Network CoE Training

Continuation with Physical Layer

Network CoE Training

 Layered Model (Layer n talks to Layer n)

Application Application

Transport Transport

Network Network

Data Link Data Link

Physical Physical

HCL Confidential
 OSI Model

Layer 7 Application HTTP, FTP, IMAP

Layer 6 Presentation asn.1, ASCII
Layer 5 Session 3-way handshake (TCP), Graceful close (TCP)
iSCSI for SANs
Layer 4 Transport TCP, UDP
Layer 3 Network IPv4, IPv6, ICMP, BGP, OSPF
Layer 2 Data Link Ethernet 802.3, 802.11
Layer 1 Physical Fiber,Cat5, Modems, SONET, ADSL

HCL Confidential
 Course Outline

 Basics of Optical Fiber

 Interfaces
ƒ WAN Interfaces
ƒ LAN Interfaces
 Media Testing instruments
 Modems

HCL Confidential
 Basics of Optical Fiber

HCL Confidential 6
 Fiber as transmission medium

 Core – thin g
glass center of the fiber where light
g travels.
 Cladding – outer optical material surrounding the core
 Buffer Coating – plastic
coating that protects
the fiber.

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 Applications of Optical Fiber

 Telecommunications

 Local Area Networks

 Cable TV

 Optical Fiber Sensors

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 Advantages of Optical Fiber over Copper

 Higher Information
f Carrying Capacity

 Less Signal Degradation

 Less Expensive in terms of maintenance

 Carries to longer distance without signal boosters

 Thinner & Light Weight

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 Type of Optical Fibers

 Single-mode fibers – used to transmit one signal per fiber (used in telephone
and cable TV). They have small cores (around 9 microns in diameter) and
transmit infra-red light from laser.

 Multi-mode fibers – used to transmit many signals per fiber (used in

computer networks). They have larger cores (around 62.5 microns in
diameter) and transmit infra-red
infra red light from LED.
LED

HCL Confidential 10
 Single Mode vs. Multimode

Single mode Multi Mode

High transmission speed Less transmission speed

Carries data to larger distances Carries data to lesser distances

Less attenuation More attenuation

Less distortion Higher distortion

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 Fiber physical transport technologies

 OC-3
ƒ A fiber optic line capable of 155 megabits per second (155,000K).

 OC-48
OC 48
ƒ A fiber optic line capable of 2400 megabits per second (2,400,000K).

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 How Does Optical Fibre Transmit Light??

 Total Internal Reflection:

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 Interfaces

Interfaces

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 Interfaces

 WAN Interfaces  LAN Interfaces

ƒ V.24 ƒ RJ-45
ƒ V.35 ƒ RJ-11
ƒ X.21
ƒ BNC Connector
C t
ƒ G.703

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 WAN Interfaces

WAN Interfaces

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 V. 24

 A ITU-T standard that defines the interchange circuits between DTE and
DCE.
 V.24 is a specification for single-ended communications that includes the
definition of connector pin allocations.
allocations
 It is used together with V.28 to define a specification for serial
asynchronous or synchronous communications.

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 V.35

 Commonly used for synchronous communication

 Commonly used for 56kbps and 64kbps data rates.
 It is typically used between a modem and a multiplexor.

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 X.21

 X.21 is a digital signaling interface recommended by ITU-T that includes

specifications for DTE/DCE physical interface elements,

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 G.703

¾ G.703 is a ITU-T standard for transmitting voice or data over digital

carriers such as T1 and E1.

¾ G.703
G 703 service is typically used for interconnecting data
communications equipment such as bridges, routers, and multiplexers.

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 LAN Interfaces

LAN Interfaces
f

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 Registered Jack

 RJ-45
ƒ Registered jack (RJ) is a
standardized physical
interface for connecting
telecommunications
equipment (commonly, a LAN
or computer
p networking
g
equipment.

 RJ 11
ƒ RJ-11 is the standard
connector utilized on 2-pair
(4-wire) telephone wiring.

HCL Confidential 22
 BNC Connector

 The BNC (Bayonet Neill-Concelman) connector is a very common type of

RF connector used for terminating coaxial cable.

 They are used on both on cable interconnections and network cards

HCL Confidential 23
 Media Testing Instruments

Media Testing Instruments

HCL Confidential 24
 Pentascanner

 It tests following:
g
ƒ Wiremap test is used to identify physical errors of the installation;
proper pin termination at each end, shorts between any two or more
wires continuity to the remote end
wires, end, split pairs
pairs, crossed pairs,
pairs reversed
pairs, and any other mis-wiring.

