Unalluviadein sultos fustig en Israel a Shlomo Sand cuando l public un libro cuyo ttulo Como fue inventado el pueblo

judo - The Invention of the Jewish People desmonta mitos bblicos que son cimiento del Estado sionista de Israel.

Profesor de Historia Contempornea en la Universidad de Tel Aviv niega que los judos constituyan un pueblo con un origen comn y sustenta que fue una cultura especfica y no la descendencia de una comunidad arcaica unida por lazos de sangre el instrumento principal de la fermentacin protonacional. Para l, el Estado judaico de Israel lejos de ser la concretizacin del sueo nacional de una comunidad tnica con ms de 4000 aos fue hecho posible por una falsificacin de la historia dinamizada en el siglo XIX por intelectuales como Theodor Herzl. En tanto acadmicos israeles insisten en afirmar que los judos son un pueblo con un ADN propio, Shlomo Sand, basado en una documentacin exhaustiva, ridiculiza esa tesis acientfica. No hay adems puentes biolgicos entre los antiguos habitantes de los reinos de Judea y de Israel y los judos de nuestro tiempo. El mito tnico contribuy poderosamente para el imaginario cvico. Sus races de sumergen en la Biblia, fuente del monotesmo hebraico. Tal como la Ilada, el Antiguo Testamento no es obra de un nico autor. Sand define la Biblia como biblioteca extraordinaria que habr sido escrita entre los siglos VI y II antes de Nuestra Era. El mito principia con la invencin del pueblo sagrado a quien fue anunciada la tierra prometida de Canan. Carece de cualquier fundamento histrico el interminable viaje de Moiss y de su pueblo rumbo a Tierra Santa y su conquista posterior. Es necesario recordar que el actual territorio de Palestina era entonces parte integrante del Egipto faranico. La mitologa de los sucesivos exilios, difundida a travs de los siglos, acab por ganar la apariencia de verdad histrica. Pero fue forjada a partir de la Biblia y ampliada por los pioneros del sionismo.

Las expulsiones en masa de judos por los Asirios son una invencin. No hay registro de ellas en fuentes histricas crebles. El gran exilio de Babilonia es tan falso como el de las grandes disporas. Cuando Nabucodonosor tom Jerusaln destruy el Templo y expuls de la ciudad un segmento de las elites. Pero Babilonia era hace mucho la ciudad de residencia, por opcin propia, de una numerosa comunidad judaica. Fue ella el ncleo de las creatividades de los rabinos que hablaban arameo e introducan importantes reformas en la religin mosaica. Es importante notar que solamente una pequea minora de esa comunidad volvi a Judea cuando el emperador persa Ciro conquist Jerusaln en el siglo VI de Nuestra Era. Cuando los centros de la cultura judaica de Babilonia se disgregaron los judos emigraron para Bagdad y no para la Tierra Santa. Sand dedica atencin especial a los Exilios como mitos fundadores de la identidad tnica. Las dos expulsiones de los judos en el periodo Romano, la primera por Tito y la segunda por Adriano, que habran sido el motor de la gran dispora, son tema de una reflexin profunda del historiador israelense. Los jvenes aprenden en las escuelas que la nacin judaica fue exiliada por los Romanos despus de la destruccin del II Templo por Tito, y posteriormente, por Adriano en 132. Por si slo el texto fantasioso de Flavio Josefo, que da testimonio de la revuelta de los zelotas, quita credibilidad de esa versin, hoy oficial. Segn l, los romanos masacraron entonces 1.100.000 judos y aprendieron a 97.000. Eso en una poca que la poblacin total de Galilea era segn los demgrafos actuales muy inferior al medio milln. Las excavaciones arqueolgicas de las ltimas dcadas en Jerusaln y en Cisjordania crearon adems problemas insuperables a los universitarios sionistas que explican la historia del pueblo judo tomando el Torah y la palabra de los Patriarcas como referencias infalibles. Los desmentidos de la arqueologa perturbaron a los historiadores. Qued probado que Jeric era apenas poco ms que una aldea sin las poderosas murallas que la Biblia cita. Las revelaciones sobre las ciudades de Canan alarmaron tambin a los rabinos. La arqueologa moderna sepult el discurso de la antropologa social religiosa. En Jerusaln no fueron siquiera encontrados vestigios de las grandiosas construcciones que segn el Libro la transformaron en el siglo X, Antes de Nuestra Era, la poca dorada de David y Salomn, en la ciudad monumental del pueblo de Dios que deslumbraba a cuantos la conocan. Ni palacios, ni murallas, ni cermica de calidad. El desenvolvimiento de la tecnologa del carbono 14 permiti una conclusin. Los grandes edificios de la regin Norte no fueron construidos en la poca de Salomn. No existe en realidad ningn vestigio - escribe Shlomo Sand - de la existencia de ese rey legendario cuya riqueza es descrita por la Biblia en trminos que hacen de l casi un equivalente de los poderosos reinos de Babilonia y de Persia. Si una entidad poltica existi en Judea del siglo X antes de Nuestra Era, acredita el historiador, solamente podra ser una microrealeza tribal y Jerusaln apenas una pequea ciudad fortificada. Es tambin significativo que ningn documento egipcio refiera a la conquista por los judos de

