Technicaltraining. Productinformation.

F25ChassisDynamics

BMWService

Generalinformation
Symbolsused Thefollowingsymbolisusedinthisdocumenttofacilitatebettercomprehensionortodrawattention toveryimportantinformation:

Containsimportantsafetynotesandinformationthatneedstobeobservedstrictlyinordertoguaranteethesmoothoperationofthesystem. Informationstatusandnational-marketversions BMWGroupvehiclesmeettherequirementsofthehighestsafetyandqualitystandards.Changesin requirementsforenvironmentalprotection,customerbenefitsanddesignrendernecessarycontinuousdevelopmentofsystemsandcomponents.Consequently,theremaybediscrepanciesbetween thecontentsofthisdocumentandthevehiclesavailableinthetrainingcourse. Thisdocumentbasicallyrelatestoleft-handdrivevehicleswithEuropeanspecifications.Somecontrolsorcomponentsarearrangeddifferentlyinright-handdrivevehiclesthanshowninthegraphicsin thisdocument.Furtherdifferencesmayariseastheresultoftheequipmentvariationsusedinspecific marketsorcountries. Additionalsourcesofinformation Furtherinformationontheindividualtopicscanbefoundinthefollowing: Owner'sHandbook IntegratedServiceTechnicalApplication.

2010BMWAG,Munich ReprintsofthispublicationoritspartsrequirethewrittenapprovalofBMWAG,Mnchen TheinformationcontainedinthisdocumentformanintegralpartofthetechnicaltrainingoftheBMW Groupandisintendedforthetrainerandparticipantsintheseminar.RefertothelatestrelevantinformationsystemsoftheBMWGroupforanychanges/additionstotheTechnicalData. Statusoftheinformation:July2010 VH-23/InternationalTechnicalTraining

F25ChassisDynamics Contents
1. Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Drivingdynamicsandcomfort.......................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Busoverview................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 Models............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 2.1. Comparison..................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Chassisandsuspension................................................................................................................................................................................................. 6 3.1. Frontaxle............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 6 3.1.1. TechnicalDataF25........................................................................................................................................................... 7 3.1.2. ServiceInformation........................................................................................................................................................... 8 3.2. Rear axle............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9 3.2.1. Technicaldata........................................................................................................................................................................11 3.2.2. NotesforService............................................................................................................................................................. 11 3.3. Wheelsandtires................................................................................................................................................................................................. 12 3.4. TirePressureMonitoring...................................................................................................................................................................... 13 3.4.1. Operatingprinciple........................................................................................................................................................ 13 3.4.2. SystemoverviewofTPM.................................................................................................................................... 15 3.4.3. Systemwiringdiagram............................................................................................................................................16 3.4.4. NotesforService............................................................................................................................................................. 17 3.5. Suspension/dampers................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Brakes............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 20 4.1. Servicebrakes........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 20 4.2. EMFElectromechanicalParkingBrake.......................................................................................................................... 21 4.2.1. Systemoverview............................................................................................................................................................... 22 4.2.2. Systemwiringdiagram............................................................................................................................................24 4.2.3. Systemstructure.............................................................................................................................................................. 25 4.2.4. Systemfunction................................................................................................................................................................. 26 4.2.5. CheckControlmessages....................................................................................................................................34 Steering...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 40 5.1. ElectronicPowerSteeringEPS.................................................................................................................................................. 40 5.1.1. Systemoverview............................................................................................................................................................... 42 5.1.2. Systemwiringdiagram............................................................................................................................................43 5.1.3. Steeringanglesensor.............................................................................................................................................. 44 5.2. Variablesportsteering.............................................................................................................................................................................. 44 5.2.1. Systemoverview............................................................................................................................................................... 45 5.3. Steeringcolumn................................................................................................................................................................................................ 46 5.3.1. Steeringcolumnadjustment....................................................................................................................... 46

2. 3.

4.

5.

F25ChassisDynamics Contents
6. Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems................................................................................................................................................................ 47 6.1. Directionsofaction........................................................................................................................................................................................ 47 6.2. IntegratedChassisManagement(ICM)......................................................................................................................... 47 6.2.1. Systemoverview............................................................................................................................................................... 47 6.2.2. Systemfunction................................................................................................................................................................. 48 6.3. DynamicStabilityControlDSC................................................................................................................................................... 49 6.3.1. Systemoverview............................................................................................................................................................... 50 6.3.2. Systemwiringdiagram............................................................................................................................................51 6.4. xDrive.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................55 6.4.1. Systemoverview............................................................................................................................................................... 55 6.4.2. VTGcontrolunitsystemwiringdiagram..................................................................................... 57 6.4.3. Drivefunction......................................................................................................................................................................... 58 6.5. PerformanceControl.................................................................................................................................................................................... 60 6.6. DynamicCruiseControlDCC........................................................................................................................................................60 6.7. ElectronicDamperControl(EDC)........................................................................................................................................... 62 6.7.1. Systemoverview............................................................................................................................................................... 62 6.7.2. Systemwiringdiagram............................................................................................................................................63 6.7.3. Systemfunction................................................................................................................................................................. 64 6.7.4. Serviceinformation....................................................................................................................................................... 65 6.8. Drivingdynamicscontrolswitch............................................................................................................................................... 65

F25ChassisDynamics 1.Introduction
1.1.Drivingdynamicsandcomfort

F25Chassisandsuspension

Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Explanation DynamicStabilityControl(DSC) Suspension/dampers ElectronicPowerSteering(EPS) EMFElectromechanicalParkingBrake Five-linkrearaxle Wheels Brakes Two-jointspringstrutfrontaxlewithtrailinglinks

ThechassisandsuspensionoftheF25isafurtherdevelopmentoftheE83atthefrontaxle.Aversion oftheestablishedHA5five-linkrearaxleusedintheE84hasbeenimprovedandadaptedtotheF25 andisusedattherearaxle.Thechassisandsuspensionsetsnewstandardswhenitcomestodriving dynamicsandcomfort.

F25ChassisDynamics 1.Introduction
1.2.Busoverview

F25Busoverview

F25ChassisDynamics 1.Introduction
Index 1 2 3 ACSM AMPT CAS CID COMBOX CON D-CAN DME DSC DVDC EDC EGS EKPS EMF EPS Ethernet FLA FlexRay FRM FZD GWS HEADUNIT HKL HUD ICM IHKA JBE K-CAN K-CAN2 KOMBI MOST Explanation Wakeablecontrolunits Controlunitswithwake-upauthorization Start-up-devicecontrolunitsforstartingupandsynchronizingtheFlexRaybus system AdvancedCrashSafetyModule TopHiFiamplifier CarAccessSystem CentralInformationDisplay Combox(Comboxmultimedia,Comboxmultimediawithtelematics) Controller Diagnosis-onCAN DigitalEngineElectronics DynamicStabilityControl DVDchanger ElectronicDamperControl(EDC) Electronictransmissioncontrolunit Electricfuelpump Electromechanicalparkingbrake Electronicpowersteering(electromechanicalpowersteering) Wireddatanetworksystemforlocaldatanetworks High-beamassistant Fast,pre-configuredanderror-tolerantbussystemforautomotiveuse Footwellmodule Rooffunctioncenter Gearselectorswitch Headunit(CarInformationComputerorCarInformationComputerBasicII) Automaticluggagecompartmentlidactuation HeadUpdisplay IntegratedChassisManagement AutomaticintegratedheatingandA/Ccontrolunit JunctionBoxElectronics Bodycontrollerareanetwork Bodycontrollerareanetwork2 Instrumentpanel MediaOrientedSystemTransport 3

F25ChassisDynamics 1.Introduction
Index OBD PDC PTCAN PTCAN2 RAD SMFA TPMS TRSVC VDM VTG ZGM Explanation On-boarddiagnosis(diagnosticsocket) ParkDistanceControl DrivetrainControllerAreaNetwork DrivetrainControllerAreaNetwork2 Radio Driver'sseatmodule TirePressureMonitoringSystem Controlunitforcamerasystems VerticalDynamicsManagement Transferbox Centralgatewaymodule

