db
k=l,,. ... n

3db o
Tchebycheff r = 1 for n odd, g%= 2a~/y
i@d@
gb = ,

L?14
,= cl)

(J I .

Response (6/4) for n even

r = tanh2

d!

k=2,3,

...

bk-1zh-1

check:

g. = glr

JnnnK.
(L) =1
. . ..n
(n COS- (d)

b~=y+sinz

() n coth ~

krr

k=l,2,

P = log,

A,. in db

A = 10 iog,o [1 +

(lO%jO (lOA#O

1)

COS2

]db, w) ]db,

A = 10 log,,

[1 +

1) cosh

(n cosh-

T s

~1 n+l filter.

n+t

Fig.

2Basic

dimensions

of the strip-line

parallel-coupled-resonator

226

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J++: I
I
(a)

1,

++1,
-+d ~d ~d (b)
1.2 1!

$+d>

Fig. 3(a) Strip-resonat?r design+ ne@ecting f:inging capacitance at ends. (b) Suggested compensation for frmgmg capacitance at ends of resonators.

2.0 I

I .8
1.6 I .4 f2 -f, fo

10 = 0.05 1.[

10
1.2 1.0 1 I I I I I I !

1.1 I ,0
Ii [ 0.1
E :,, > ,

1.8

1.6

1.4

fg -f, = f.

,0

I .0

1.2 cc 31.0 W > I .0

I I
12

1.1

[.0

I
f2 -f, =050

1.6

I .4
I .3

I .4

I .2

1.2

1.1 I -10 I -08 -06 -0.4 -0.2 0 02 -fJ 04 06 08

1.8 1.6

= 0.3

I .0 -1 ?.

I
10 12 (f -fo)/(f,

Fig. 5VSWR curves of six-resonator, parallel-coupled designed for equal-ripple respons~vswr = 1.10. bandwidth filters an error in d would filters adjustments effects be done, slugs the be

filter

I .4

I .2

I -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 (f-fo)/(f2-fo) six-resonator, AA 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

unimportant, would are already tolerby means regions be

while

in

narrow-bandwidth by to the tuning the may

error that

I .0 -1.0

cancelled needed

overcome tuning or dielectric

of constructional for example,

Fig.

4VSWR

curves

of

parallel-coupled

filter

ances. of the

This

designed

for maximally-flat

response.

of screws

in high-electric-field

resonators.

as shown

in Fig. length, plotted

3(b), d. The

where

each

end (b/2), t/b.5 below

is cut

back

by

the
VERIFICATION OF DESIGN ACCUR.~CY

average quantity the thin

dimension (Cf /e) ratio,

d would

be expected Cfr/e the is a stripon that For very In wided Because ivation checked tion tual mally were of

to be somewhat

less than elsewhere filter would

where

as a function

of of the

the

approximations design formulas, This was and filter bandwidths response.

necessary their done by exact responses

in the

derwas acthe

thickness-to-plate-spacing experimental be strips, this should approximately

Measurements indicate (b/2). = O. 165b.

accuracy of the by either by

described 0.75 be 0.75

theoretically. insertion-loss various

computa-

(Cf /c). (0.220b)

of the for flat

vswr networks

transmission-line or Tchebycheff

specified for The

formulas
Vol. 5 S. B. Cohn, (Problems MTT-3, pp. 119-126; in strip transmission March, 1955. line, IRE TRANS.,

and computer

maxi-

computations a matrix-

performed

on an electronic

1958

Cohn:

Parallel-Coupled

Transmission-Line-Resonafor
60 I I I I I

Filfers

227

0 --11
50

I
/

/1

I /~1

8 3 ~ 30 F . % ~

11-1~
40

--i

20

10

.f ~=oz f.

:03

<~,,

~[,l,x,,,,
0
02 04 06 C m

02

04

06

os

IO

12 14 16 lf-fol/(f, -fo)

la

20

22

24

26

28

~J--l--l.l 10

!,2 14 lf-fol/(f2-fo)

16

18

20

22

24

26

2.6

Fig. 6-Insertiomloss curves of six-resonator, parallel-coupled filter designed for maximally-flat response.