Canan, territorio que entonces perteneca al faran.

Shlomo Sand Foto RAZI/Tlrama

EL SILENCIO SOBRE LAS CONVERSIONES

La historiografa oficial israel, al erigir en dogma la pureza de la raza, atribuye a las sucesivas disporas la formacin de comunidades judaicas en decenas de pases. La Declaracin de Independencia del Israel afirma que, obligados a ello, los judos se esforzaron a los largo de los siglos por regresar al pas de sus antepasados. Se trata de una mentira que falsifica groseramente la Historia. La gran dispora es ficcional, como las dems. Despus de la destruccin de Jerusaln y la construccin de Aelia Capitolina solamente una pequea minora de la poblacin fue expulsada. La aplastante mayora permaneci en el pas. Cul es el origen entonces de los antepasados de unos 12 millones de judos hoy existentes fuera de Israel? En la respuesta a esta pregunta, el libro de Shlomo Sand, destruy simultneamente el mito de la pureza de la raza, esto es de la etnicidad judaica. Una abundante documentacin reunida por historiadores de prestigio mundial revela que en los

primeros siglos de Nuestra Era hubo masivas conversiones al judasmo en Europa, en Asa y frica. Tres de ellas fueron particularmente importantes e incomodan a los telogos israeles. El Corn establece que Mahoma encontr en Medina, en la fuga de la Meca, grandes tribus judaicas con las cuales entro en conflicto, acabando por expulsarlas. Pero no aclara que en el extremo Sur de la Pennsula Arbiga, en el actual Yemen, el reino de Hymar adopt el judasmo como religin oficial. Cabe decir que lleg para quedarse. En el siglo VII el Islam se implant en la regin pero, transcurridos trece siglos, cuando se form el Estado de Israel, decenas de millares de yemenitas hablaban el rabe, pero continuaban profesando la religin judaica. La mayora emigr para Israel donde, adems, es discriminada. En el Imperio Romano, el judasmo tambin creo races. El tema mereci la atencin del historiador Din Cassius y del poeta Juvenal. En la Cirenaica, la revuelta de los judos de la ciudad de Cirene exigi la movilizacin de varias legiones para combatirla. Pero fue sobre todo en el extremo occidental de frica que hubo conversiones en masa a la religin rabnica. Una parte ponderable de las poblaciones bereberes se adhiri al judasmo y a ellas se debe su introduccin en el Al Andalus. Fueron esos magrebinos los que difundieron en la Pennsula el judasmo, los pioneros de los sefarditas que, despus de la expulsin de Espaa y Portugal, se exiliaron en diferentes pases europeos, en frica musulmana y en Turqua.