F25ChassisDynamics 2.Models
2.1.Comparison
AcomparisonismadeinthefollowingtablebetweentheTechnicalDataofthechassisandsuspensionoftheF25anditspredecessor,theE83. Designation Wheelbase Trackwidth,front Reartrackwidth Tires,basicwheels Wheelrims,basic wheel Frontaxle Suspension/damping, front Anti-rollbar,front Frontbrake Steering Rearaxle Rearsuspension/dampers Rearanti-rollbar Rearbrakes Parkingbrake F25xDrive28i 2810mm/110.6in 1616mm/63.6in 1632mm/64.3in 245/55R17 17x8.0 Two-jointspringstrutfrontaxle withtrailinglinks Steelspring/conventionalorEDC mechanical Brakediscdia.328mm/12.9in EPSrack Five-linkrearaxle(HA5five-link) Steelspring/conventionalorEDC mechanical Brakediscdia.330mm/13in Discbrakewithelectromechanical parkingbrake E83xDrive30si 2795mm/110in 1613mm/63.5in 1602mm/63in 235/55R17 17x7.0 Two-jointspringstrutfrontaxle withtrailinglinks Steelsprings,conventional mechanical Brakediscdia.325mm/12.7in Rack Centrallinkrearsuspension Steelsprings,conventional mechanical Brakediscdia.320mm/12.5in Duo-servoparkingbrakewithparkingbrakelever

F25ChassisDynamics 3.Chassisandsuspension
3.1.Frontaxle

F25Two-jointspringstrutfrontaxlewithtrailinglinks

Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 6

Explanation Frontaxlesupport Anti-rollbarlink Supportbearing Wheelhub Springstrut Wishbone

F25ChassisDynamics 3.Chassisandsuspension
Index 7 8 9 10 11 Explanation Trackrod Trailinglink Steeringbox,EPS Anti-rollbar Swivelbearing

Thetwo-jointspringstrutfrontaxlewithtrailinglinksintheF25offerstheidealcombinationofdriving dynamicsandridecomfort.Thesupportingfunctionofthesteeringboxhousingachievesextremely highrigiditywithminimumweight. Low-frictionballjointsareusedinthefrontaxle.Thishasgreatlyimprovedtheresponsecharacteristics. ThestandardElectronicPowerSteeringEPS(electromechanicalpowersteering)isanewfeatureof theF25andmakesasignificantcontributionto"EfficientDynamics".(2VLVariablesportsteeringis availableasanoption) TheElectronicDamperControlEDCisavailableasoptionalequipment(SA223DynamicDamper Control)tobeusedinconjunctionwithconventionaldampers. Thefrontaxlesinstalledintheoff-roadvehiclesarelistedinthetablebelow. Vehicletype F25 E53 E70 E83 E84 Versionforfrontaxle Two-jointspringstrutfrontaxlewithtrailinglinks Two-jointspringstrutfrontaxlewithtrailinglinks Doublewishbonesuspension Two-jointspringstrutfrontaxlewithtrailinglinks Two-jointspringstrutfrontaxlewith: TrailinglinksforsDrive LeadinglinkswithxDrive

3.1.1.TechnicalDataF25
Designation Casterangle Camber Totaltoe-in Toedifferenceangle Steeringaxisinclination Kingpinoffset 548' -030' 6' 1.5 1148' 8.2mmwith17"wheel

F25ChassisDynamics 3.Chassisandsuspension
Designation Trackwidth Maximumwheellockangle,outer Maximumwheellockangle,inner 1616mmwith17"wheel 326' 38

Note:Thecambercanbecorrectedbyusingapprovedswivelbearingswhichareavailable fromthepartsdepartment. Twoversionsoftheswivelbearingsareavailable: Version1:cambercorrection-030' Version2:cambercorrection030'.

3.1.2.ServiceInformation
Thefollowingtablesshowwhenfrontaxlewheelalignmentisnecessary. Componentreplaced Frontaxlesupport Steeringbox(withouttrackrods) Wishbone Rubbermountforwishbone Trailinglink Rubbermountfortrailinglink Wheelcontroljoint Trackrod Swivelbearing Springstrut Supportbearing Screwconnectionunfastened Frontaxlesupporttobody(lowering) Steeringboxtofrontaxlesupport Wishboneonfrontaxlesupport Wishboneonswivelbearing Trailinglinktofrontaxlesupport Trailinglinkonwheelcontroljoint Wheelcontroljointonswivelbearing Trackrodtosteeringbox Trackrodendtotrackrod 8 Wheelalignmentrequired YES YES YES YES NO NO NO YES YES NO NO Wheelalignmentrequired NO YES YES NO NO NO NO NO YES

F25ChassisDynamics 3.Chassisandsuspension
Screwconnectionunfastened Trackrodendtoswivelbearing Springstrutonswivelbearing Supportbearingtobody Steeringshaftonsteeringbox Steeringcolumnonsteeringshaft Wheelalignmentrequired NO NO NO NO NO

3.2.Rearaxle
TheHA5five-linkrearaxleinstalledintheF25isderivedfromadoublewishbonerearaxlewithrearmountedtrackrod.Althoughtheengineeringdesignprincipleoftherearaxleisbasedontheoneused intheE8xandE9xvehicles,thisversionischaracterizedbyitslowinstallationspacerequirementand lightweightofitscomponents. Inadditiontoaparticularlyprecisewheelcontrol,thisdesigndeliversoutstandingdrivingdynamicsin relationtothefollowing: Directionalstability,accuracy Loadchangeresponse Self-steeringresponse Lanechangestability Steeringmovement(transitionalresponsefromcorneringtostraight-aheaddriving).

Thetwoconflictingobjectives,drivingdynamicsandcomforthavebeensuccessfullyadaptedwiththe useof: double-elasticrubbermountingbearing rearaxlesuspensionwithreducedpreload(viahighsuspensionratio) widesupportingbaseofrearaxlesupport highstructuralrigidityofrearaxlesupport

Theoptimizedelasto-kinematicsensuresridecomfortastheuseofsmallbuteffectivecontrolarms meansthattherearaxlehardlyreactstointerference. IncontrasttotheE84andE9xseries,springstrutsareinstalledattherearaxleinsteadofthesplitarrangementofsprings/dampers.Ahighsuspensionratiohasbeenachievedthroughtheinstallationof springstruts. Theflatspace-savingdesignoftheaxlewithwidespringstrutsmountedontheoutsideresultsinaflat luggagecompartmentfloorwithgenerousloadingwidth. Lowunsprungmasseshavebeenimplementedusinginnovativesheet-metalcontrolarmtechnology. Therearaxlesinstalledintheoff-roadvehiclesarelistedinthetablebelow.

F25ChassisDynamics 3.Chassisandsuspension
Vehicletype F25 E53 E70 E83 E84 Version,rearaxle Five-linkrearaxle IntegralIVrearaxle IntegralIVrearaxle Centrallinkrearsuspension Five-linkrearaxle

F25Five-linkrearaxle

10

F25ChassisDynamics 3.Chassisandsuspension
Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Explanation Compressionstrut Springstrut Anti-rollbar Rearaxlesupport Wishbone,bottom Toearm Wishbone,top Wheelbearing Camberlink Controlarm

3.2.1.Technicaldata
Designation Totaltoe-in Camber Trackwidth 12' -130' 1632mm

3.2.2.NotesforService
Thefollowingtablesshowwhenrearaxlewheelalignmentisnecessary. Componentreplaced Rearaxlesupport Rubbermountforrearaxlesupport Controlarm Rubbermountforcontrolarm Toearm Rubbermountforcontrolarm Camberlink Rubbermountforcamberlink Trailingarm Rubbermountfortrailingarm Wishbone Rubbermount/jointforwishbone Wheelcarrier Wheelalignmentrequired YES NO NO NO YES YES YES YES NO NO YES YES YES 11

F25ChassisDynamics 3.Chassisandsuspension
Componentreplaced Rubbermount/jointforwheelcarrier Springstrut Rubbermountinspringstrut Supportbearing Screwconnectionunfastened Rearaxlesupporttobody Compressionstruttobody Controlarmtorearaxlesupport Controlarmtowheelcarrier Camberlinktorearaxlesupport Camberlinktowheelcarrier Camberlinktorearaxlesupport Camberlinktowheelcarrier Trailingarmtorearaxlesupport Trailingarmtowheelcarrier Wishbonetorearaxlesupport Wishbonetowheelcarrier Springstruttocamberlink Supportbearingtobody Wheelalignmentrequired YES NO NO NO Wheelalignmentrequired NO NO NO NO YES NO YES NO NO NO NO NO NO NO

3.3.Wheelsandtires
Thetablesbelowlistthesizesofthestandardtiresandwheels. xDrive28i tires,front Reartires Wheelrim,front Rearwheelrim RimoffsetISfront RimoffsetISrear 245/55R17 245/55R17 17x8lightalloy 17x8lightalloy 32mm 32mm xDrive35i 245/50R18 245/50R18 18x8lightalloy 18x8lightalloy 43mm 43mm

