2011 Cross Strait Quad-Regional Radio Science and Wireless Technology Conference

Some Experiments Related to Wireless Power

Transmission
Aktn Erdem Glndogdu
Department of Information Technology
General Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre
Klzllay/ Ankara, Turkey
aegundogdu @yahoo.com
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Keywords- Witricit; wireless power transfer; wireless
electricit, strong couplng
I. INTRODUCTION
Since the invention of electricity, cables have been
preferred to deliver and transmit electricity. Cases such as
spreading and maintenance of cables make the delivery of
electricity hard to far locations. Some studies had done by
Nikola Tesla [1] to transmit electricity without cables safely
but there is no certain fnding that those studies were done
successflly.
In 2007 afer the studies that were done at Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, it is suggested that electricity can be
transmitted wirelessly with resonant coupling method [2]. This
method is based on Coupled Mode Theory [2, 3]. Several
researches were done afer this publication. In reference [4] it
is shown that how the transfer is affected if there is another
resonator between source and device resonator. In reference
[5] efciency values depending on characteristic impedance
values of resonators and distance between resonators are
explained. In reference [6] it is explained how to create
wireless sensor network with multi resonators.
To name this technology the word Witricity is used which
is a combination of English words Wireless and Electricity.
In this research, some experiments that are done in
laboratory environment are explained. In these experiments,
resonators were aligned horizontally on the contrary of
previous works where resonators were aligned vertically. As a
result, it is found that when the resonators are aligned
horizontally the transfer can be done successfully; how the
efciency is affected by the characteristic impedances of both
resonators; how the resonators react when there are multi
receiver and transmitters. Finally some advices are given for
the transfer depending on experiment results.
978-1-4244-9793-5/11/$26.00 2011 LLL 507
Assoc. Prof Dr. Erkan Afacan
Department of Electrical- Electronics Engineering
Gazi University
Maltepe/ Ankara, Turkey
e.afacan @gazi.edu.tr
I I. EXP E R I MENT AL R ESUL TS
Some experiments are done to investigate how to increase
the effciency on wireless power transmission. Handmade
coils are used in the experiments. Three coils named B, C and
D were used as shown in Fig. 1.
Coil B has 54 turs, 6,4 cm height and 32 cm diameter;
coil C has 56 turs, 6,7 cm and 31,5 cm diameter, coil D has
58 turs, 6,7 cm height and 32 cm diameter. Coils are formed
by using copper wires which have 1 mm thickness and glazed.
To calculate the inductance values of the coils, this formula
was used:
(1)
In this formula "d", "n" and "I" shows diameter, number of
turs and length of coil respectively. With the aid of this
formula, inductances were found for B, C and D as 271 IH,
277 IH and 297 IH respectively. To calculate the capacitance
values, the formula used given below according to resonance
fequencies and inductance values:
1
f = 21.
(2)
Figure I. Coils named d B, C, D that are used in the experiments
July 26-30, 2011
Theoretical fequency was picked as 1 MHz and all
calculations were done based on this fequency. In the
experiment, most appropriate capacitances picked fom the
equipment list depending on the theoretical calculation.
Capacitances that theoretically calculated and picked fom the
equipment list are given in the Table I.
In the experiment, theoretically calculated and measured
resonance fequencies were different. These diferences may
occur when we consider that all the equipments are not ideal
and the experiment set may be affected by environment.
. Efciency Values Depending on Resistance for Fixed
Frequency
In this experiment, resonance fequency was chosen as 923
KHz where the maximum energy transfer measured and
resistance were replaced both transmitter and receiver side.
Energy transfer rates were measured depending on resistance
values. The distance between two resonators was 3 mm. 100,
300, 510, 750 and 1000 0 valued resistors were used. For
sine, square and triangle waves, different amplitude values
were generated by signal generator. During measurements,
RS voltage and power values were calculated on resistors.
When the results were analyzed, it can be seen that best
efciency is at sine wave and the worst efciency is at square
wave where resistors and fequency are fxed. At sine wave,
the best efciency was observed where the resistors have
minimum value (100 0) at both transmitter and receiver side.
Also it can be seen that the efciency decreases as resistor
values increase. Fig. 2 and 3 show the behavior of the system
depending on wave types and resistor values. In reference [7]
it was shown that effciency increase as characteristic
impedance increase. It is predicted that this opposite situation
in this experiment may be because of layout of resonators.