Ms importantes por sus consecuencias fue la conversin al judasmos de los Jzaros, un

pueblo nmada turcfono, emparentados con los hunos, que viniendo del Altai, se fij en el siglo IV en las estepas del bajo Volga. Los Jzaros, que toleraban bien el cristianismo, construyeron un poderoso estado judaico, aliado de Bizancio en las luchas del imperio Romano de Oriente contra los Persas Sassanidas. Ese olvidado imperio medieval ocupaba un rea enorme, del Volga a Crimea y del Don al actual Uzbekistn. Desapareci de la Historia en el Siglo XIII cuando los Mongoles invadieron Europa destruyendo todo por donde pasaban. Millares de Jzaros, huyendo de las Hordas de Batu Khan, se dispersaron por Europa Oriental. Su principal herencia cultural fue inesperada. Grandes historiadores medievalistas como Renan y Marc Bloch y el escritor hngaroingles Arthur Koestler identifican en los Jzaros a los antepasados de los asquenazes cuyas comunidades en Polonia, en Rusia y en Rumania vendran a desempear un papel crucial en la colonizacin judaica de Palestina.

UN ESTADO NEOFASCISTA
Segn Nathan Birbaum, el intelectual judo que invento en 1891 el concepto de sionismo, es la biologa y no la lengua y la cultura quien explica la formacin de las naciones. Para l la raza es todo. Y el pueblo judo habra sido casi el nico en preservar la pureza de la sangre a travs de los milenios. Muri sin comprender que esa tesis racista, al prevalecer, apagara el mito del pueblo sagrado electo por 'Dios'. Porque los judos son un pueblo hijo de una cadena de mestizajes. Lo que les confiere una identidad propia y una cultura y la fidelidad a una tradicin religiosa enraizada es la falsificacin de la Historia. En los pasaportes del estado Judaico de Israel no es aceptada la nacionalidad de israel. Los ciudadanos de pleno derecho escriben judo. Los palestinos deben escribir rabe, nacionalidad inexistente. Ser cristiano, budista, mazdeista, musulmn, o hind resulta de una opcin religiosa, no es una nacionalidad. El judasmo tampoco es una nacionalidad. En Israel no hay casamiento civil. Para los judos es obligatorio el casamiento religioso, aunque sean ateos. Esta aberracin es inseparable de muchas otras en un Estado confesional, etnocracia liberal construida sobre mitos, un Estado que cambi el yiddish, hablado por los pioneros del regreso a Tierra Santa, por el sagrado hebraico de los rabinos, desconocido del pueblo de Judea que se expresaba en arameo, la lengua en que la Biblia fue redactada en Babilonia y no en Jerusaln. El Estado del Pueblo Judo se asume como democrtico. Pero la realidad niega la ley fundamental aprobada por el Knesset. No puede ser democrtico un Estado que trata como parias de nuevo tipo al 20% de la poblacin del pas, un Estado nacido

del monstruoso genocidio en tierra ajena, un Estado cuya prctica presenta matices neofascistas. El libro de Shlalom Sand sobre la invencin del Pueblo Judo es, adems de un lcido ensayo histrico, un acto de coraje. Aconsejo su lectura a todos aquellos para quien el trazo de la frontera de la opcin de izquierda pasa hoy por la solidaridad con el pueblo mrtir de Palestina y la condena al sionismo.

The Invention of The Jewish People

- An Important Book by Shlomo Sand by Miguel Urbano Rodrigues
January 02, 2013 from Tlaxcala-Int Website

translation by John Catalinotto

Spanish version

A rain of insults greeted Shlomo Sand in Israel when he published a book entitled, "The Invention of the Jewish People" - a book that breaks down the biblical myths that are the foundations of the Zionist State of

Israel.