12

F25ChassisDynamics 3.Chassisandsuspension
3.4.TirePressureMonitoring
3.4.1.Operatingprinciple
TheF25isbeingequippedwiththelatestgenerationoftirepressuremonitoringsystems. ThedirectmeasuringsystemconsistsoftheTPMcontrolunitwithintegratedreceptionantennaand fourwheelelectronics.Itwaspossibletoreducethenumberofcomponentsandcostofthesystemby integratingthereceptionantennaintheTPMcontrolunit. ThefourwheelelectronicstransmitthetirepressureandtemperaturetotheTPMcontrolunitviaradiocommunication(433MHz).Oncethewheelelectronicshavebeenwokenup,(vehiclespeed>20 km/h/12mph),atotalof25telegramsaretransmittedonceattwosecondintervals.Providingthepressurehasnotdropped,individualtelegramsarethensentevery18secondsfromthewheelelectronics totheTPMcontrolunit.Asaprerequisiteforthewheelelectronicstogotosleep,thewheelmustbeat astandstillformorethanfiveminutes. Resettingthetirepressurevalues ThetirepressurevaluesareresetviatheinstrumentpanelorCentralInformationDisplayCID.The TPMtextmessageappears,orthepermanentTPMindicatorlightlightsup,intheinstrumentpanel whentheteach-inprocessstarts. Teach-inprocess Duringtheteach-inprocess,thewheelelectronicsidentificationnumbers(ID)aretransmittedtothe TPMcontrolunit.TheTPMcontrolunitcanidentifythewheelpositionofthecorrespondingwheel electronicsviatheidentificationnumbersoncetheteach-inprocessiscomplete. Twoaccelerationsensorsareinstalledineachofthewheelelectronicsinordertobeabletodetermine theirpositions.Theaccelerationsensorsdeterminethewheel'sdirectionofrotation.Thismeansthat right/leftdifferentiationofthewheelelectronicspositionsatthevehicleispossible. Thehighfrequencysignalsreceivedareevaluatedinordertodeterminewhetherthewheelelectronicsareatthefrontorrearaxle.TheTPMcontrolunitwithintegratedreceiverismountedintheouter areaoftheluggagecompartmentwellabovetherearaxle.ThelevelofthesignalsreceivedbytheTPM controlunitfromthewheelsontherearaxleishigherthanthelevelofsignalssentbythewheelelectronicsonthefrontaxle.Thismeansitispossibletodeterminewhetherthewheelelectronicsareat thefrontorrearofthevehicle. Theentireteach-inprocesstakesbetweenroughlyoneandtwelveminutesatthemost.Thefollowing factorsinfluencetheduration: Theconditionoftheroad(e.g.cobbles) Thecurrentmodeofthewheelelectronics(awake/gonetosleep) TheTPMcontrolunitalreadyknowswhattheIDsofthewheelelectronicsare.

13

F25ChassisDynamics 3.Chassisandsuspension

F25TPM,teach-inprocesscomplete

Oncetheteach-inprocessiscomplete,theTPMtextmessageorsolidTPMindicatorlightarecancelled.ThegreentiresymbolssubsequentlyappearintheCID. Pressuredrop

F25TPMpressuredrop

Oncetheteach-inprocessiscomplete,thewheelelectronicssendthepressure,temperatureandalso theidentificationnumbersofthetirestotheTPMcontrolunitatregularintervalswhendriving. Ifapressurechangeof>20kPa(0.2bar,2.9psi)isidentifiedwithintwosuccessivepressuremeasurements,thewheelelectronicsfortherelevantwheelimmediatelyassumesafasttransmittingmode.It thensendsinformationtothecontrolunitatone-secondintervals.Ifthepressuredropishigherthan 25%,theTPMtextmessage"TireLow"appears.

14

F25ChassisDynamics 3.Chassisandsuspension
3.4.2.SystemoverviewofTPM

F25SystemoverviewofTPMS

Index 1 2 3

Explanation Wheelelectronics(battery-operatedsensorwithtransmitterunit433MHz) Instrumentpanel(KOMBI) Controlunitwithintegratedreceptionantenna

15

F25ChassisDynamics 3.Chassisandsuspension
3.4.3.Systemwiringdiagram

F25Systemwiringdiagram,TPMS

16

F25ChassisDynamics 3.Chassisandsuspension
Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Kl.30B Explanation Wheelelectronics,frontleft Wheelelectronics,frontright Powerdistributionbox,luggagecompartment Wheelelectronics,rearright Tirepressuremonitoringcontrol(TPM) Wheelelectronics,rearleft CentralgatewaymoduleZGM Instrumentpanel(KOMBI) CentralInformationDisplay(CID) Headunit Centraloperatingelement Terminal30,time-dependent

3.4.4.NotesforService
Teach-inprocess Thewheelelectronicsmustbetaughtinunderthefollowingcircumstances: Thetirepressurehasbeenchanged Atirehasbeenchanged Wheelsarereplacedaxle-wise.

Thedrivercanstarttheteach-inprocessviatheCentralInformationDisplayCIDandthecontroller.For moreinformation,refertothevehicleOwner'smanual. Servicelifeofbatteriesforwheelelectronics Theservicelifeofthebatteriesinstalledinthewheelelectronicsisroughly7.5years.Thecurrentvalueoftheservicelifecounterinthebatteriesofthewheelelectronicscanbereadoutviathediagnosis system. Ifthebatteryisfullydischargedordefective,anTPMfaultmessageisdisplayed.

Remove/installwheelelectronics Thefollowingpointsmustbeobservedwhenremoving/installingthewheelelectronicsofthetirepressurecontrol(TPM):

17

F25ChassisDynamics 3.Chassisandsuspension
Donotusehighpressurecleanerstocleanwheelrimwiththewheelelectronicsinstalled whenthetirehasbeenremoved Replacethewheelelectronicsiftiresealanthasbeenused Cleanthevalveandvalveseatthoroughlybeforeinstallingthewheelelectronics Donotapplysolventsorcleaningagentstothewheelelectronics,orcleanthemwithcompressedair Tocleanthewheelelectronics,simplywipedownwithacleancloth.

F25Wheelelectronics,TPM

Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 18

Explanation DataMatrixCode BMWpartnumber FCCID=approvalforwirelessoperation WheelelectronicsID Transmissionfrequency(433MHz) Pressuresensor Productiondateofwheelelectronics Tighteningtorque Widthacrossflatsofunionnut

F25ChassisDynamics 3.Chassisandsuspension
3.5.Suspension/dampers
TheF25isfittedwithsteelspringsonthefrontandrearaxle.Thedampingactionisprovidedbyconventionalshockabsorbersasstandard. TheElectronicDamperControlEDC(SA223)isavailableasoptionalequipment.TheEDCisasubfunctionoftheVerticalDynamicsManagementVDM.ThedampercharacteristicsstoredintheVDM controlunitcanbeselectedviathedrivingdynamicscontrolswitchinthecenterconsole. ForadditionalinformationontheEDC,refertoChapter6.7-EDC.

19

F25ChassisDynamics 4.Brakes

F25Servicebrake

Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Explanation DynamicStabilityControl,DSC Brakefluidexpansiontank Brakeservo Electromechanicalparkingbrakeactuator Brakecaliper Brakepedal Brakedisc

4.1.Servicebrakes
TheF25hasahydraulicdual-circuitbrakesystemwithfront/rearsplit.ConventionalinternallyventilatedbrakediscsareinstalledatthefrontandrearaxleofallF25engineversions.Greycastironfloating caliperbrakesareinstalledatthefrontandrearaxle.Inthisinstance,theEMFactuatorontherearaxle isintegratedinthebrakecaliper. ThefamiliarbrakepadwearmonitoringfunctionfortheConditionBasedServicedisplaycontinuesto beused.Brakepadwearsensorsarethereforeinstalledatthefrontleftandrearrightwheelbrakes. ThebrakedimensionsoftheF25arelistedinthefollowingtable. Frontaxle Brakediscdiametermm/in Brakediskthicknessmm/in Brakepistondiametermm/in 20 xDrive28i/35i 328mm/12.9in 28mm/1.10in 57mm/2.24in

F25ChassisDynamics 4.Brakes
Rearaxle Brakediscdiametermm/in Brakediskthicknessmm/in Brakepistondiametermm/in xDrive28i/35i 330mm/13in 20mm/0.78in 42mm/1.65in

4.2.EMFElectromechanicalParkingBrake
OntheF25thereisanEMFintegratedintherearbrakecalipers. Theuseoftheelectromechanicalparkingbrakeoffersthefollowingadvantages: Operationviaanergonomicallydesignedbuttoninthecenterconsole Safeandreliableapplicationandreleaseoftheparkingbrakeunderallpre-conditions AutomaticHoldfunction(ACCActiveCruiseControl) Dynamicemergencybrakingfunctionensuredbywayofthecontrolsystems(ABS),evenwith alowcoefficientoffriction Discontinuationoftheparkingbrakeleverinthecenterconsolemakesroomfornewequipmentfeatures.