Fig. 7Insertion-loss curves of six-resonator, parallel-coupled filter designed for equal-ripple responsevswr = 1.10.

multiplication it is sufficient The insertion functions

method.

eBecause the filter the matrix vswr then of this matrix. were

is symmetrical, the filter. as computed

to compute loss and

of half

of the elements

The pass band vswr curves for six-resonator maximally flat filters of various bandwidths are shown in Fig. 4. The relative bandwidth
#2-fl

is defined

as

(2)
jo

where f o= (fl +fJ

/2, and fI and .fz are the $db

points Of
Fig.

_20Li-L_LLl_.l 0
005 010 0[5 f2 - f, f.

020

025

030

the response curve. The maximally flat for relative

response is seen to be truly bandwidths up to 0.1, while

at 0.2 the deviation from maximally flat is slight. At 0.3, however, the deviation would be serious in the more critical applications. The corresponding curves are shown case, fl tained
0.05,

8Bandwidth error vs relative bandwidth for six-resonator parallel-coupled filter. Error is expressed as a percejltage of the corrected bandwidth = ~.098. bcmdwidth; e.g., at (.fz.fJ /fo = 0.10,

in Fig. 5 for six-resonator ripple vswr vswr

filters

designed for

to have In this is obup to is inthe equal

frequency, figures,

only

half of each pass band loss is virtually for relative bandwidths, function for greater

is shown. identical bandwidths

In both with that u p to is

an equal ripple-level

of 1.10 in the pass band.

the insertion

and fz are the pass band of 1.10. The

limits

of the prototype 0.1, and even quite small,

desired

response

the deviation

very accurately for relative bandwidths and gradually deteriorates as the bandwidth

creased further. band vswr limit

In spite of this deterioration, the pass of 1.10 is not exceeded for relative band-

In addition to the errors develop as the bandwidth

in response-curve shape that is increased, the predicted

widths up to 0.3, and even at 0.4 or 0.5 the response is adequate for many applications. But, it is important to note that these conclusions are drawn from specific cases considered, and may vary somewhat with other numbers of resonators or with other equal ripple levels. The insertion-loss curves for the above cases are plotted against a normalized frequency scale in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7. Because the response is symmetrical with

bandwidth is slightly in error. In Fig. 8 the bandwidth error in per cent is plotted vs relative bandwidth for the cases considered above. It is seen that the discrepancy does not exceed 2 per cent of the bandwidth for rela tive bandwidths up to 0.1, and is only about 6 per cent at 0.2. The actual bandwidth of the filter appears to be always less than the value assumed in the design, and therefore, in the case of the wider bandwidths, it would be desirable in calculating the parameters of a given filter to use a somewhat larger bandwidth than actually is required. Fig. 8 mav be used as an approximate guide in selecting the bandwidth design value.

of matrix algebra to filter theory, 8 P. 1, Richards, Applications PROC. IRE, vol. 34, pp. 145P-150P; March, 1946.

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l---d

7 Fig. 9Layout of parallel-coupled-resonator filter.

TABLE

III

DESIGN PARAMETERS FOR EXPERIMENTAL PARALLEL-COUPLED STRIP-LINE-RESONATOR FILTER

z.
i KL-Li

Zo.i
0.449 0.1529 0.1038 0.0976 82.5 58.8 55.7 55.4 ohms ohms ohms ohms

zoo,
37.6 43.5 45.3 45.6 ohms ohms ohms ohms

Wi .

si

di

: :

