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Integration
Integration measures the accumulation of the value of a function. The symbol for
integration is , and it can be usefully viewed as a stretched out S and meaning
sum. The integral of a function () is expressed mathematically as ().
Integration is the reverse of differentiation
12
. Integration can be used to find the area
below a curve and volumes enclosed by a curve rotated about the x-axis
3
.
Indefinite Integral
The integral of a function (), () is the accumulation of the value of () with .
It can be viewed as the value of the area below the graph of () as a function of . In
the following illustration, () can be represented by the area under the graph of
up to .

Note that the position in which we start to measure the area is unspecified; the integral
is said to be indefinite. However, the form of the accumulation function can be
determined and indefiniteness of the integral can be accommodated by including an
arbitrary constant of integration.
Note that when the graph is negative then the area is interpreted as negative area, as
illustrated in the following graph


1
Differentiation
2
Mathcentre Integration as the reverse of Differentiation Guide : Video (34 min) : Exercises
3
Mathcentre Finding Areas Guide : Video (46 min) : Exercises
()

()
0
+
+
+
- -
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Indefinite Integrals of Standard Functions
4

()
()

( 1)
1
+ 1

+1
+

1
=
1

ln +
sin cos +
cos sin +

+
ln ln +
sinh cosh +
cosh sinh +
1
(1 +
2
)

tan
1
+
1
1
2

sin
1
+
1
1
2

cos
1
+
1
1 +
2

sinh
1
+
1
1 +
2

cosh
1
+
1
(1
2
)
for || < 1
tanh
1
+

1
(1
2
)
for || > 1
coth
1
+






4
Standard Mathematical Functions: Windows Scientific Calculator
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Rules for Integration
Integral of a function with a constant factor
() = ()
For example
3
2
= 3
2
= 3

3
3
+ =
3
+
Integral of a sum
(() +()) =() + ()
For example
(cos +ln ) =cos +ln = sin + ln +
Integral of a chain rule derivative

(())

() =(()) +
For example
cos(sin ) cos = sin(sin )) +
Integration by parts
5

()
()

= ()() ()
()

One of the uses of this equation is when
()

is a simpler function than ().

For example for the integral
cos
it is noted that if we set () = , then - on the other side of the integration by parts
formula -
()

= 1; hence simplifying the expression. It therefore follows that

()

= cos and hence that () = sin .

5
Mathcentre Integration by Parts Guide : Video (26 min) : Exercises
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cos =(sin) (sin ) 1 = sin +cos +
Other forms of analytic integration include the following
Integration by substitution
6

Integration using partial fractions
7

Integration requiring the use of trigonometric identities
8


Definite Integrals
A definite integral sets limits on the domain of integration. The integral sign is written
(),

and it is evaluated as a numeric value, rather than a function.
The value of the integral is equal to the area illustrated in the following diagram:


Example

3
= [

4
4
]
1
2
2
1
= (
2
4
4

1
4
4
) =
16
4

1
4
=
15
4
.

6
Mathcentre Integration by substitution Guide : Video (36 min) : Exercises
7
Mathcentre Integration using partial fractions Guide 1: Guide 2: Video 1 (45 min) : Video 2 (17 min) : Exercises 1 : Exercises 2
8
Mathcentre Integration requiring the use of trigonometric identities Guide : Video (39 min) : Exercises
(),

a b