HCL Confidential 25
 Pentascanner tests continued (1)…

 Propagation Delay
The Propagation Delay test tests for the time it takes for the signal to be
sent from one end and received by the other end. This time is measured in
milliseconds nanoseconds and picoseconds
milliseconds, picoseconds.
 Cable Length
The Cable Length test verifies that the cable from the transmitter to
receiver does not exceed the maximum recommended distance of 100
meters in a 10/100/1000baseT[X] network.
 Insertion or Attenuation loss
Losses occuring due to characteristics of the media

HCL Confidential 26
 Pentascanner tests continued (2)…

 Return Loss
Return Loss is the measurement of the amount of signal that is reflected
back toward the transmitter. The reflection of the signal is caused by the
variations of impedance in the connectors and cable and is usually
attributed to a poorly terminated wire
 Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT)
Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT) is an error condition that describes the
occurrence of a signal from one wire pair radiating to and interfering with
the signal of another wire pair.

HCL Confidential 27
 BERT

 BERT or Bit Error Rate Tester is a testing method for digital

communication circuits that uses pre-determined patterns of a sequence
of logical ones or zeros.

 A BERT Tester consists of a test pattern generator and a receiver that can
be set to the same pattern. Based on the response to the sent bit stream,
error rate
t is
i calculated.
l l t d

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 OTDR

 An optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR) is an optoelectronic

instrument used to characterize an optical fiber

 An OTDR injects a series of optical pulses into the fiber under test
test. It also
extracts, from the same end of the fiber, light that is scattered and
reflected back from points in the fiber where the index of refraction
changes
h

HCL Confidential 29
 OTDR Continued…

 The strength of the return pulses is measured and integrated as a function

of time, and is plotted as a function of fiber length.
 An OTDR may be used for estimating the fiber's length and overall
attenuation including splice and mated
attenuation, mated-connector
connector losses.
losses It may also be
used to locate faults, such as breaks.

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 Modems

Modems

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 MODEM

 Modem (from modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates an

analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates
such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information.
 The most familiar example is a modem that turns the digital 1s and 0s of a
personal computer into sounds that can be transmitted over the telephone
lines of Plain Old Telephone Systems (POTS), and once received on the
other side
side, converts those 1s and 0s back into a form used by a USB
USB,
Serial, or Network connection.

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 Modem LED indicators

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 ASM i52 Modem

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 ASM i52 Modem

 PWR (green) – Power

 DATA (yellow) – Transmit data (except E1 or T1 interface)
 SYNC A/B (green/red) – Sync status of DSL line
 E1 or T1 SYNC (
(red)
d) – L
Loss ofE1
fE1 or T1 sync (E1 or T1interface
T1i t f
only)
 AIS (yellow) – “All 1s” string is received (E1 or T1
interface only)
 ALM (red) – Alarm enters the buffer
 TST (red) – Test in progress

HCL Confidential 35
 Connectivity using Modem

HCL Confidential 36
 RAD HTU-E1 Termination Units

HCL Confidential 37
 Multiplexers

 A multiplexer or MUX is a device that performs multiplexing i.e. selects one of

many analog
l or digital
di it l input
i t signals
i l and
d outputs
t t that
th t into
i t a single
i l line.
li
 An electronic multiplexer makes it possible for several signals to share one expensive
device or other resource, for example one Analog to Digital converter or one
communication line
line, instead of having one device per input signal
signal.
 A multiplexer can be considered as a multiple-input, single-output switch

HCL Confidential 38
 De-multiplexer

 A demultiplexer (or demux) is a device taking a single input signal and selecting
one of many data-output-lines.
 A multiplexer is often used with a complementary demultiplexer on the receiving
end.
 A demultiplexer works as a single-input, multiple-output switch

HCL Confidential 39
 Integrated Services Digital Network

1. Integrated
g Services Digital
g Network. A digital
g p
phone service capable
p
of speeds from 64 K to 128 K.
2. Provides two data channels, each with its own phone number,
making simultaneous voice and data possible.
3. Services offered by ISDN: -
1. Digital Telephone and Fax -with a facility to identify the calling
subscriber number and other facilities.

2. Data Transmission at 64 Kbps with ISDN controller card

3 Video Conferencing at 128 Kbps

3.

4. Video Conferencing at 384 Kbps (Possible with 3 ISDN lines)

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 Types of ISDN Accesses

There are two types of "accesses" (connections) for ISDN: -

ƒ Basic Rate Interface (BRI): 2B+D
2 Channels of 64 Kbps for Speech And Data.
1 Channel of 16 Kbps for Signaling
ƒ Primary Rate Interface (PRI): 30 B+D
30 Channels of 64 Kbps for speech and data.
1 Channel
Ch l off 64 Kbps
Kb for
f signaling.
i li

HCL Confidential 41
 Leased Lines

 To transmit data between computer and electronic information devices,

different vendors provide data communication services to its
subscribers. It offers a choice of high, medium and low speed leased data
circuits as well as dial-up lines.

 Bandwidth is available on demand in most of the cities. Managed leased

Line Network (MLLN) offers flexibility of providing circuits with speeds of n
x 64 Kbps up to 2 Mbps which is useful for internet leased lines and
international principle Leased Lines (IPLCs).

 Leased circuits are provided to subscribers for internal communication

between their offices/factories at various sites within a city/town or
different cities/town on point to point basis, or on a network basis
interconnecting the various sites.