0.236 0.346 0.360 0.361

inch inch inch inch

0.021 0.110 0.158 0.163

inch inch inchinch

0.073 0.084 0.085 0.085

inch inch inch inch

DESIGN A strip-line constructed feasibility the filter of

OF EXPERIMENTAL

FILTER tor to As filter has in planes been the Fig. 9,

parallel-coupled-resona and this tested type of in order design. The two

mode puted

characteristic impedances ZO. i and ZOO{are com from the formulas in Table I. In this calculation

demonstrate shown

v2~1)/Jo is set equal to 0.1, and ZO to 50 ohms. Then the strip widths w; and separations s, of the various sections are obtained from the nomograms of a previous paper,4 with E, equal to 2.55, L equal to 0.5 inch, and strip thickness assumed to be zero. Finally, the resonators are shortened at their ends by di to compensate for fringing capacitance. The various quantities referred to above are contained in Table 111.7 A further terminating graph result length quantity required 50-ohm strips. This impedance is the width w~ of the may be obtained from a vs strip widths,8 The

has six resonators. 0.5 inch apart foil, by

ground

were The

spaced strips mc, exact the by 7.

a polystyrene

dielectric.

are of copper

designed
and actual In

for
an

10-per
equal

0.0017 inch thick. The filter was at 1200 cent bandwidth, centered
pass and the filter are appropriate band vswr of 1.10. curves as calculated 5 and is Fig. labeled The of insertion-loss network, shown curve in Fig.

ripple vswr computer,

theoretical

transmission-line figure the

an electronic each

of characteristic

and (~z :~1)/~ = 0.1. The details of the design procedure a discussion of the experimental results are given below. Fig. 9 shows that the filter has seven sections, but because of compute The first element element, formulas the symmetry of the filter, it is necessary to the parameters of only the first four sections. step in the design procedure is to compute the values gl, ga, ga, and gl of the prototype sevenlow-pass filter. This is done by means of the for Tchebycheff response in Table II, with to an in-

is wT/b = 0.744 or wT = 0.372 inch. The section 1 is a quarter-wavelength in the dielectric, and 1.540 inch.

hence equals

Photographs of the completed filter are shown in Fig. 10. The structure is a sandwich of copper foil separated by a pair of polystyrene plates each machined to have Thus, the flat surfaces and a thickness of 0.250 inch.
total foil ground-plane was cemented spacing to the is one-half polystyrene inch. plates The with copper Dow

n = 7 and Am = 0.00986 db (which corresponds put vswr of 1.10). The resulting values are gl = 0:77968, Next, the gz = 1.35921,
Z./K;.

g~ = 1.68800,
I,,

gl = 1.53454. and odd-

quantity

and

the

even-

7 The values of d~in Table I I I were computed from an approximate formula, and are quite close to the value O.165~ mentioned above. Because the formula is rather complex, and its assumptions are as yet unproved, it is not given here. 8 S. B. Cohn, Characteristic impedance of the shielded-strip transmission line, IRE TRANS., vol. MTT-2, pp. 52-57; July, 1954.

1958

Cohn:

Parallel-Coupled

Transmission-Line-Resonator 40,

Filters ,
I

j!29 1 1 I 1 / 1

\l
35

..

...

THEORETICAL FOR 1. = 1207.. EXPER, MENTAL

30 -

.-

>. : I ~ ; 0 ~ . 2 ,5

20 -

II
\ .

+/

----

40 -.

--

I
5

//

. m.b 1100 II

....... ..... ,,00 >,.,0,,.- ., ,2s0

,,00

II

0 filter.

(a)

Fig. 1lInsertion I
$8

loss of parallel-coupled-resonator

!6

,.315

,/50

,,;5

I ,.00
,REOUENC

I
,2,6 Y-MC 1250

I
,27!>

I
,300

Fig. 12Measmed

vswr of parallel-coupled-resonator

filter,

(b) Fig. 10-Photographic views of parallel-coupled resonator filter: (a) with upper plate removed; (b) completely assembled.

insertion frequency

loss of the filter

and the exact theoretical network computed dissipation. of the

curve Above error is

for the transmission-line 2 db, the agreement

for a center

of 1207 mc and neglecting is excellent. about 1.0 per cent

The bandwidth

Corning

XC-271

adhesive,

which

was

applied

to

the

seen to be only

bandwicith.

