Organic Nomenclature

Metha, etha, propa, buta, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca Naming branched chain molecules: 1) Find the longest continuous chain (containing most branches). 2) Number the C's in the chain so that the branch(es) get(s) the lowest possible number(s). 3) Use these numbers (if required) and the name of the branches to indicate where the branch is attached to the parent chain. 4) Order branches alphabetically if the molecule contains more than one branch. If a branch occurs more than once use prefixes di, tri, tetra, etc. 5) if the branch is itself branched, name the branch as a branched alkyl and enclose it in a parenthesis [or use the common name of the branch] 6) Formula: Number(s) indicating the position of branch(es) + name(s) of the branch(es) + name of the main chain Alkyl branches: Methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc. 1-methylethyl = isopropyl 1-methylpropyl = sec-butyl

methylpropyl = isobutyl 1,1-dimethylethyl = t-butyl

Functional Groups If there is a functional group in the molecule, numbering should be done so that the functional group gets the lowest possible number. N.B. The carbonyl carbon in aldehydes and carboxylic acids must be designated as number 1.
N.B. If the molecule contains more than one functional group: a) For identical functional groups use prefixes di, tri, tetra, etc. b) For non-identical functional groups we use a system of priorities: the group with the highest priority should receive the lowest number. Carboxyl, amide, aldehyde, ketone, alcohol, phenol, amine, alkene, alkyne, prefix substituent (R-, Ph-, X-, NO2-, etc.)

IUPAC Nomenclature Alcohols Ethers Aldehydes Ketones Carboxylic acids Esters Amines Amides Alkanol Alkoxyalkane alkanal alkanone alkanoic acid alkyl alkanoate (N,N) alkyl alkanamine (N,N) alkyl alkanamide

Organic Chemistry Break Assignment

Nomenclature, Isomerism, Physical & Chemical Properties Choose a number between 6-10. Give the molecular formula for open chain organic compounds [belonging to all different families (i.e. alkanes, alkenes, ., alcohols, , & amides)] containing these many carbon atoms.
Now do the same for cyclic structures!! Forget about aromatics!!!

Draw the line formula for any 3 branched isomers in each case.
[Chem sketch]

Now draw the complete structural formula, condensed (or super condensed) and 3-D structure (angles) for one of the three isomers in each case. Construct (using Molecular Models?)
[Chem sketch?] *cyclic structures!!

State the IUPAC name of each isomer. Explore geometric isomerism in alkenes! Predict the relative m.p./b.p., and solubility of the isomers.
[Include a brief explanation] Exclude cyclic structures!!

*Subject each of the isomers to one of the important reactions (of the family); predict the [organic] product(s) in each case.

Gases
You are to Design a lab on ONE of Gas Laws: Dont forget to include: An Introduction ( <1 page) on all gas laws A focused problem: Research Question Materials: Reagents & Equipment Variables: 1 Dep., 1 Indep., & all Control variables Procedure: Detailed step by step method needed to conduct this experiment so that: the indep.Variable is manipulated the changes in the dep. Variable are readily observed/monitored & recorded [sufficient data] it will clearly indicate how the other variables are controlled (kept constant) the experiment will be doable and repeatable.

DCP:
Now assume your experiment is conducted. What kind of raw data would you expect to get (tabulate) At least 5 data points How would you process this raw data (sample calculations, and graphs)

CE:
What conclusion can be drawn, solely based on the results, from your processed data? Vs. theoretical values? Trends/Patterns? Errors/weaknesses Systematic/Random errors The impact of the errors on the results Evaluation of the procedure: meaningful improvements Explain how the improvements will be carried out and indicate their potential impact on the results How (un)successful the controlling of variables were?

Chem. 11

Gases Worksheet

State Kinetic Molecular Theory. Based on this theory gases seem to be quite unique (i.e. different from solids and liquids). How is this true? Compare and contrast a manometer and a barometer. Include diagrams and word problems for each. Indicate the discoverer of each (if applicable). Research! Indicate Five units of Pressure. How are these units related? Indicate Three units of Temperature. How are these units related? C.F.s What is STP? What is SATP? State the gas laws: Boyles, Charles, Gay-Lusaacs. What experiment gave rise to the derivation of each law? How could each law be represented graphically? How is each law represented mathematically? Give 2 word problems for each. (+ solutions)

Example for Boyle's Law:

A sample of gas occupies a volume of 47.3 cm3 at 20oC when the pressure is 30 cm of mercury. If the pressure is increased to 75 cm of mercury, the sample will occupy a volume of: List the info., write down the formula, & plug in 47.3 cm3 (30 cmHg/75 cmHg) = 18.9 cm3 sentence: Example for Charles Law: The volume of a sample of gas is 23.2 cm3 at 20oC. If the gas is ideal and the pressure remains unchanged, its volume at 80oC will be: List the info., write down the formula, & plug in 23.2 cm3 (353.15 K/293.15 K) = 27.95 cm3 sentence:

Boyle's Law Worksheet

1. 2. State the pressure-volume law both in words and in the form of an equation. To compress nitrogen at 1 atm from 750 mL to 500 mL, what must the new pressure be if the temperature is kept constant? If oxygen at 128 kPa is allowed to expand at constant temperature until its pressure is 101.3 kPa, how much larger will the volume become? A sample of nitrogen at 101.3 kPa with a volume of 100 mL is carefully compressed at constant temperature in successive changes in pressure, equalling 5 kPa at a time, until the final pressure is 133.3 kPa. Calculate each new volume and prepare a plot of P versus V, showing P on the horizontal axis. A sample of nitrogen at 20oC was compressed from 300 mL to 0.360 mL and its new pressure was found to be 400.0 Pa. What was the original pressure in kPa? The pressure on 6.0 L of a gas is 200 kPa. What will be the volume if the pressure is doubled, keeping the temperature constant? What would be the new volume if the pressure on 600 mL is increased from 90 kPa to 150 kPa? A student collects 25 mL of gas at 96 kPa. What volume would this gas occupy at 101.325 kPa. There is no change in temperature or mass. A gas measuring 525 mL is collected at 104.66 kPa. What volume does this gas occupy at 99.33 kPa?

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10. A mass of gas occupies 1 L at 1 atm. At what pressure does this gas occupy a) 2 litres, b) 0.5 litres? 11. From the data in the following table calculate the missing quantity (assuming constant temperature). a) V1 = 22.4 L; P1= 1 atm; P2 = ? atm; V2 = 2.8 L b) V1 = 60 mL; P1 = ? kPa; P2 = 101.3 kPa; V2 = 16 mL c) V1 = ? m3 ; P1 = 40 Pa; P2 = 100 kPa; V2 = 1.0 L d) V1 = 2.50 L; P1 = 7.5 atm; P2 = ? atm; V2 = 100 mL

Charles Law Worksheet

1.

Give the temperature-volume law both in words and in the form of an equation.
How is the volume of a gas affected by a decrease in temperature? What would be the new volume if the temperature on 450 mL of gas is changed from 45oC to -5oC? A sample of gas whose volume at 27oC is 0.127 L, is heated at constant pressure until its volume becomes 317 mL. What is the final temperature of the gas in Celsius and kelvin? To make 300 mL of oxygen at 20.0oC change its volume to 250 mL, what must be done

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to the sample if its pressure and mass are to be held constant? To what temperature must an ideal gas at 27oC be cooled to reduce its volume by 1/3? From the data in the following questions calculate the missing quantity. a) V1 = 22.4 L; T1 = 0oC; T2 = 91oC; V2 = ? L b) V1 = 125 mL; T1 = ? ; T2 = 25oC; V2 = 100 mL c) V1 = ? L; T1 = 400 K; T2 = 175 K; V2 = 6.20 L d) V1 = 250 mL; T1 = 298 K; T2 = ? K; V2 = 273 mL A 50 cm3 sample of a gas in a syringe at 15oC is heated to 50oC and the syringe's piston is allowed to move outward against a constant atmospheric pressure. Calculate the new volume of the hot gas.

Now, youll make up a worksheet on Gay-Lussacs law: 3 problems State Avogadros Law

Daltons Law of partial pressures

When Dalton was conducting his studies, which led him to the atomic-molecular theory of matter, he also included studies of the behavior of gases. These led him to propose, in 1803, what is now called Dalton's law of partial pressures: For a mixture of gases in a container, the total pressure exerted is the sum of the pressures that each gas would exert if it were alone. This law can be expressed in equation form as: p = p1 + p2 + p3 + ... where p is the total or measured pressure and p1, p2, ... are the partial pressures of the individual gases. For air, an appropriate form of Dalton's law would be: p(air) = p(N2) + p(O2) + p(CO2) + ... At temperatures near ordinary room temperature, the partial pressures of each of the components of air is directly proportional to the number of moles of that component in any volume of air. When the total pressure of air is 100 kPa or one bar, the partial pressures of each of its components (in kPa) are numerically equal to the mole per cent of that component (Table). Thus the partial pressures of the major components of dry air at 100 kPa are nitrogen, 78 kPa; oxygen, 21 kPa; argon, 0.9 kPa; and carbon dioxide, 0.03 kPa. The same substance may be found in different physical states under different conditions. Water, for example, can exist as a solid phase (ice), a liquid phase (water), and a gas phase (steam or water vapor) at different temperatures. The processes by which a substance is converted from one phase to another are called by specific names. The conversion from solid to liquid is melting and the reverse conversion from liquid to solid is freezing. The conversion from liquid to gas is called boiling or vaporization and the reverse conversion

from gas to liquid is called condensation. The conversion from solid to gas, when it occurs directly without going through a liquid state as in the case of iodine and carbon dioxide, is called sublimation; the reverse conversion from gas to solid shares the name of condensation.

Table: Composition of Dry Air at Sea Level Component Mole Percent Molar Mass N2 78.08 28.013 O2 20.948 31.998 Ar 0.934 29.948 CO2 0.0314 44.010 Ne 0.001818 20.183 He 0.000524 4.003 CH4 0.002 16.043 Kr 0.000114 83.80 H2 0.00005 2.016 N2O 0.00005 44.013 Xe 0.0000087 131.30 Table Footnotes: The amounts of water vapor and of trace gases such as ozone, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ammonia in air are variable under natural conditions. Unusually high concentrations of these gases are often found in urban air as a result of human activities. The values given as mole percents in this table are numerically equal to the partial pressures of the gases, in kPa, when the total atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa or one bar. Write down the combined gas equation. Give an example.