21

F25ChassisDynamics 4.Brakes
4.2.1.Systemoverview

F25Systemoverview,EMF

22

F25ChassisDynamics 4.Brakes
Index A B C D E 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 KOMBI ZGM DSC PTCAN EMF Explanation DSCunit Brakecaliper,frontleft Brakecaliper,frontright Brakecaliper,rearright Brakecaliper,rearleft Parkingbrakebutton Wheelspeedsensor,frontleft(notusedfortheEMF) Wheelspeedsensor,frontright(notusedfortheEMF) Wheelspeedsensor,rearright Wheelspeedsensor,rearleft EMFactuator,rearleft EMFactuator,rearright Instrumentpanel(KOMBI) Centralgatewaymodule DynamicStabilityControl DrivetrainControllerAreaNetwork Electromechanicalparkingbrake

23

F25ChassisDynamics 4.Brakes
4.2.2.Systemwiringdiagram

F25EMFsystemwiringdiagram

24

F25ChassisDynamics 4.Brakes
Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Terminal30 Terminal15 wake-up Explanation Centralgatewaymodule(ZGM) DynamicStabilityControl(DSC) AdvancedCrashSafetyModule Junctionboxpowerdistributionbox IntegratedChassisManagement(ICM) Parkingbrakebutton Instrumentpanel(KOMBI) CarAccessSystem(CAS) Footwellmodule(FRM) EMFactuator,rearleft EMFcontrolunit Powerdistributionbox,luggagecompartment EMFactuator,rearright Wheelspeedsensor,rearright Wheelspeedsensor,rearleft Terminal30 Wake-upwithterminal15ON

4.2.3.Systemstructure
TheEMFcontrolunitreceivesthedriver'sinstructiontoapplytheparkingbrakefromtheparking brakebutton.Thevehicleconditionisqueried/detectedviatheelectricalsystemconnectionandthe bussystems.TheEMFcontrolunitdecideswhetherallthepre-conditionsfortheparkingbrakesequencearesatisfied.Ifso,thetwoEMFactuatorsontherearbrakecalipersareoperated.

25

F25ChassisDynamics 4.Brakes

F25OperatingprincipleofEMF

Index 1 2 3 4 5 6

Explanation Instrumentpanel(KOMBI) Informationflow Parkingbrakebutton EMFactuator EMFcontrolunit Battery

4.2.4.Systemfunction
Duetothespindle'sself-lockingfacility,theclampingforceremainssecurelyappliedevenwhenno powersupplyisconnected,andthevehicleisthussecurelyheld.Oncetherequiredforceisreached, theparkingbrakeappliedstatusisindicatedbyaredindicatorlampontheinstrumentpanelandan additionalredLEDintheparkingbrakebutton.Ifthevehicle'sparkingbrakeisalreadyapplied,pulling theparkingbrakebuttonagainhasnoeffect. Thedriverappliesthevehicle'sparkingbrakebypullingouttheparkingbrakebutton.Theoperating directionofthebuttonisthesameastheoperatingdirectionforamechanicalparkingbrakelever.The signalfromtheparkingbrakebuttonisreadbytheEMFcontrolunit.TheEMFcontrolunitoperates theEMFactuatorsontherearbrakecalipersindividually. Theparkingbrakecanbeappliedinanylogicalterminalstatus.ParkingbrakeapplicationinTerminal 0statusismadepossiblebytheconnectionfromTerminal30totheEMFcontrolunit.IfthedriveroperatestheparkingbrakebuttoninTerminal0status,theEMFcontrolunitiswokenup.TheEMFcon-

26

F25ChassisDynamics 4.Brakes
trolunitthenwakesuptheothercontrolunitsonthevehicle.OnlythendoestheEMFcontrolunitreceivetheessentialinformationaboutvehiclestandstill.Inaddition,thechangeofparkingbrakestatus canalsobeindicatedoncethesystemhasbeenwokenup.

F25Indicatorlampforparkingbrakeapplied

DesignandfunctionofEMFactuator

F25DesignofEMFactuator

Index 1 2 3 4 5 6

Explanation Plugconnection Electricmotor Drivebelt Planetarygeartrain Housing Connectiontospindle

TheEMFactuatorisfixedtothebrakecaliperandactsdirectlyonthebrakepiston.

27

F25ChassisDynamics 4.Brakes
Theforceistransmittedtoatwo-stageplanetarygeartrain(4)byanelectricmotor(2)andabeltdrive system(3).Thespindleillustratedinthegraphicbelowisdrivenviatheconnectiontothespindle(6).

F25Spindleandspindlenutinbrakepiston

Index 1 2 3 4 5 6

Explanation Groove Spindlenutwithanti-twistlock Brakepiston Spindle Spindleendstop Connectiontoplanetarygeartrain

F25EMFcurrentandforceflow

28

F25ChassisDynamics 4.Brakes
Index A B 1 2 3 Explanation Currentflow Forceflow Applyingparkingbrake Parkingbrakeapplied Releasingparkingbrake

F25OverviewofEMFactuatorandbrakecaliper

Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Explanation Plugconnection Electricmotor Drivebelt Planetarygeartrain Housing Brakepiston Spindleandspindlenut Rollerbearing 29

F25ChassisDynamics 4.Brakes

F25Parkingbrakeappliedwithnewbrakepads

Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Explanation Drivebelt Planetarygeartrain Brakepiston Dustboot Sealingring Spindlenut Electricmotor Spindle Rollerbearing Sealingring Housing

Roll-awaydetectionwhileparkingbrakeapplied Theroll-awaydetectionfunctionisdesignedtopreventthevehiclerollingawaywhiletheparkingbrake isapplied.Theroll-awaydetectionfunctionisalwaysactivatedwhenevertheparkingbrakestatus changesfrom"released"to"applied"andterminatesafteradefinedperiodoftimefromthatchangeof status. AsignalfromtheDSCcontrolunitisusedastheinputvariableforroll-awaydetection.Assoonasthat signalindicatesthatthevehicleisstartingtorollduringthedetectionwindow,theEMFactuatorsare immediatelyfurthertightened.ThatisachievedbyapplyingmaximumcurrenttotheEMFactuatorsfor 100msinordertoincreasetheclampingforce.Thesystemthenwaitsfor400ms.Ifthevehiclestarts 30

F25ChassisDynamics 4.Brakes
torollagain,theretighteningprocessisrepeated(uptothreetimes).Ifrollingofthevehicleisstilldetectedafterretighteningtheparkingbrakethreetimes,thefunctionterminateswithafaultentryinthe faultmemory. Temperaturemonitoring Thetemperaturemonitoringfunctionensuresthatthelossofparking-brakeforcethatoccurswhen hotbrakediscscooldowniscompensatedfor.Thetemperaturemonitoringfunctionisactivatedifthe temperatureisaboveadefinedvalueonachangeofparkingbrakestatusfrom"released"to"applied". ThetemperatureofthebrakediscsiscalculatedindividuallyforeachwheelbytheDSCcontrolunit andcommunicatedtotheEMFcontrolunit.Whenthestatuschangetakesplace,thehigherofthetwo brakedisctemperaturesisappliedfortemperaturemonitoringpurposes.Thetemperaturerangesand correspondingretighteningperiodsarestoredinacharacteristicmap. Theappropriateretighteningperiodsfromthecharacteristicmapareappliedaccordingtothetemperatureonchangeofstatus.Oncethefirstretighteningperiodhaselapsed,theparkingbrakeisretightenedforthefirsttime.Afterexpiryofthesecondretighteningperiod,theparkingbrakeisretightened again,andagainafterthethirdperiodhaselapsed.Thecharacteristicmapmayalsocontainthevalue 0foroneormoreretighteningperiods.Inthatcase,thecorrespondingretighteningsequencesdonot takeplace.Thefunctionterminateswhenthelastretighteningsequencehasbeencompleted. Releasingtheparkingbrake Theparkingbrakeisreleasedbypressingtheparkingbrakebuttondown.However,fortheparking braketoactuallybereleased,Terminal15mustbeONandatleastoneofthefollowingpreconditions satisfied: Brakepedalapplied,or Automatictransmissionparkinglockengaged.