copper and air dried for 45 minutes before pressing the foil ontcl the polystyrene. The strip circuit then was cut on one surface with a sharp knife and the unwanted foil peeled off.
DATA A preliminary filter sated; than was Le., the tested with design strip FOR EXPERIMENTAL model first value ends all of the the 4.4 FILTER resonator uncompenwas the lower opena dis-

In the pass band, however, disagreement is inevitable because of the finite Q of the strip-line resonators. Nevertheless, the measured pass band insertion loss is quite uniform at 0.5 to 0.7 db. The input vswr of the filter measured with a 50-ohm
termination the would highest frequency the vswr to the believed closely for to the set vswr be on the exceeds quite end, that output the is shown in Fig ripple most band band 12. Although of 1.10, it theoretical for pass pass reaches level

parallel-coupled resonator ends Then, uniformly

with by

acceptable in the it in the vswr if tuning These frequency where the

applications. occurs near of the 1.33, 1.20.

The low l[t is more serve on the while

di = O. The

center per cut

frequency cent. back

vswr

peak

a value

circuited

were

elsewhere theory center

is under were also filter exactly

tance d = 0.220b, the value of (Cf/e)/(b/2) for very thin strips, and the center frequency was higher than the design value by 1.7 per cent. Finally, the filter was reconstructed with center frequency
the cent. curves respons~ been Fig. due design In value the was to three obtained more

could

be made adjustments

to conform could

provided

resonators. value.

adjustments of the

the values of di given in Table III. The than of this model is 1207 mc, rather
of 1200 cases similar. accurate mean the error of only and best it the case, 0.6 per bandwidth the last the response pass may band have

desired

DERIVATION

OF DESIGN

FORMULAS

~are quite

Although with

The analysis

of the parallel-coupled-resonator

filter- is

construction. between measured

11 shows

a comparison

based upon the characteristics of the individual section of Fig. 13(a). The image impedance ZI and image phase shift p of this section are given in a paper by Jones and

230

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April

=
(b)

--- lpi
INPUT LINE Z. -Z.

t-++
Kol
Z. Z. K 12 Z. Z.

,
23

,
-90 ,-

-.
__

-90

,.

~,

(c)
X=-z.

cot #

at
(d)

zE2iii=-yO
(e) K12

* Kol
-90 r

1
1

1
1

23 K

n,n+l

TC
j 7

-90

TCr
~

-90
:H

-90

(f)
Fig. 13Development of equivalent circuit of the parallel-coupled-resonator filter.

Bolljahng
Zr

as follows

The matrix
zoo) (Zoe + 2 sin + zoo)

of the ideal inverter

@ = 90 and

is obtained
as follows

from

this by

[(2..
=

Cos +]/

(3)

substituting

Zo = K,

o (4) .j L -.
LA

jK o 1

Cos /8 =
(::30s where
ances even

-1

O is the electrical
of each and odd conductor modes,

length
with

of the coupled
respect to ground

transmisimpedfor the

sion lines and Zo. and Zoo are the characteristic

respectively.

Therefore,
tion of Fig.

the A B CD matrix
13(b) is

of the

complete

filter

sec-

It is now shown

that

the filter

section

of Fig.

13(b)

is

approximately equivalent to that of Fig. 13(a). The box represents an ideal impedance inverter having a constant image impedance, K, and a phase shift of 90
at all phase the and The frequencies. shift, The image impedance, will be derived ,10 line of length @ 20 is Zr, by and image of /3, of the section means

cos @

~ZO sin+

[1[
CD

AB

o
x j

jK-

~sin+

20

Cos cp

1[

7.

A B CD matrix A B CD matrix characteristic

parameters.b impedance

of a transmission

X 1

~sin~

20

Cos +

[+:::]g E. M. T. Jones and J. T. Bolljahn, Coupled-strip-transmissionfilters and directional couplers, IRE TRANS., VOI. MTT.4, pp, 75-81; April, 1956. 10Radio Research Laboratory Staff, Very High Frequency Techniques, McGraw-Hill BoolI Co., Inc., New York, NT. 1,, vol. 2, ch.
line 26; 1947.