A professor of Contemporary History at the University of Tel Aviv, Shlomo Sand refutes the claim that Jews constitute a people with a common origin and maintains that it is by sharing a specific culture that was the main instrument of proto-national ferment and not by being descendants from an ancient community united by ties of blood. For him "the Jewish state of Israel," far from realizing the dream of a national ethnic community with over 4,000 years of existence, was made possible by a falsification of history in the th 19 century spurred by intellectuals such as Theodor Herzl. While Israeli academics insist that the Jews are a people with their own DNA, Sand, based on comprehensive documentation, ridicules this unscientific thesis. There are indeed no biological bridges between the ancient inhabitants of the kingdoms of Judea and Israel and the Jews of our time. The ethnic myth contributed mightily to the civic fantasy. Its roots are deep in the Bible, the source of Hebrew monotheism. Like the Iliad, the Old Testament is not the work of a single author. Sand defines the Bible as an "extraordinary library," which had been written between the Sixth and Second centuries BCE. The myth begins with the invention of the "chosen people" who were called out for the promised land of Canaan. The endless journey of Moses and his people toward the Holy Land and its subsequent conquest lacks any historical foundation. It is worth remembering that the current territory of Palestine was then a part of the Egypt of the Pharaohs. The mythology of successive exiles, scattered through the centuries, eventually gained the appearance of historical truth. But it was forged starting from the Bible and expanded by the pioneers of Zionism. The mass expulsions of Jews by the Assyrians are a fabrication. There is no record of these in credible historical sources. The great Babylonian exile is as false as the major diasporas. When Nebuchadnezzar took Jerusalem, he destroyed the Temple and drove out of town a segment of the elites. Babylon was long the home city of a large Jewish community, by its own choice. It was the core of the creativity of rabbis who spoke Aramaic and introduced important reforms in the religion of Moses. It should be noted that only a small minority of the community returned to Judea when the Persian emperor Cyrus conquered Jerusalem in the Sixth century BCE . When the centers of Jewish culture in Babylon disintegrated, Jews emigrated to the Abbasid Baghdad and not to the "Holy Land." Sand devotes special attention to the "Exiles," which served as founding myths of ethnic identity. The two "expulsions" of the Jews in the Roman period, the first by Titus and the second by Adriano, who had been the driving force behind the great diaspora, are the subject of a detailed study by the Israeli historian. Young people learn in schools that "the Jewish nation" was driven into exile by the Romans after

the destruction of the Second Temple by Titus in 70, and later by Hadrian in 132 CE. By itself the fanciful text of Flavius Joseph, bearing witness to the revolt of the Zealots, removes credibility from that version of history, which is now official. According to him, the Romans then massacred 1.1 million Jews and captured 97,000. This was at a time when according to contemporary demographers the total population of Galilee was much less than half a million... Archaeological excavations in the last few decades in Jerusalem and the West Bank created insurmountable problems for Zionist universities and theologians who "explain" the history of the Jewish people by taking the Torah and the word of the Patriarchs as infallible references. The denials of archeology findings troubled historians. It has been proven that Jericho was little more than a village, without the powerful walls cited in the Bible. The revelations about the cities of Canaan also alarmed the rabbis. Modern archeology buried the discourse of religious social anthropology. In Jerusalem not even traces of grandiose constructions were found that according to the Book in th the 10 century BCE, the golden age of David and Solomon, transformed that town into the monumental city of the "people of God" that dazzled all who saw it. Neither walls nor palaces, nor even quality ceramics could be found. The development of the technology of carbon-14 allowed one conclusion. The large buildings in the North were built not during the age of Solomon, but in the period of the kingdom of Israel. "There is really no trace - writes Shlomo Sand - of the existence of the legendary king whose wealth is described by the Bible in terms that make it almost the equivalent of the mighty kings of Babylon and Persia." "If a political entity existed in Judea in the 10th century BCE," the historian adds, "it could only be a traditional tribal organization and Jerusalem only a small fortified city." It is also significant that no Egyptian document refers to "conquest" of Canaan by the Jews, so that the territory had belonged to Pharaoh then.

Shlomo Sand Photo RAZI/Tlrama

THE SILENCE ABOUT CONVERSIONS

Israeli official historiography, to elevate the dogma of racial purity, attributes to the successive diasporas the formation of Jewish communities in dozens of countries. The Declaration of Independence of Israel says, forced into exile, Jews strove throughout the centuries to return to the country of their ancestors. It is a lie that blatantly falsifies the history. The vast diaspora is fictional, like the rest. After the destruction of Jerusalem and the building of Aelia Capitolina only a small minority of the population was expelled. The overwhelming majority remained in the country. What is the origin then the ancestors of some 12 million Jews outside Israel exist today? In answering this question, the book by Shlomo Sand, simultaneously destroys the myth of racial purity, that is, of Jewish ethnicity. An abundant documentation gathered by prestigious world historians reveals that in the first centuries CE there were massive conversions to Judaism in Europe, Asia and Africa. Three of them were particularly important; they upset theologians and embarrassed the Israelis.

