A Social Environment Project On

Prevention of child labour in Don Bosco

SUBMITTED By AKHILESH PANDEY Reg. No:-DSBSPGDMA1102

GUIDED By Prof. RAMANATHAN Professor, DSBS (Internal Guide) Mr. zerjoo (NGO Guide)

Dayanand Sagar Business School Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout Bangalore 560 078

Guide Certification

This is to certify that the project work entitled Prevention Of Child Labour was carried-out under my guidance and supervision. The report is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Post Graduate Diploma in Management (Approved by AICTE) by Akhilesh Pandey with Reg No:-DSBSPGDMA1102. I further certify that this report/study has not formed a basis for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university / institution.

.. (Prof. Ramanathan ) Professor, DSBS, Bangalore

Place: Bangalore Date:

Student Declaration
I hereby declare that the project work/report entitled Prevention Of Child Labor was carried-out under the guidance of Prof. Ramanathan which is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Post Graduates Diploma in Management (AICTE) in Dayananda Sagar Business School is my confide original work and has not been submitted for the award of any other degree/diploma in any university/institution.

.. (Akhilesh Pandey) DSBSPGDMA1102

Place: Bangalore Date:

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to convey my sincere thanks and gratitude to all those who have directly or indirectly helped and contributed towards the completion of this project. The success of any project study depends upon a number of factors among which the proper guidance received from the experts in the industry and teachers plays an important role. I take here a great opportunity to express my sincere and deep sense of gratitude to Prof. Ramanathan for giving me an opportunity to work on this project. The support and guidance from sir was of great help & it was extremely valuable. I would like to express my gratitude to sir for his constant support and encouragement. I would like to express my sincere gratitude and thank to Mr Jarzoo, for his constant support and encouragement. without her outright and energetic motivation, support and prompt response, it would not have been possible to do any justice as well as bring authenticity to the project.

Finally I want to thank my parents for their constant support and encouragement.

.. (Akhilesh Pandey) DSBSPGDMA1102 Place: Bangalore Date:

TABLE OF CONTENT Chapter-1 INTRODUCTION OF ORGANIZATION a. History b. Objective Statement c. Mission statement INTRODUCTION OF CHILD LABOR a. Child Labour in India b. Cause Of Child Labour c. The Child Labour Act 1986 d. Initiative Against Child Labour Chapter- 2 a. Research Methodology Chapter-3 a. Tools Chapter-4 a. Interpetation Chapter-5 a. Recommadation and Suggestion Chapter-6 a.Conculsion References Appendix

CHAPTER - 1 INTRODUCTION

HISTORY
BOSCO is a Non Governmental Organization (NGO) working with the Young At Risk in the city of Bangalore since 1980.Of paramount concern is the growing phenomenon of street and working children in all major cities in India. The alarming pace of urbanization and the proportionately weakening fabric of our social structure and policies are forcing a large number of such children into cities every day. Our primary focus is on reuniting these children with their families, failing which we offer them a home, along with education and vocational training. BOSCO operates through 8 established centers in Gandhinagar, Chamrajpet, Magadi Road, Jolly Mohalla, Shivajinagar and Malagala Road. Besides, BOSCO maintains an active presence in the city railway station and bus terminal through its child rescue booths

Objective Of The Organization:-

To establish nonprofits oriented schools, colleges and industrial training institutes, vocational training centres, professional training centres, rehabilitation centres, orphanages, boarding and emergency shelters, housing programmes as well as other community development programmes particularly in the rural sectors. To take up research and development programmes, particularly in the field of social work, child development and the in areas of socio-economic cultural aspects of India. Providing assistance to other charitable organizations in promoting welfare programmes through project developments, scientific formulation of projects, presenting projects to funding agencies and obtaining grants as well as assisting them through monitoring and evaluation of development programmes and projects.
Training people especially the young to take up development activities particularly in

the service of the poor and the needy.

MISSION BOSCO enters into a collaborative effort with the young at risk in their daily struggle to survive and helps them to grow off the streets. We further help them to reintegrate into society and to become independent citizens.