,
~

(K
~~ o sinz ~ Cos d

)
(K K E

The
ments

image
by

parameters
ZT = \/B/c

are related
and cos ,fl = A

to

the

matrix

ele-

and,

hence,

1958

Cohn: (7

Parallel-Coupled

Transmission-Line-Resonator

Filters

(Z.

J
42.3

1
1
2 sin+ sin@

K Z. K sin +

4z0(:+:)c0s2+

]2

K ~+:
0

Cos /3 =

()
~+~ o

cosq5.

(6)

zoo .
z.

1;+:.

(14)

A comparison (6), would tions shows

between that the

(3) and (5), and between sections equivalent of Fig. 13(a) and if the following

(4) and 13(b) condi-

Jt

may

now 1 and,

bc

noted

that,

for

narrow

bandwidth,

Z./K<< involved

therefore,

(12) is satisfied the effect bandwidth, sections of Fig. but of

approximately 13(a) and 13(b) increases filter in imare as-

be electrically were met,

by (13) and (14). Thus in relating is negligible for narrow the individual

of the approximations

the sections

()
$+:
0 42.3

z.. + zoo
sin+=
z., zoo (7)

portance When sembled, resonator

as the bandwidth

is increased. the parallel-coupledis approximately

it is seen that the original filter of Fig. 1 (b) or 1(c)

K = (Zo. zoo)
Z. :+$ 0 42.2 (8)

K sinz @

equivalent to the circuit of Fig. 13(c), in which transmission lines approximately &/2 long are separated by inverters. A lumped-constant equivalent of a line of length cuit 13(e) O is shown in Fig. 13(d). is particularly the equivalent convenient circuit This exact equivalent for 6 near has been transformer 180. which In simplified cirFig. by

()
:

K - = (Zo, + zoo), z.
(9)

omitting

the phase-reversing

has, no

~+~.

The

presence a sin may

of sin@

in the

left in by

side the

of each equality vicinity with

of the

above

makes However,

frequency-independent @ is stationary be replaced bandwidth.

impossible. of @ = 90, error

effect on the insertion-loss response. Also, the series reactance of Fig. 13(f) are small near 6 = 180 and are negligible in comparison with the high characteristic impedances of the inverting elements. Thus, the circuit is approximately equivalent to that of of Fig. 13(f)
Fig. 13(c), and filter. analysis the 11(c) while the latter the except filter that the circuits may will be shortened of Fig. paper. former contains and in the at 13(f) They contains the this with are point that seen by comin hence to the original parallel-coupledresonator The paring

anc[ hence over

unity Thus,

negligible

a moderate

:+:=
0 22.2 K 4z03 y () K ~+
0

z.. + zoo z. zoo

= Zo, zoo

circuit the latter

shown

(lo)
(11)

Fig. same, arms

of a previous

to be the arms. obtained if -K is

parallel-resonant formulas analysis

series-resonant present

Hence, for

are duals, be used

za ~ = (z. + zoo).

(12)

replaced changed.

by I/A, Thus,

Zo by

1/20,

and if L and

C are inter-

From

these equations, of Z~/K are needed

formulas for this

for Zo,/Z~ Only purpose,

and Zoo/Zo as and since the where

the first

z.
Ki, i+ I

7rw
2wdgEg%+l

functions equations three must

of the taneously

may be found.

two of the three

i=lton

1,

(15)

do not form a consistent set, a judicious choice be made among them. Examination of (3) to (6)
that three. the third relation (10) and is the (11) least are important simulTherefore, solved

W is the

relative bandwidth defined and last section of the filter,

by (2). For

indicates

to yield z.. .I+; +g

d
KOI The formulas (16). in through

z. .

.
T

z.

2WIgl

K.,n+I I follow

1 3rwr . 2wlgn

(16)

(13)

Table

directly

from

(13)