Thatpreventsthevehiclestartingtorollwhennotintended,e.g.ifanotheroccupantapartfromthe driverpressestheparkingbrakebutton.Oncetheparkingbrakeisreleased,theredindicatorlampon theinstrumentpanelandtheredLEDintheparkingbrakebuttongoout. ActivationoftheEMFactuatorsetsthespindleinmotion.Therotationofthespindlemovesthespindlenutasmall,defineddistanceawayfromthebrakepiston. Dynamicemergencybraking Thelawrequiresthattherearetwooperatingfacilitiesforthebrakes.OntheF25,thesecondoperatingfacilityafterthebrakepedalistheparkingbrakebuttoninthecenterconsole.Iftheparkingbrake buttonispulledupwhilethevehicleismoving,adynamicemergencybrakingoperationwithadefined procedureisperformedbytheDSCsystem.Thisfunctionisintendedforemergencysituationsin whichthedriverisnotabletobrakethevehicleusingthebrakepedal.Otheroccupantscanalsobring thevehicletoastandstillinthiswayif,forexample,thedriversuddenlyfallsunconscious. Duringdynamicemergencybraking,brakepressureisgeneratedhydraulicallyatallfourwheelbrakes. TheDSCfunctionsarefullyactiveandthebrakelightsareoperated.Thatrepresentsafundamental advantageovermanualparkingbrakes.

31

F25ChassisDynamics 4.Brakes
Thedynamicemergencybrakingsequenceonlyremainsineffectwhiletheparkingbrakebuttonisbeingpulled.ThelevelofdecelerationappliedbytheDSCissteeplyincreased.DuringdynamicemergencybrakingtheEMFindicatorlightontheinstrumentpanelisactivated.Inaddition,aCheckControl messageisdisplayedalongwithanacousticsignalinordertodrawthedriver'sattentiontothespecial situation. Ifthedriversimultaneouslybrakesbypressingthebrakepedalandpullingtheparkingbrakebutton, theDSCcontrolunitprioritizes.Thegreaterdecelerationdemandisputintoeffect.Ifdynamicemergencybrakingiscontinueduntilthevehicleisatastandstill,thevehicleremainsbrakedevenafterthe parkingbrakebuttonisreleased.TheEMFindicatorlightontheinstrumentpanelremainson.The drivercanthenreleasetheparkingbrake(see"Releasingtheparkingbrake"). Parkingbrakefault Ifafaultoccursontheparkingbrake,theEMFindicatorlampontheinstrumentpanelshowsyellow.A CheckControlmessageisdisplayed.

F25Indicatorlightshowingparkingbrakefault

Emergencyrelease Emergencyreleaseoftheparkingbrakebythecustomerisnotprovidedfor. TheparkingbrakecanbereleasedbyunscrewingtheEMFactuatorsandmanuallyscrewingbackthe spindle. Replacingbrakepads ToreplacethebrakepadstheEMFactuatormustbeinthefullyreleasedpositionsothatthebrake pistoncanbepressedback.TheEMFactuatorscanbeactivatedviathediagnosissystemandmoved tothefullyreleasedposition.Thatpositionisrequiredinordertobeabletochangethebrakepads. Oncetheinstallationpositionisreached,installationmodeisautomaticallyactivated.

32

F25ChassisDynamics 4.Brakes

F25EMFwithspindlenutinworkingpositionforreplacingbrakepads

AslongastheEMFcontrolunitisininstallationmode,theparkingbrakecannotbeappliedforsafetyreasons.Iftheparkingbrakebuttonisneverthelessoperated,theEMFindicatorlampontheinstrumentpanel(KOMBI)flashesyellow. Installationmodecanbecancelledintwoways: Byexecutingtheservicefunction"Resetinstallationmode"withtheaidofISTA Bydrivingthevehicleandexceedingaprogrammedminimumspeed.

Braketeststanddetection TheEMFcontrolunitdetectsthatthevehicleisonabraketeststandbymeansofaplausibilitycheck (comparisonofwheelspeeds)andswitchestobraketeststandmode.Identificationtakesabout.6 seconds. Pullingtheparkingbrakebuttonseveraltimesinsequencesetstheparkingbraketothefollowingpositions: Brakepadsincontact Forcelevel1forbraketeststand Forcelevel2forbraketeststand Targetforce.

Alternatively,theparkingbrakebuttoncanbeheldcontinuouslyinthepulled-outpositionwhilebrake teststandmodeisactive.Theparkingbrakeisthenmovedtotheindividualdefinedpositionsinsequenceatintervalsof3seconds. 33

F25ChassisDynamics 4.Brakes
WhenbraketeststandmodeisactiveandtheEMFactuatorsarereleased,theparkingbrakeindicator lightflashesslowly. WhenbraketeststandmodeisactiveandtheEMFactuatorsarepartiallyapplied,theparkingbrakeindicatorlightstartstoflashmorequickly. Whenthevehicleisonabraketeststand,theparkingbrakecanbereleasedwithouthavingtopress thebrakeorclutchpedal.Braketeststandmodeisautomaticallycancelledwhenthevehicleisdrivenoffthebraketeststand.Itisalsodeactivatediftheparkingbrakebuttonispressedinorifafaultis present.

4.2.5.CheckControlmessages
EMFindicatorlight CheckControlsymbol -

Description Checkcontrolmessage CentralInformationDisplay EMFindicatorlight

EMFisappliedmechanically CheckControlsymbol -

Description Checkcontrolmessage CentralInformationDisplay EMFindicatorlight

EMFisininstallationmode-theparkingbrake buttonisoperatedsimultaneously CheckControlsymbol -

Description Checkcontrolmessage CentralInformationDisplay

Braketeststanddetectedactuatorreleased -

34

F25ChassisDynamics 4.Brakes
EMFindicatorlight CheckControlsymbol -

Description Checkcontrolmessage CentralInformationDisplay EMFindicatorlight

Braketeststanddetectedactuatorinintermediateposition CheckControlsymbol

Description Checkcontrolmessage CentralInformationDisplay EMFindicatorlight

EMFisappliedmechanically-thedriverattemptstodriveoffatthesametime Releaseparkingbrake CheckControlsymbol

Description Checkcontrolmessage CentralInformationDisplay

Parkingbrakebuttonisappliedduringthejourney(dynamicemergencybraking) Releaseparkingbrake -

35

F25ChassisDynamics 4.Brakes
EMFindicatorlight CheckControlsymbol

Description Checkcontrolmessage CentralInformationDisplay EMFindicatorlight -

ThedriverattemptstoreleasetheEMFwithout havingdepressedthebrakepedal-theselector leverisnotinpositionP Pressfootbrakeaswell CheckControlsymbol

Description Checkcontrolmessage CentralInformationDisplay EMFindicatorlight -

ThedriverattemptstoreleasetheEMF-theselectorleverisnotinpositionP AlsoengagetransmissionP Toreleaseparkingbrake,alsoengagetransmissionpositionP . CheckControlsymbol

Description Checkcontrolmessage CentralInformationDisplay

ThedriverattemptstoreleasetheEMF-the brakeorclutchpedalarenotoperated Pressfootbrakeorclutchpedal Alsopressfootbrakeorclutchpedaltorelease theparkingbrake.

36

F25ChassisDynamics 4.Brakes
EMFindicatorlight CheckControlsymbol -

Description

"New"faultoccursatparkingbrakebutton OR Faultpendingatparkingbrakebuttonwithsimultaneousoperation CheckControlsymbol

Checkcontrolmessage CentralInformationDisplay EMFindicatorlight

Description Checkcontrolmessage CentralInformationDisplay

Faultdetectedatparkingbrakebutton-norestrictioninfunctionalityatpresent Availabilityofparkingbrakerestricted Availabilityofparkingbrakerestricted HavevehiclecheckedbyyourBMWServiceauthorizedworkshop. CheckControlsymbol

EMFindicatorlight

Description Checkcontrolmessage CentralInformationDisplay

Atleastonespeedsignalisnolongeravailablenorestrictioninfunctionalityatpresent Availabilityofparkingbrakerestricted Availabilityofparkingbrakerestricted HavevehiclecheckedbyyourBMWServiceauthorizedworkshop.

37

F25ChassisDynamics 4.Brakes
EMFindicatorlight CheckControlsymbol

Description Checkcontrolmessage CentralInformationDisplay

Dynamicemergencybrakingnolongeravailable Availabilityofparkingbrakerestricted Availabilityofparkingbrakerestricted Parkingbrakecanbeappliedandreleasedusing buttonwhenstationary. Itisnotpossibletobrakethevehiclewhenitisin motionusingtheparkingbrake. HavevehiclecheckedbyyourBMWServiceauthorizedworkshop. CheckControlsymbol

EMFindicatorlight

Description

Mechanicalapplicationoftheparkingbrakeis nolongeravailable OR Dynamicemergencybrakingandmechanical parkingbrakeapplicationarenolongeravailable Parkingbrakehasfailed Parkingbrakehasfailed Topark,securevehicletopreventitrolling. HavevehiclecheckedbyyourBMWServiceauthorizedworkshop.