Child Labour in India

Child labor in India is the practice where children engage in economic activity, on part or full-time basis. The practice deprives children of their childhood, and is harmful to their physical and mental development. Poverty, lack of good schools and growth of informal economy are considered as the important causes of child labour in India In 21th century, child labour remains a serious problem in many parts of the world. Many of these children live in underdeveloped countries in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Their living conditions are crude and their chances for education minimal. The income they bring in is, however, necessary for the survival of their families. In other cases, children are bonded, working to pay off an initial cash advance from the employer with escalating interest which leaves them effectively slaves. In this project , information has been shared on some of the legal and programmatic initiatives undertaken in India over the last decade or so to address the problem of child labor. These programs remain committed to the full

eradication of all forms of child labor wherever it might exist in India, beginning with the most exploitative and hazardous forms and have adopted this goal as part of national policy. Both the Indian courts and the National Human Rights Commission have been paying increasing attention to the issue. India has also been participating in the International

CAUSES OF CHILD LABOR IN INDIA.

POVERTY THE MAIN REASON FOR CHILD LABOR.

Poverty can be termed as the main reason for child labor in India. Though the country has achieved commendable progress in industrialization, the benefits of the same have not been effectively passed on to the lower strata of society. The disparities in income have progressively increased more so after the opening up of the Indian Economy from the late 80s. People who had the resources became richer by employing the poor who were readily available as cheap labor. The average earnings of a poor industrial worker is still about 2 dollars per day even in suburban areas around Mumbai and other metropolitan cities of India. In order to keep costs down even large companies employ unorganized workers through contractors who get uneducated and unskilled and semi-skilled people at very low wages. This helps the industries to keep their labor costs down at the cost of the poor laborers. In effect what happens is that the children of these poor unorganized laborers have to find some work to help run the family. They cannot afford to go to school when they do not have food

to eat and when their other brethren go hungry. Hence children from such deprived families try to work as domestic servants, or in factories who employ them and remain uneducated and grow up that way becoming perennial victims of this vicious cycle or poverty and suppression.

HIGH POPULATION LEADING TO BREAK NECK COMPETITION FOR JOBS.

The industrialists in India have been successful in taking advantage of this disadvantage faced by job seekers. Due to high population the job seekers not in a position to bargain a higher wage. As a result the poor remain poor working for low wages.

ILLETERACY AND LACK OF EDUCATION.

Illiteracy is a situation when a person is not able to read and/or write. This is when the person is not in a position to get even primary education. Lack of education is another

FATALIST ATTITUDE OF THE POOR TOWARDS LIFE.

Most of the people belonging to the lowest strata of society in India have a fatalist and submissive attitude towards life. They do not believe that that their lot can be better.

The Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986:The Act prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in 16 occupations and 65 processes that are hazardous to the children's lives and health. These occupations and processes are listed in the Schedule to the Act. In October 2006, the Government has included children working in the domestic sector as well as roadside eateries and motels under the prohibited list of hazardous occupations. More recently, in September 2008 diving as well as process involving excessive heat (e.g. working near a furnace) and cold; mechanical fishing; food processing; beverage industry; timber handling and loading; mechanical lumbering; warehousing; and processes involving exposure to free silica such as slate, pencil industry, stone grinding, slate stone mining, stone quarries as well as the agate industry were added to the list of prohibited

The Factories Act, 1948:

The Act prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years. An adolescent aged between 15 and 18 years can be employed in a factory only if he obtains a certificate of fitness from an authorized medical doctor. The Act also prescribes four and a half hours of work per day for children aged between 14 and 18 years and prohibits their working during night hours.

The Mines Act, 1952:-

The Act prohibits the employment of children below 18 years of age in a mine. Further, it states that apprentices above 16 may be allowed to work under proper supervision in a mine

The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection) of Children Act, 2000:-

This Act was last amended in 2002 in conformity with the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child covers young persons below 18 years of age. Section 26 of this Act deals with the Exploitation of a Juvenile or Child Employee, and provides in relevant part, that whoever procures a juvenile or the child for the purpose of any hazardous employment and keeps him in bondage and withholds his earnings or uses such earning for his own purposes shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable for fine. In some States, including Karnataka and Maharashtra, this provision has been used effectively to bring to book many child labour employers who are otherwise not covered by any other law and to give relief and rehabilitation benefits to a large number of children.

The Minimum Wages Act, 1948:-

Prescribes minimum wages for all employees in

all

establishments or to those working at home in certain sectors specified in the schedule of the Act. Central and State Governments can revise minimum wages specified in the schedule. Some consider this Act as an effective instrument to combat child labor in that it is being used in some States (such as Andhra Pradesh) as the basis on which to prosecute employers who are employing children and paying them lower wages.

