CH13 RLCccts&Resonance

Chapter 13
RLC Circuits and Resonance
Objectives
Determine the impedance of a series RLC circuit Analyze series RLC circuits Analyze a circuit for series resonance Analyze series resonant filters Analyze parallel resonant tank circuits
Impedance of Series RLC Circuits

A series RLC circuit contains both inductance and capacitance Since XL and XC have opposite effects on the circuit phase angle, the total reactance (Xtot)is less than either individual reactance
Impedance of Series RLC Circuits

When XL>XC, the circuit is predominantly inductive When XC> XL, the circuit is predominantly capacitive Total reactance |XL XC| Total impedance for a series RLC circuit is: Ztot = R2 + Xtot2 = tan-1(Xtot/R)
Analysis of Series RLC Circuits

A series RLC circuit is: Capacitive for XC>XL Inductive for XL>XC Resonant for XC=XL At resonance Zr = R XL is a straight line
y = mx + b
XC is a hyperbola
xy = k
FIGURE 13-3 How XC and XL vary with frequency.
Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e
Copyright 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved.
Voltage Across the Series Combination of L and C

In a series RLC circuit, the capacitor voltage and the inductor voltage are always 180 out of phase with each other Because they are 180 out of phase, VC and VL subtract from each other The voltage across L and C combined is always less that the larger individual voltage across either element
FIGURE 13-5 The voltage across the series combination of C and L is always less than the larger individual voltage across either C or L.
FIGURE 13-6 Inductor voltage and capacitor voltage effectively subtract because they are out of phase.
Series Resonance
Resonance is a condition in a series RLC circuit in which the capacitive and inductive reactances are equal in magnitude The result is a purely resistive impedance The formula for series resonance is:
1 2 LC
FIGURE 13-9 At the resonant frequency (fr), the reactances are equal in magnitude and effectively cancel, leaving Zr = R.
Xtot = 0
FIGURE 13-11 At the resonant frequency, fr, the voltages across C and L are equal in magnitude. Since they are 180 out of phase with each other, they cancel, leaving 0 V across the CL combination (point A to point B). The section of the circuit from A to B effectively looks like a short at resonance (neglecting winding resistance).
FIGURE 13-13 An illustration of how the voltage and current amplitudes respond in a series RLC circuit as the frequency is increased from below to above its resonant value. The source voltage is held at a constant amplitude.
FIGURE 13-14 Generalized current and voltage magnitudes as a function of frequency in a series RLC circuit. VC and VL can be much larger than the source voltage. The shapes of the graphs depend on particular circuit values.
FIGURE 13-16 Series RLC impedance as a function of frequency.
Phase Angle of a Series RLC Circuit
Capacitive = ICE
Inductive = ELI
FIGURE 13-18 The phase angle as a function of frequency in a series RLC circuit.
FIGURE 13-19 A basic series resonant band-pass filter.
Bandwidth of Series Resonant Circuits

Current is maximum at resonant frequency Bandwidth (BW) is the range (f1 to f2) of frequencies for which the current is greater than 70.7% of the resonant value
FIGURE 13-21 Generalized response curve of a series resonant band-pass filter.
Formula for Bandwidth

Bandwidth for either series or parallel resonant circuits is the range of frequencies between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies for which the response curve (I or Z) is 0.707 of the maximum value BW = f2 - f1 Ideally the center frequency is: fr = (f1 + f2)/2
FIGURE 13-20 Example of the frequency response of a series resonant band-pass filter with the input voltage at a constant 10 V rms. The winding resistance of the coil is neglected.
FIGURE 13-22 Generalized selectivity curve of a band-pass filter.
Selectivity
Selectivity defines how well a resonant circuit responds to a certain frequency and discriminates against all other frequencies The narrower the bandwidth, the greater the selectivity The steeper the slope of the response curve, the greater the selectivity
FIGURE 13-23 Comparative selectivity curves.
FIGURE 13-26 A basic series resonant band-stop filter.
FIGURE 13-27 Generalized response curve for a band-stop filter.
FIGURE 13-28 Example of the frequency response of a series resonant band-stop filter with Vin at a constant 10 V rms. The winding resistance is neglected.
FIGURE 13-30 Parallel RLC circuit.
Parallel RLC Circuits - Skip

Tank Circuit
A parallel resonant circuit stores energy in the magnetic field of the coil and the electric field of the capacitor. The energy is transferred back and forth between the coil and capacitor
Parallel Resonant Circuits

For parallel resonant circuits, the impedance is maximum at the resonant frequency Total current is minimum at the resonant frequency Bandwidth is the same as for the series resonant circuit; the critical frequency impedances are at 0.707Zmax
FIGURE 13-44 Energy storage in an ideal parallel resonant tank circuit.
FIGURE 13-51 A basic parallel resonant band-pass filter.
FIGURE 13-52 Generalized frequency response curves for a parallel resonant band-pass filter.
FIGURE 13-53 Example of the response of a parallel resonant band-pass filter with the input voltage at a constant 10 V rms.
FIGURE 13-56 A basic parallel resonant band-stop filter.
FIGURE 13-62 A simplified portion of a TV receiver showing filter usage.
FIGURE 13-63 A simplified diagram of a superheterodyne AM radio broadcast receiver showing the application of tuned resonant circuits.
Summary
XL and XC have opposing effects in a RLC circuit In a series RLC circuit, the larger reactance determines the net reactance of the circuit At series resonance, the inductive and capacitive reactances are equal The impedance of a series RLC circuit is purely resistive at resonance In a series RLC circuit, the current is maximum at resonance The reactive voltages VL and VC cancel at resonance in a series RLC circuit because they are equal in magnitude and 180 out of phase
Summary
A parallel LC resonant circuit is commonly called a tank circuit
The impedance of a Tank LC circuit is infinity at resonance In a Bandpass Filter, the critical frequencies are the frequencies above and below resonance where the circuit response is 70.7% of the maximum response

CH13 RLCccts&Resonance

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Chapter 13

RLC Circuits and Resonance

Impedance of Series RLC Circuits

Impedance of Series RLC Circuits

Analysis of Series RLC Circuits

FIGURE 13-3 How XC and XL vary with frequency.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e

Voltage Across the Series Combination of L and C

Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e

FIGURE 13-16 Series RLC impedance as a function of frequency.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e

Phase Angle of a Series RLC Circuit

Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e

FIGURE 13-19 A basic series resonant band-pass filter.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e

Bandwidth of Series Resonant Circuits

FIGURE 13-21 Generalized response curve of a series resonant band-pass filter.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e

Formula for Bandwidth

Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e

FIGURE 13-22 Generalized selectivity curve of a band-pass filter.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e

FIGURE 13-23 Comparative selectivity curves.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e

FIGURE 13-26 A basic series resonant band-stop filter.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e

FIGURE 13-27 Generalized response curve for a band-stop filter.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e

FIGURE 13-30 Parallel RLC circuit.

Parallel RLC Circuits - Skip

Parallel Resonant Circuits

FIGURE 13-44 Energy storage in an ideal parallel resonant tank circuit.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e

FIGURE 13-51 A basic parallel resonant band-pass filter.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e

FIGURE 13-56 A basic parallel resonant band-stop filter.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e

FIGURE 13-62 A simplified portion of a TV receiver showing filter usage.

Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e

Thomas L. Floyd Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e

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