Checkcontrolmessage CentralInformationDisplay

38

F25ChassisDynamics 4.Brakes
EMFindicatorlight CheckControlsymbol

Description

Mechanicalapplicationoftheparkingbrakeis nolongeravailable OR Dynamicemergencybrakingandmechanical parkingbrakeapplicationarenolongeravailable Parkingbrakehasfailed Parkingbrakehasfailed. Topark,securevehicletopreventitrolling. HavevehiclecheckedbyyournearestBMW Serviceauthorizedworkshop.

Checkcontrolmessage CentralInformationDisplay

39

F25ChassisDynamics 5.Steering
5.1.ElectronicPowerSteeringEPS
TheF25xDriveisthefirstmass-producedvehiclewithxDrivetobeequippedwithElectronicPower SteeringEPS(electromechanicalpowersteering)whichreplacestheconventionalhydraulicpower steering. Incontrasttohydraulicpowersteering,withEPSsteeringtheservoforcesareappliedtotherackvia anelectricmotorandareductiongear. Thishasachievedanaveragereductioninfuelconsumptionofroughly0.3lper100kmwhencomparedtoconventionalhydraulicpowersteering.Thathelpstoreducethecarbondioxideemissions.As thereisnooilintheEPS,itisenvironmentallycleanerandmoreservicefriendlythanconventionalhydraulicpowersteering. Comparedtoconventionalhydraulicpowersteering,theinstallationandmaintenancecosthasbeen significantlyreducedthankstothecompactdesignofthesteeringboxwithintegratedelectricmotor andcontrolelectronics. WithEPSsteering,thesteeringservo(steeringforces)andalsothereturncharacteristicsarefreely configurable.Thismeansthatthesteeringanddrivabilitycanbeadaptedoptimallytotherelevantdrivingsituation(e.g.whendrivinginthecityoronthehighway). Servotronic,i.e.steeringservodependentonvehiclespeed,isavailableasoptionalequipment(SA 216). Ifadrivingdynamicscontrolswitchisinstalled-twodifferentsettings,"Normal"or"Sporty"canbe accessedwiththefollowingoptionalequipment: EDC(SA223) Sportssteering(SA2VL) Servotronic(Standard) Steptronicsportautomatictransmission(SA2TB)

AlthoughActiveSteeringisnotprovidedforintheF25,"Variablesportsteering"(SA2VL)isavailable astheoptionalequipment.

40

F25ChassisDynamics 5.Steering

F25EPSsteeringcomponents

Index 1 2 3

Explanation ElectronicPowerSteeringEPS Steeringcolumn Steeringwheel

41

F25ChassisDynamics 5.Steering
5.1.1.Systemoverview

F25EPSsteeringbox

Index 1 2 3 4 5

Explanation Reductiongear Steering-torquesensor Trackrod EPScontrolunit Electricmotorwithrotorpositionsensor

42

F25ChassisDynamics 5.Steering
5.1.2.Systemwiringdiagram

F25EPSsystemwiringdiagram

43

F25ChassisDynamics 5.Steering
Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Kl.30 Kl.15N LINbus Explanation ElectronicPowerSteering(EPS) Powerdistributionbox,enginecompartment DynamicStabilityControl(DSC) Junctionboxpowerdistributionbox IntegratedChassisManagement(ICM) Steeringcolumnswitchcluster(SZL) Instrumentpanel(KOMBI) Centralgatewaymodule(ZGM) DigitalMotorElectronics(DME) Terminal30 Ignition(after-run) Localinterconnectnetworkbus

5.1.3.Steeringanglesensor
IntheF25,informationonthesteeringangleisnotacquiredviatheElectronicPowerSteeringEPS fromaseparatesensoratthesteeringwheelandisinsteaddeducedfromthemotorpositionangleof theEPSmotorinrelationtothesteeringwheel. TheEPSreportsthepositionoftherackviaFlexRaytotheICMcontrolunit.InthiscasetheEPScalculatestheabsolutepositionoftherackbasedonthecurrentpositionoftheEPSmotorrotorandthe numberoffullrotorrevolutionsfromtheneutralposition(correspondstostraight-aheaddriving). Takingthispositionasthestartingpoint,theICMcontrolunitdetermines,amongotherthings,the steeringangleinrelationtothewheelusingthestoredgearratioparameters(betweentherackand steeringangleinrelationtowheel)andtransmitstheseviaFlexRay.Thiswheel-specificsteeringangle isusedbytheDynamicStabilityControlandothersystemsasareferencevariableforinternalcontrol functions. IncaseswheretheabsolutevalueisnotavailablefromtheEPS(terminal30loss,flashingprocess),the absolutevalueisdeterminedthroughinteractionoftheICMandEPSviaateach-infunctionbysteeringfromendstoptoendstop(e.g.straight-aheadposition->left->right->straight-aheadposition).

5.2.Variablesportsteering
Theoptionalequipment"Variablesportsteering"(SA2VL)isavailablefortheF25asanalternativeto thebasicversionoftheEPS.Thisisthefirststeeringsystemavailableonthemarkettocombinethe benefitsofanextremelydirect,variablesteeringgearratiowiththeoperatingprincipleofEPSsteering. Thevariablesportsteeringincreasesridecomfortandalsoagility.Thedirectratioreducesthetotal steeringangle,i.e.thenumberofsteeringwheelrevolutionsfromsteeringstoptosteeringstop,by roughly25%.Thisthereforeincreasescomfortduringdrivingmanoeuvresthatrequirelargersteering angles,e.g.whenparking,turningofforturning.

44

F25ChassisDynamics 5.Steering
ComparedtothebasicversionoftheEPSsteering,thevehiclerespondsmoredirectlyandhasgreater agilityowingtothemoredirectsteeringgearratioandtheresultinglowerrequiredsteeringangle.This iseffectiveduringavoidancemanoeuvres,forexample. Thevariablesteeringgearratioisachievedbyusingadisplacement-dependentrackgearinggeometry.Whenroughlyinthecenterpositionofthesteeringbox,thesteeringrespondspreciselywithstable directionalstability.Asthesteeringanglesmoveoutofthecenterposition,theratiobecomesincreasinglymoredirect.

5.2.1.Systemoverview

F25ComparisonbetweensteeringgearratioofEPSsteeringbasicversionandvariablesportsteering

Index 1 2 A B x y

Explanation Rack,EPSbasicversion(constantgearinggeometry) Rack,variablesportsteering(variablegearinggeometry) Moreindirectsteeringgearratio(variablesportsteering) Moredirectsteeringgearratio(variablesportsteering) Steeringangle Steeringgearratio

45

F25ChassisDynamics 5.Steering
5.3.Steeringcolumn
5.3.1.Steeringcolumnadjustment
ThelengthandheightofthesteeringcolumnoftheF25canbemechanicallyadjusted.Thisisrequiredforthedrivertoachieveanoptimumergonomicdrivingposition.

46

F25ChassisDynamics 6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
6.1.Directionsofaction

Direction ofaction DSC EDC DCC

Longitudinal

Pitch

Lateral

Yaw

Vertical

Roll

Drivingstabilitycontrolsystemsaredifferentiatedaccordingtotheirbasiceffectivedirections.Dynamichandlingcontrolsystemsmayactalongaswellasaroundanaxisofthevehiclecoordinatesystem (X,YorZ).

6.2.IntegratedChassisManagement(ICM)
6.2.1.Systemoverview

F25ICMcontrolunitICM

47

F25ChassisDynamics 6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
Index 1 Explanation ICMcontrolunit TheICMcontrolunitisinstalledonthecenterconsolebymeansofaholder.Itcontainsthedrivingdynamicssensorsystemandcentralsensorsystemfortheairbag.

6.2.2.Systemfunction
InfluenceoftheICMcontrolunitondrivingstabilitycontrolindetail: PerformanceControl(SA2VG) Selectivebrakingattherearinnercorneringwheelmakesamoreneutralself-steeringresponsepossibleandreducesthetendencytoundersteer.Forthedurationofbrakingintervention,theoutputoftheengineisincreasedproportionallysothisisnotperceivedasdeceleration.ThesetpointiscalculatedintheICMcontrolunitandputintoactionintheDynamicStabilityControl.(Formoreinformationl,refertosections6.4and6.5ofthistrainingmaterial.) Drivingdynamicscontrol ThedrivercanusetheoperatingelementsDTCbuttonordrivingdynamicscontrolswitch (DTCmode,DynamicStabilityControlOFF)toactivatethedrivingdynamicscontrolFDR.The functionmodeisdisplayedviatheinstrumentpanel(KOMBI). EvaluationoftheDTCbuttonanddrivingdynamicscontrolswitchaswellasthechangeover logic,includingcommunicationwiththesystemsinvolved(includingDSC),takesplaceinthe ICMcontrolunit.Inaddition,theICMcontrolunitincorporatessystemmonitoringofpartnerfunctionsthatchangesbacktonormalmodewhenoneofthefunctionsbeingmonitored dropsout(DSCON). HillDescentControlHDC ThepurposeofHDCistosupportthedriverwhendrivingdownhill.Whenthedriveractivates thisfunctionbypushingthebutton,thevehicletravelsondownhillgradientsataconstant speeddefinedbythedriverofbetweenroughly5and25km/h.Iftheactualspeedisnotthe sameasthereferencespeedsetbythedriver,theHDCattemptsbymeansofharmonious controltomatchthetwospeeds.ThedriverissupportedbytheDSCcontrolfunctionsduring thisprocess.