HCL Confidential 42
 SONET And SDH

 Synchronous optical networking (SONET) and Synchronous Digital

Hierarchy (SDH), are two closely related multiplexing protocols for
transferring multiple digital bit streams using lasers or light-emitting
diodes ((LEDs)) over the same optical
p fiber.

 The method was developed to replace the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy

(PDH) system
t ffor ttransporting
ti llarger amounts
t off ttelephone
l h calls
ll and
dddata
t
traffic over the same fiber wire without synchronization problems.

 SDH or SONET may be utilized to allow several Internet Service Providers

to share the same optical fiber,

HCL Confidential 43
 Optical Signal Hierarchy

Hierarchy Data Rate SONET SDH OCx

Level Zero 155.52 STS-3 STM- OC-3

1

Level One 622.08 STS-12 STM- OC-12

4

Level Two 2488.32 STS-48 STM- OC-48

Mbit/s 16

Level Three 9953.28 STS-192 STM- OC-192

Mbit/s 64

HCL Confidential 44
 Optical Carrier Rates

Optical Carrier Data Rate Payload- User Data SONET SDH

SONET (SPE) Rate

OC-1 51.84 Mbit/s 50.112 Mbit/s 49.536 STS-1 --

OC-3 155.52 Mbit/s 150.336 Mbit/s 148.608 STS-3 STM-1

OC-9 466.56 Mbit/s 451.044 Mbit/s 445.824 STS-9 STM-3

OC-12 622.08 Mbit/s 601.344 Mbit/s 594.824 STS-12 STM-4

OC-18 933.12 Mbit/s 902.088 Mbit/s 891.648 STS-18 STM-6

OC-24 1244.16 Mbit/s 1202.784 1188.864 STS-24 STM-8

Mbit/s
OC-36 1866.24 Mbit/s 1804.176 1783.296 STS-36 STM-12
Mbit/s
OC-48 2488.32 Mbit/s 2.4 Gbps 2377.728 STS-48 STM-16

OC-192 9953.28 Mbit/s 9.6 Gbps 9510.912 STS-192 STM-64

OC-768 40Gbit/s - - STS-768 STM-256

OC-3072 160Gbit/s - - STS-3072 STM-1024

HCL Confidential 45
 Telecom and Network Speeds: -

We see network speed terms (e.g. T1, DS0, OC-192) all over the
place.
l Here
H are the
th details:
d t il -

Tx: North American Signal Hierarchy e.g. T1, T3 etc.

E European
Ex: E Signal
Si l Hierarchy
Hi h e.g. E1,
E1 E3 etc.
t

Optical Carrier Hierarchy for SONET and SDH: e.g. OC-1, OC-192
etc. Includes STS-x and STM-x definitions.

HCL Confidential 46
 North America Network Speeds

Remember: a DS0 is 64K or 64,000 bits per second.

Hierarchy Speed Digital Carrier DS0's Notes

Signal

First Level 1.544 Mbit/s DS1 T-1 24 In ISDN PRI = 23B (user) + 1D (signaling) channels

Intermediate 3.152 Mbit/s DS1C - 48 -

Level

Second Level 6.312 Mbit/s DS2 T-2 96 4 x DS1

Thi d L
Third Levell 44 736 Mbit/s
44.736 Mbi / DS3 T 3
T-3 672 28 x DS1

Intermediate Level 139.264 Mbit/s DS4NA ? 2016 3 x DS3 Highest designed in ANSI T1.107

Fourth Level 274.176 Mbit/s DS4 T-4 4032 Replaced with OCx

Fifth Level 400.352 Mbit/s DS5 T-5 5760 Replaced with OCx

HCL Confidential 47
 European Network Speeds

Hierarchy Speed Carrier DS0's Notes

2.048
2 048 In ISDN PRI = 30B (user)
First Level E-1 32
Mbit/s + 2D (signaling) channels

8.448
Second Level E-2 128 -
Mbit/s

34.368
Third Level E-3 512 -
Mbit/s

139.264
Fourth Level E-4 2048 -
Mbit/s

565.148
Fifth Level E-5 8192 -
Mbit/s

HCL Confidential 48
 Summary table for Bandwidths

Speed DS0's North Europe Japan

America
64 Kbps 1 - - -
1.544 Mbit/s 24 T-1 - J-1
2 048 Mbit/
2.048 Mbit/s 32 - E 1
E-1 -
6.312 Mbit/s 96 T-2 - J-2
7.786 Mbit/s 120 - - J-2 (alt)
8.448 Mbit/s 128 - E-2 -
32.064 Mbit/s 480 - - J-3
34.368 Mbit/s 512 - E-3 -
44.736 Mbit/s 672 T-3 - -
97 728 Mbit/s
97.728 1440 - - J-4
139.264 Mbit/s 2016 DS4NA - -
139.264 Mbit/s 2048 - E4 -
274.176 Mbit/s 4032 T-4 - -
400.352 Mbit/s 5760 T-5 - -
565.148 Mbit/s 8192 - E-5 J-5

HCL Confidential 49
 Thank You!

HCL Confidential 50