The Quran clarifies that during the flight from Mecca, Muhammad found large Jewish tribes in Medina; they came into conflict and eventually he ended up expelling them. But that does not explain why in the extreme south of the Arabian Peninsula, in current-day Yemen, the kingdom of Hymar adopted Judaism as its official religion. It had arrived in order to stay. In the seventh century Islam was implanted in the region, but, after thirteen centuries had gone by, when the State of Israel was formed, tens of thousands of Yemenis who spoke Arabic still professed the Jewish religion. Most emigrated to Israel where, incidentally, they face discrimination. In the Roman Empire, even in Italy, Judaism also took root,. The subject attracted the attention of the historian Cassius Dio and the poet Juvenal. In Cyrenaica, the revolt of the Jews of the city of Cyrene required the mobilization of several legions to fight them. But it was above all on the extreme western end of Africa that there were mass conversions to the rabbinical religion. A considerable part of the Berber populations adhered to Judaism, owing to its introduction in Al Andalus. These were North Africans who spread Judaism to the peninsula, pioneers of Sephardim who, after the expulsion from Spain and Portugal, were exiled in different European countries, in Muslim Africa and in Turkey.

More importantly its consequences was the conversion of the Khazars to Judaism; these were a nomadic Turkic people, akin to the Huns, who, coming from the Altai, settled in the steppes of the lower Volga in the fourth century. The Khazars, who tolerated Christianity well, built a powerful Jewish state, an ally of Byzantium

in the struggles of the Eastern Roman Empire against the Sassanid Persians. This forgotten medieval empire occupied a huge area, from the Volga to Crimea and from the Don to current-day Uzbekistan. It disappeared from history in the thirteenth century when the Mongols invaded Europe, destroying everything in their path. Thousands of Khazars, fleeing the hordes of Batu Khan, dispersed throughout Eastern Europe. Its main cultural heritage was unexpected. Great medievalist historians medievalists like Renan and Marc Bloch and the English-Hungarian writer Arthur Koestler, indentify in the Kahzars the ancestors of the Ashkenazi whose communities in Poland, Russia and Romania were to play a pivotal role in Jewish colonization of Palestine.

A NEOFASCIST STATE
According to Nathan Birbaum, the Jewish intellectual who in 1891 invented the concept of Zionism, it is biology and not language and culture that explains the formation of nations. For him, race is everything. And the Jewish people would have been almost the only one to preserve its purity of blood through millennia. He died without understanding that this racist thesis, to prevail, would erase the myth of the holy people chosen by 'God.' That's because the Jews are a people son of a chain of miscegenation. What gives them their own identity and culture is an allegiance to a religious tradition rooted in the falsification of history. In the passports of the Jewish State of Israel, Israeli citizenship is not accepted. The full citizens write 'Jew'. The Palestinians have to write 'Arab', with their nationality nonexistent. Being a Christian, Buddhist, Mazdean, Muslim, or Hindu religious result of a choice, not nationality. Judaism is also not a nationality. In Israel there is no civil marriage. For Jews, even if they are atheists, religious marriage is obligatory. This aberration is inseparable from many others in a confessional state, liberal etnocracia built on myths, a state that exchanged Yiddish, spoken by the pioneers of the "return to the Holy Land," for the sacred Hebrew of the rabbis, a language unknown to the people of Judea who expressed themselves in Aramaic, the language in which the Bible was written in Babylon and not in Jerusalem. The "State of the Jewish People" is assumed to be democratic. But this reality denies the fundamental law passed by the Knesset. No state can be democratic that treats 20 percent of the population them as pariahs of new type, a state born of monstrous genocide in a foreign land, a state whose practice shows neo-fascist colors. Shlalom Sand's book about the invention of the Jewish people is, beyond a lucid historical essay, an act of courage. I recommend it to all those for whom the line in the sand for the left today passes for solidarity

with the martyred people of Palestine and condemnation of Zionism.

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