The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009:Provides for free and compulsory education to all children aged 6 to 14 years. This legislation also envisages that 25 per cent of seats in every private school should be allocated for children from disadvantaged groups including differently able children. An important judicial intervention in the action against child labour in India was the M.C. Mehta case (1996) in which The Supreme Court, directed the Union and state governments to identify all children working in hazardous processes and occupations, to withdraw them from work, and to provide them with quality education. The Court also directed that a Child Labour Rehabilitation-cum-Welfare Fund be set up using contributions from employers who contravene the Child Labour Act. Additionally, in 1993, the Supreme Court in Unnikrishnan v. State of Andhra Pradesh ruled that each child has the right to free education until he or she completes the age of 14 years. Article 21-A which was incorporated into the Constitution, reflects this standard. In 2005, the M.V. Foundation, an NGO working on child rights brought a public interest litigation petition which argues that child labor up to the age of compulsory education is unconstitutional and is a negation of rights under Article 21-A which provides for compulsory education up to the age of 14. This case is still pending before the Supreme Court. Notably however, under this case the Court has asked the Government to file a status report on the implementation of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, a government programme providing free and compulsory education to all children.

Initiative Against Child Labor

National Child Labor Projects (NCLP)

Under the action plan of the National Policy on Child Labor, there have been National Child Labor Projects (NCLP) set up in different areas to rehabilitate child labor. A major activity undertaken under the NCLP is the establishment of special schools to provide non-formal education, vocational training, supplementary nutrition etc. to children withdrawn from employment. Under the project based action plan of the policy, 12 NCLPs were started in the States of Andhra Pradesh (Jaggampet and Markapur), Bihar (Garwah), Madhya Pradesh (Mandsaur), Maharashtra (Thane), Orissa (Sambalpur), Rajasthan (Jaipur), Tamil Nadu (Sivakasi) and Uttar Pradesh (Varanasi-Mirzapur- Bhadohi,, Moradabad, Aligarh and Ferozabad).

Present Coverage Under National Child Labour Project: So far 76 child labor projects have been sanctioned under the National Child Labour Project Scheme for covering 150,000 children. Around 105,000 children are already enrolled in the special schools. The table

gives the figures of the state-wise coverage of children under the National Child Labour Project. Coverage Under National Child Labor

State

Districts

Sanctioned School

Coverage children 43550

Actual School 610

Coverage children 36249

Andhra Pradesh Bihar Gujarat Karnataka Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Orissa Rajasthan Tamil Nadu Uttar Pradesh West Bengal Total

20

807

08 02 03 05

174 040 100 138

12200 2000 5000 9800

173 023 624 087

10094 1254 1200 6524

02 16 02 08 04 04 76

074 430 060 379 150 219 2571

3700 33000 3000 19500 11500 12000 155250

024 239 054 307 105 164 1810

1200 14972 2700 14684 7488 8250 104615

Chapter 2 Research Methodology

DATA COLLECTION: The main source of information for this study is based on the data collection. Data collected are both primary and secondary in nature. Primary Data Primary data have been directly collected from the members and students of BOSCO as well from the people outside the BOSCO by survey method through undisguised structured questionnaire. Questions like open ended, close ended, multiple choice, dichotomous and ranking type have been used for the purpose of data collection. Secondary Data Secondary data have been collected from official website of BOSCO and also from other official websites.

SAMPLE SIZE Sample size is the total number of samples selected for the study from the sampling population. Sample size for the study taken is 30.

(B) TOOLS :

Tools used in the study are 1. Percentage analysis 2. T-test

T-test

A t-test is any statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic follows a Student's t distribution if the null hypothesis is supported. It is most commonly applied when the test statistic would follow a normal distribution if the value of a scaling term in the test statistic were known. When the scaling term is unknown and is replaced by an estimate based on the data.

Paired and Unpaired formula

One-sample t-test

1) Do you work by force?

No.of respondents Yes No

30 18 12

No 40% Yes 60%

Using T-test to indentify whether the educational services provided are satisfactory.

Total no. of samples (n)= 30 X = yes = 18 Y = No = 12 Ho = Below poverty children are forced to work

H1= Below poverty children are not forced to work

Calculation of Tcal value D(x-y) = 18-12 d = 6 d2 = 36 d = d/n = 6/30 = 0.2 S2 = d- (d)*n/ n-1 S2 = 36-0.04*30/30-1 S2 = 1.2 S = 1.09 Tcal
= d/s/n

= 0.2/1.09*30 = 1.004

T at 5% with n-1 =29 degree of freedom Ttab = 2.76 ( value from table) Hence Ttab > Tcal Accept Ho, i.e., Below poverty children are forced to work..