IfthedriveroperatestheHDCbutton,theICMcontrolunitchecksthisoperationagainstthe currentstatesoftheotherassistsystems. DynamicCruiseControl TheDynamicCruiseControlDCCisaroadspeedcontrollerthatincorporatesbrakeintervention.TheDCCfunctionintheICMcontrolunitactsonthepowertrainandbrakeviathecorrespondinginterfaces.Inaddition,interfacesfordisplayandoperatingelementsandforthedrivingdynamicssensorsystemexist.(Formoreinformation,refertosection6.6.)

48

F25ChassisDynamics 6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
TheICMcontrolunitcontainsthefollowingsensors,dependingonthevehicleequipment: Function Longitudinalacceleration(airbagsensorsystem) Lateralacceleration(airbagsensorsystem) Longitudinalacceleration Lateralacceleration Verticalacceleration Rollrate Pitchrate Yawrate Vehicleswithout EDC Vehicleswith EDC

Theinformationfromthesesensorsisusedtocalculatethefollowingsignalswhicharemadeavailable totheDynamicStabilityControlDSCviaFlexRay: Yawrate Lateralacceleration Longitudinalacceleration Steeringangle.

6.3.DynamicStabilityControlDSC
TheDynamicStabilityControlDSCisattheheartofsuspensioncontrolsystemsthataredesignedto increaseactivesafety.Itoptimizesdrivingstabilityunderalldrivingconditionsandalsotractionwhen drivingoffandaccelerating.Inaddition,itdetectsunstabledrivingconditionssuchasundersteeringor oversteeringandhelpskeepthevehiclesafelyoncourse. Tothisendthecurrentdrivingconditionsarepermanentlyrecordedbythehighlysensitivesensorsof theDSC.Theinformationacquiredcomesfromthewheelspeed,steeringangle,lateralacceleration, longitudinalacceleration,pressureandyawsensors(rotationaroundtheverticalaxisofthevehicle),for example.Thesingle-trackmodelcalculatedfromthisinformationintheDSCcontrolunitservesasthe basicparameterforregulatoryinterventionbytheDSC.Duringthisprocess,acomparisonismadebetweenthecorrespondingdriverinput(steeringwheelangleandvehiclespeed). Ifthemeasuredactualconditiondeviatesfromthecalculatedreferencecondition,actionistakento improvestabilityand/ortraction.ThisinvolvesselectiveactuationoftheengineandbrakemanagementaswellasthexDrive.Thedrivingstabilitycanbeensuredonceagainoratractionrequestcanbe implementedbyselectivelyreducingorincreasingtheenginetorque(withactiveenginedragtorque controlorPerformanceControl)orbrakeinterventionatindividualwheels.

49

F25ChassisDynamics 6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
6.3.1.Systemoverview

F25Systemoverview,DSC

Index 1 2 3

Explanation DynamicStabilityControlDSC Centerconsoleoperatingfacility IntegratedChassisManagementICM

50

F25ChassisDynamics 6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
6.3.2.Systemwiringdiagram

F25Systemwiringdiagram,DSC

51

F25ChassisDynamics 6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Function ABS EBV CBC DBC ASC ADB-X MMR MSR BMR DSC 52 Explanation Brakepadwearsensor,frontleft Wheelspeedsensor,frontleft Brakefluidlevelswitch DigitalMotorElectronics(DME) Junctionboxpowerdistributionbox DynamicStabilityControl(DSC) Frontrightwheelspeedsensor Rearrightbrakepadwearsensor Rearrightwheelspeedsensor Luggagecompartmentpowerdistributionbox EMFcontrolunit Wheelspeedsensor,rearleft Brakelightswitch Steeringcolumnswitchcluster(SZL) Instrumentpanel(KOMBI) CarAccessSystemCAS FootwellmoduleFRM CentralGatewayModule Junctionboxelectronics Centerconsoleoperatingfacility Parkingbrakebutton Centraloperatingelement IntegratedChassisManagementICM Sub-function Designation AntilockBrakeSystem Electronicbrakeforcedistribution CorneringBrakeControl DynamicBrakeControl AutomaticStabilityControl AutomaticDifferentialBrake Enginetorquecontrol Enginedragcontrol Brakingtorquecontrol DynamicStabilityControl

F25ChassisDynamics 6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
Function Sub-function AKR DTC HDC TheDSCcanbeoperatedinthreemodes: DynamicStabilityControlON Dynamictractioncontrol,DTC DSCOFF DSC ON DTC x x DSC OFF Designation Anti-tiltcontrol TrailerStabilityControl(NotforUS) DynamicTractionControl PerformanceControl HillDescentControlHDC

Function AntilockBrakeSystem(ABS) Electronicbrakeforcedistribution CorneringBrakeControl(CBC) Enginedragtorquecontrol(MSR) AutomaticStabilityControl(ASC) HillDescentControl(HDC)* AutomaticDifferentialBrake(ADB-X) Drivingdynamicscontrol(FDR)* Anti-tiltcontrol(AKR) TrailerStabilityControl PerformanceControl Brakestandby Rainbrakesupport Drive-offassistant FadingBrakeSupport DynamicBrakingControl(DBC) AutomaticHoldtogetherwiththeElectromechanicalParkingBrake (EMF)* RunFlatIndicator(RPA) ConditionBasedServices(CBS) xDrivefunction

53

F25ChassisDynamics 6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
Symbol x * Explanation Functionactive Functionnotactive Functionwithadaptedcontrolthresholds Canbeswitchedonandoffbythedriver

Adoptingasuitablyadapteddrivingstylealwaysremainstheresponsibilityofthedriver. NotevenDSCcanovercomethelawsofphysics. Theadditionalsafetyfeaturesofthesystemshouldnotbediminishedbyriskydriving.

54

F25ChassisDynamics 6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
6.4.xDrive
6.4.1.Systemoverview

F25xDrivesystemoverview

Index 1 2 3 4

Explanation Transferbox(VTG)controlunit Actuatorfortransferboxcoupling Instrumentpanel(KOMBI) DSCsensor(lateralacceleration,longitudinalaccelerationandyawsensor) 55

F25ChassisDynamics 6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
Index 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Explanation Steeringanglesensor DSChydraulicunit DSCcontrolunit RunFlatIndicatorbutton HDCbutton DTCbutton Brakefluidlevelswitch Wheelspeedsensor Electronictransmissioncontrol(EGS) DigitalMotorElectronics(DME)

TheintelligentBMWxDrivefour-wheeldrivepermanentlydistributesthedrivetorquebetweenthe frontandrearaxleviaanelectronically-controlledmulti-discclutch. TheF25featuresthenewATC450transferboxwhichhasbeenoptimizedintermsofeffectiveness andefficiency.

56

F25ChassisDynamics 6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
6.4.2.VTGcontrolunitsystemwiringdiagram

F25VTGsystemwiringdiagram

57

F25ChassisDynamics 6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Kl.30 Kl.30B Explanation VTGcontrolunit DynamicStabilityControl(DSC) Junctionboxpowerdistributionbox IntegratedChassisManagement(ICM) Centralgatewaymodule(ZGM) CarAccessSystem(CAS) Footwellmodule(FRM) Terminal30 Terminal30,time-dependent

6.4.3.Drivefunction
ThedrivetorqueisdistributedvariablyintermsofdrivingdynamicsandtractionasthesituationdemandsthroughnetworkingwiththedynamicstabilitycontrolDSC.Duetoitsoptimizeddesign,the xDriveadaptationintheF25makesafurthercontributiontowardsenhancingthedrivingexperience. Understeering xDriveshiftsmoredrivetorquetotherearaxleastheundersteeringtendencyincreases.Thisallows thefrontaxletobuildupmoretractionwhichreducesundersteering. AtthesametimethePerformanceControl(SA2VG)ensures,throughbrakinginterventionattheinner rearcorneringwheelandbyincreasingthedrivetorqueoftheengine,thatthevehicleadoptsaneutral drivabilitywithoutslowingitdown.