D. Energ Transfer Rates Depending on Frequency
In this experiment energy transfer efciency was measured
where fequency values increase at resonance system.
Resonators B and C were used. Capacitors which were given
in Table I were connected in series to resonators. At
transmitter and receiver side, 1000 resistors were used as
load. Only capacitors were replaced for each fequency where
other equipments stayed fxed. The distance between two
resonators was kept at 3 mm.
TABLE I. CAPACITANCE VALUES THAT ARE CALCULATED
THEORETICALLY AND USED IN THE EXPERIMENT ACCORDING TO
I MHz RESONANCE FREQUENCY FOR THE RESONATORS B, C AND
D. ALL CAPACITANCE VALUES ARE GIVEN IN PICOFARAD
508
RS voltage is presented In Fig. 4 as a function of
fequency.
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Figure 2. Efciency graph depending on resistor values at receiver side
according to resistor values at transmitter side for fxed fequency and and
sine wave.
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Figure 3. Efciency graph for diferent wave types where resistor value at
transmitter side is constant.
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L Measurements for Single Source and Double Receivers
In this experiment resonator was used which has 58
tus and 2 97 fH inductance. Resonators B, C and were set
as equilateral triangle shown in Fig. 5. The distance between
each resonator was 3 mm. Resonator B acted as transmitter
and resonators C and acted as receiver.
Before this construction was implemented when B was
transmitter and was receiver and the distance was 3 mm, it
was observed 1,6 9 V on D.
At equilateral triangle position B was transmitter, C and
were receiver and the distance between each resonator was 3
mm. It was observed 4,53 V on B, 2,9 V on C and 0,63 V on
D.
Figure 5. Position of resonators set as to be equilateral triangle
509
At the same position while the resonant circuit connection
was cut of of ,it was observed 3,04 V on C. When was
removed fom the system it was observed 3,11 V on C.
At equilateral triangle position when the resonant circuit
connection was cut off of C, it was observed 1,55 V on D.
When C was removed fom the system it was observed 1,6 9 V
on D.
According to the results it can be said that total effciency
of a system is better than systems which have one receiver and
one transmitter even individual efciency of each resonator
decrease.
I I I. CONCLUSION
In recent years wireless power transmission began to enter
our daily life with new studies. In the scope of this work it was
investigated how to gain more efciency for new devices on
wireless power transmission and the effect of layout of
devices.
The efciency results of the experiments were as predicted
when compared to previous studies. The reason aligning the
resonators horizontally is because of intercepting of magnetic
feld lines less. And due to this layout, less transfer efciency
provided. This kind of layout was chosen because resonators
cannot be aligned as always desired.
REFERENCES
[I) Tesla, N. , "Apparatus for transmitting electrical energy", United
States Patent Ofce (1119732), United States of America (1914).
[2) Kaalis, A. , Joannopoulos, J. D., Soljacic, M., "Efcient wireless
non-radiative mid-range energy transfer", Annals of Physics, Vol. 323:
pp. 34-48 (2008).
[3) Zhang, F. , Hackworth, S. A. , Liu, X. , Li, L., Sun, M., "Wireless
Power Delivery for Wearable Sensors and Implants in Body Sensor
Networks", Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC),
2010 Annual Interational Conference of the IEEE, Buenos Aires,
Argentina, pp. 692-695 (2010).
[4) Zhang, F. , Hackworth, S. A. , Fu, W. , Sun, M. , "The Relay Efect
on Wireless Power Transfer Using Witricity", Electromagnetic Field
Computation (CEFC), 2010 14th Biennial IEEE Conference, Chicago,
pp. I (2010).
[5) Hirayama, H. , Ozawa, T. , Hiraiwa, Y., Kikuma, N. , Sakakibara,
K., "A consideration of electro-magnetic-resonant coupling mode in
wireless power transmission", IEICE Electronic Express, Vol. 6, No.19,
pp. 1421-1425 (2009).
[6) Watfa, M.K. , AI-Hassanieh, H. , Salmen, S. , "The Road to
Immortal Sensor Nodes", Intelligent Sensors, Sensor Networks and
Information Processing, 2008. ISSNIP 2008. Interational Conference,
Sydney, pp. 523-528 (2008).
[7) Imura, T. , Hori, Y., "Maximizing Air Gap and Efciency of
Magnetic Resonant Coupling for Wireless Power Transfer Using
Equivalent Circuit and Neumann Formula", Industrial Electronics, IEEE
Transaction, Vol 99, pp. \ (20\\).