2) Which kind of help are you looking from govt?

No. of respondents Free cost of education Money or Food

30 13 17

moneyor food 57%

free cost of education 43%

Using T-test to indentify whether the support given by the volunteers are satisfactory Total no. of samples (n)= 30 X = yes = 13 Y = No = 17

Ho = Children are looking for free education from govt H1= Children are not looking for free education from govt Calculation of Tcal value D(x-y) = 13-17 d = 4 d2 = 16 d = d/n = 4/30 = 0.13 S2 = d- (d)*n/ n-1 S2 = 16-0.0169*30/30-1 S2 = 0.53 S = 0.7280 Tcal
= d/s/n

= 0.13/0.728*30 = 0.978

T at 5% with n-1 =29 degree of freedom Ttab = 2.76 ( value from table) Hence Ttab > Tcal Accept Ho, i.e., Children are looking for free education from govt

3).What problem do you face in your life? No.of respondents Poverty Survival 30 27 3

For survival 10%

Poverty 90%

Interpretation As survey adopted that 27 respondents are facing poverty problem and 3 respondents are facing survival problem

4) Who sent you to this place to work? No.of respondents Friends Parents Other Specify 30 4 17 9

friends 13% others 30%

parents 57%

Interpretation

As survey got that 4 respondents to friends 17 respondents to parents and

9 respondents are saying to others

5) How much do you earn in a day? No.of respondents <100 100-200 30 29 1

100-200 3%

<100 97%

Interpretation: In the pie chart Out of 30 respondents 29 respondents are earning less than 100 and only 1 respondent is earning more than 100.

6) How many hours you have to work in a day?

Hours <8 hours 8-10 hours 10-12 hours

No of respondents 30 7 22 1

10-12 hours 4% < 8 hours 23% 8-10 hours 73%

Interpretation: As pie chart show that out of 30 respondents 7 respondents are working less 8 hours and 22 respondents are working 8 to 10 hours and 1 respondent is working 10-12 hours

7). Are you happy with your salary? No.of respondents yes no 30 21 9

No 30%

yes 70%

Interpretation: In the pie chart out of 30 respondents 21 respondents are happy with their salary and 9 respondents are not satisfied

8). Do you want to go school? No.of respondents yes no 30 23 7

No 23%

Yes 77%

Interpretation:

As a survey out of 30 working child 23 child want to go school and 7 child dont want to go school

9). Did National Labour Organization approach to you? No.of respondents yes no 30 0 30

yes 0%

No 100%

Interpretation: As it is shown in the pie chart that National Organization did not approach to any respondent out of 30 respondents

10) Do you save your money? No.of respondents yes no 30 2 28

Yes 7%

NO 93%

Interpretation
As a survey out of 30 respondents only 2 respondents are saving their money and 28 are not saving

Chapter - 5 Recommendations And Suggestions

Recommendations :

The Bosco should provide more educational services for the prevention of the Child Labour as the research says the respondents are not very satisfied with the services. The children should undergo some motivational and personality development classes. The trust should bring more awareness in the public so as to get more volunteers for supporting the system

Suggestions :

The trust can arrange some experienced visiting staff so that the children can get the required knowledge More volunteers should be encouraged to address the children so that the additional coaching can be given Individual counselling should be done so that the children can express their needs and necessary steps should be taken to resolve the problems

Chapter 6 Conclusions

 From the above study it can be concluded that the organization requires more awareness and services regarding education should be taken as major function so that the number of children not continuing with the Bosco Ngo will be reduced. Surveys should be done so that the trust can understand the problems and get more number of volunteers for their additional support.

References

www.boscoban.org http//.wikipedia/research Research Methodology by C.R. KOTHARI

Appendix

Questionnaires

Name: Age:

Sex:

1. Are you a part of Samarthanam Trust For Disabled? Yes No

2. How long you have been with Samarthanam? Yes No

3. Are you satisfied with educational services provided by Samarthanam? Yes No

4. Is the teaching staff supportive for all the children? Yes No

5. Are you able to get the required knowledge for the teaching staff? Yes No

6. Are you comfortable with the teaching technique adopted by Samarthanam? Yes No

7. Are you satisfied with the support given by the volunteers? Yes No

8. Do you require personality development classes? Yes No

9. Do you want to undergo any motivational classes? Yes No

10. Do you want to continue with the Samarthanam trust? Yes No