F25xDrive,interventionduringundersteering

58

F25ChassisDynamics 6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
Index redarrow greenarrow 1 2and3 4 5 Explanation PerformanceControlintervention xDriveintervention Ontheapproachtothebend,xDriveadjuststhedistributionofdrivetorqueso theemphasisisslightlytowardstherear Duringcornering,xDriveshiftsmoredrivetorquetotherearaxle;Performance Controlcounteractsundersteering Astheundersteeringtendencyreduces,moredrivetorqueisdirectedtothe frontaxleandtheinterventionbyPerformanceControldiminishes xDrivere-establishesthestandarddistribution,interventionbyPerformance Controlisnolongerrequired

Oversteering Inanoversteeringdrivingsituation,xDrivedistributesthedrivetorquesothattheloadontherearaxle isreducedasmuchaspossible. Atthesametime,theDSCensures,throughadditionalbrakeinterventionattheouterrearwheelduringcornering,thatthevehicleisquicklystabilizedandthatneutraldrivabilityisrestored.

F25xDrive,interventionintheeventofoversteering

59

F25ChassisDynamics 6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
Index redarrow greenarrow 1 2 3 4 5 Explanation PerformanceControlintervention xDriveintervention Ontheapproachtothebend,xDriveadjuststhedistributionofdrivetorqueso theemphasisisslightlytowardstherear Ifanoversteeringtendencyexists,xDriveshiftsmoredrivetorquetothefront axle Astheoversteeringtendencyincreases,PerformanceControl(SA2VG)further stabilizesthevehiclethroughbrakinginterventionattheouterrearwheel duringcornering Astheoversteeringtendencyreduces,lessdrivetorqueisdirectedtothefront axleandtheinterventionbyPerformanceControldiminishes xDrivere-establishesthestandarddistribution,interventionbyPerformance Controlisnolongerrequired

6.5.PerformanceControl
TheF25featuresPerformanceControl(SA2VG),theDSCfunctionalityofthexDrive. ToincreasetheagilityofthexDrivevehicle,theundersteeringtendencyandtherequiredsteeringanglearereduced.Thisisimplementedbyvaryingthetorquedistributionattherearaxle.ThePerformanceControlbrakestherearinnercorneringwheelwhenthevehicleisbeingdrivenwithasporty drivingstyle.Atthesametime,thedrivetorqueoftheengineisincreasedtocompensateforthebrakingtorqueproduced. Duetothedrivingdynamics,thePerformanceControliswithdrawnathighspeeds.

6.6.DynamicCruiseControlDCC
TheDynamicCruiseControlDCCisaroadspeedcontrollerthatincorporatesbrakeintervention. TheDCCmaintainsaconstantsetspeedatspeedshigherthanroughly30km/h-asopposedtoconventionalspeedcontrolwiththefollowingadditionalfunctions: Activebrakeintervention-iftheenginedragtorqueisinsufficienttomaintaintheselected speedincoasting(overrun)mode,thevehicleisdeceleratedautomaticallybymeansofadditionalcontrolledbrakeintervention. Curve-Speed-LimiterCSL-dependingonthelateralaccelerationthatcurrentlyexists,the speedinthelongitudinaldirectionisreducedduringcontrolledcorneringasnecessary.When exitingthecorner,thespeedisadjusteduntiltherequiredspeedisobtainedonceagain.

60

F25ChassisDynamics 6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
Comfort-Dynamic-SystemCDS-thedrivercanuseanoperatingelementatthesteering wheeltopermanentlyaccelerateordeceleratethevehicleintwodynamicstagesrespectivelyin"Handthrottlemode".Thismeanstherequiredspeedwillbereachedmorequickly.The drivercanaccelerateordecelerateintrafficflowwithoutestimatingthetargetspeedbeforehand. Controlleddownhilldriving-inordertoreducefuelconsumption,downhilldrivingiscontrolledbymeansofoverrunfuelcutoff.Toreducetheloadonthewheelbrakeswhendriving downhill,geardownshiftsaremodifiedandtorqueisdistributedbetweenthefrontandrear axle.IntheDSCbrakecontrolsystem,correspondingleakagecompensationandtorquedistributionmeasuresareappliedusingasubstitutetemperaturemodel.Thiscounteractsanyleakageinthebrakecontrolcircuit.

Thedesiredspeedisdisplayedintheinstrumentpanel(KOMBI)byamovablemarkeraroundthe speedreading.Whenthecontrolsystemisactive,thismarkerlightsupgreen.WhentheDCCfunction isdeactivated,themarkerlightsuporangeandtheresumespeedisdisplayed.Ifthedesiredspeed hasbeenadjustedoriftheDCCfunctionisactivated,theupdateddigitalvalueisdisplayedbrieflyasa checkbacksignalfortheoperator.

61

F25ChassisDynamics 6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
6.7.ElectronicDamperControl(EDC)
6.7.1.Systemoverview

F25EDCsystemoverview

Index 1 2 3 4 5

Explanation Electronicadjustabledamper Drivingdynamicscontrolswitch Wheelaccelerationsensor Electromagneticsettingvalve EDCcontrolunit

62

F25ChassisDynamics 6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
6.7.2.Systemwiringdiagram

F25EDCsystemwiringdiagram

63

F25ChassisDynamics 6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
Index 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Kl.30B Kl.15N Kl.30 Explanation Sensor,verticalwheelacceleration,frontleft Electromagneticsettingvalve,frontleft DynamicStabilityControl(DSC) Electromagneticsettingvalve,frontright Sensor,verticalwheelacceleration,frontright Junctionboxpowerdistributionbox Luggagecompartmentpowerdistributionbox Electromagneticsettingvalve,rearright VerticalDynamicsManagement(VDM) Electromagneticsettingvalve,rearleft IntegratedChassisManagement(ICM) Centerconsoleoperatingfacility Footwellmodule(FRM) Centralgatewaymodule(ZGM) Terminal30,time-dependent Ignition(after-run) Terminal30

6.7.3.Systemfunction
TheEDCisavariable,electronicallycontrolledshockabsorberadjustmentsystemthatcontrolsthe verticaldynamics.EDCadaptsthedampingforcesoftheshockabsorbermoreorlessinstantlyto changingroadordrivingconditions. TheEDCconsistsof fourelectronicadjustingdampers theEDCcontrolunit twowheelaccelerationsensorsonthefrontaxletodeterminethewheelmovement asensorclusterintegratedintheICMcontrolunittodeterminethemovementsofthebody (pitch,vertical,roll).

Thesensorsinthevehiclepermanentlymeasure thebodyandwheelacceleration thecurrentlateral/longitudinalacceleration thevehiclespeed thesteeringwheelposition.

64

F25ChassisDynamics 6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems
TheEDCcontrolunitusesthismeasureddatainconjunctionwiththeroadprofileanddrivingsituationtocalculatethewheel-specificcontrolcommandsfortheelectromagneticvalvesintheshockabsorbers.Thedampingforcesdeliveredwillthereforealwaysmatchtherequirements. Thisimprovesridecomfortandatthesametimeenhancesdrivingdynamics. Increasedbodystabilityandagility Improveddrivingsafetybyminimizingwheelloadfluctuationandreducedstoppingdistance.

Thedrivercanusethedrivingdynamicscontrolswitchtochangebetweenacomfortableorsportyaspectofthevehicle'scharacteraccordingtohisindividualrequirements.

6.7.4.Serviceinformation
Otherseparatelinesexistbetweenthedampers,includingfrontaxlesensorsandthewiringharness. Thesearenotshowninthesystemwiringdiagram.Theselinescanbereplacedindividuallywhencarryingoutrepairs.

6.8.Drivingdynamicscontrolswitch

F25centerconsole

Index 1 2

Explanation Drivingdynamicscontrolswitch Controller

Thedrivingdynamicscontrolswitchisinstalledinthecenterconsoleoperatingfacility.Threeareas (characteristiccurves)fordrivingdynamicscanbeselectedviathedrivingdynamicscontrolswitch: Normal,Sport,Sport+. TheSportsmodecanbeadaptedbymeansoftheController.

65

F25ChassisDynamics 6.Drivingstabilitycontrolsystems

F25Sportsmodeadaptation

ItispossibletospecifywhethertheSportsmodeappliesonlytothechassisandsuspension,onlyto thedrivetrain,ortoboth. Normal Drivetrain Acceleratorcharacteristic Shiftprogram Shiftspeed Chassisandsuspensionsystems Steeringservo DynamicStability Control ElectronicDamper Control(EDC) Normal DSCon Normal Sports DSCon Sports Sports DTC Sports Normal Normal Normal Sports Sports Sports Sports Sports Sports Sport Sport+

66

BayerischeMotorenwerkeAktiengesellschaft HndlerqualifizierungundTraining Rntgenstrae7 85716Unterschleiheim,Germany