Journal of Ethnopharmacology 130 (2010) 369378

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Journal of Ethnopharmacology
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jethpharm

Ethnoveterinary knowledge in Navarra (Iberian Peninsula)

S. Akerreta a , M.I. Calvo b , R.Y. Cavero a,
a b

Department of Plant Biology (Botany), Faculty of Sciences, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Navarra, Irunlarrea s/n, 31008 Pamplona, Spain

a r t i c l e

i n f o

a b s t r a c t
Aim of the study: To collect, analyze and evaluate the ethnoveterinary knowledge about medicinal plants in a northern Iberian region (Navarra, 10,421 km2 , 620,377 inhabitants). Methodology: Field work was conducted between 2003 and 2007, using semi-structured questionnaire and participant observation as well as transects walks in wild herbal plant collection areas. We performed semi-structured interviews with 667 informants (mean age 72; 55.47% women, 44.53% men) in 265 locations, identied the plant reported and analyzed the results, comparing them with those from other territories. Results: Out of 287 species reported to be used in the health eld (human and veterinary medicine), 36 are linked to veterinary medicine. 69.4% of these species are new or rarely reported in veterinarian uses. The most frequently used plants were Malva sylvestris, Juglans regia and Verbena ofcinalis. All different plant parts were used; aerial part was exploited more frequently than other plant parts. Most remedies listed used a single ingredient, typically soaked in water. The route of administration was primarily oral followed by topical applications. These remedies are mostly for cows, calves, sheep, pigs and horses, but cover almost all domestic animal species. The main ailments treated are digestive troubles, wounds and dermatological problems, and respiratory affections. Conclusions: The folk knowledge about medicinal plant use is still alive in the studied region, and a number of scarcely reported plant uses has been detected, some of them with promising phytotherapeutical applications. 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Article history: Received 15 February 2010 Received in revised form 4 May 2010 Accepted 16 May 2010 Available online 4 June 2010 Keywords: Ethnobotany Navarra Spain Medicinal plants Ethnoveterinary Traditional knowledge

1. Introduction Naturally derived substances of plant, animal and mineral origins have provided a continuing source of medicines since the earliest times known to man (David and Anderson, 1969; Lev, 2003), and their uses have been perpetuated through the use of traditional medicines. Traditional human populations have a broad natural pharmacopoeia consisting of wild plant and animal species (Alves and Rosa, 2005, 2007). Medicinal plants and animals have been used in virtually all cultures as a source of medicine (Yineger et al., 2007). The use of biological resources for medicinal purposes, however, is not restricted to human diseases treatment, being also widely used for the treatment of animal diseases (Lans et al., 2006; Kunwar and Bussmann, 2008). Ethnoveterinary medicine, the scientic term for traditional animal health care, encompasses the knowledge, skills, methods, practices, and beliefs about animal health care found among the

Corresponding author. Tel.: +34 48425600; fax: +34 48425649. E-mail address: rcavero@unav.es (R.Y. Cavero). 0378-8741/$ see front matter 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.023

members of a community (McCorkle, 1986). The knowledge of the use of medicinal plants and their properties was transmitted from generation to generation. But this knowledge and transmission, in industrialised countries, such as those of Western Europe, is disappearing quickly because of the adoption (at least partially) of a so-called modern culture to the detriment of a traditional one, which is considered inferior (Ember and Ember, 1997). This process, together with the increasing depopulation of rural zones, has meant that the passing down of customs from generation to generation is now in imminent danger of disappearing (Anyinam, 1995). In the development countries, the farmers have a high spectrum in the treatment of common diseases such as diarrhoea, wounds, colds, worms, and reproductive disorders with medicinal plant. Very little of this traditional knowledge has been documented in most of the countries. In recent years, however, increasing attention has been paid to ethnoveterinary knowledge and local veterinary practice (Martin et al., 2001). There is a growing acceptance that some of these practices have therapeutic value, and that they should be documented before this knowledge is lost. Several studies have been carried out, many reports written and numerous conferences and workshops held. These activities have saved ethnoveterinary knowledge from extinction: most knowledge resided

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with elderly community members and disappeared as they died (Bonet and Valls, 2007; Ngeh et al., 2007; Kon and Atindehou, 2008; Grad et al., 2009). Although agriculture and livestock-raising are still relevant human activities in Navarra (according to the ofcial information, the number of animals registered in the most important productions was 58,000 cows, 635,000 sheep, 4150 horses and, 67,000 pigs, in 2005), it is clear that rural life and its associated traditional culture have become rarer and will probably be residual in a few years, so that there is a real urgency in assembling all ethnobotanical information, both to preserve cultural patrimony and to make available data that could lead to the development of new medicines. As stated by Muhammad et al. (2005), ethnobotanical data provide a basis for further validation of practices and plant uses in the context of a professional approach to ethnoveterinary (and we would add simply to veterinary) medicine. As a result of ethnobotanical study of the Navarra (Akerreta et al., 2007a,b; Akerreta, 2009) and following this research line, the aims of the present study were to document the remedies used to treat the known livestock diseases and other animal husbandry indications, highlighting their preparation, processing and administration. In addition, the obtained results can use for new scientic studies.

the northwest, mainly) the language of the Basque ethnic group (Etniker-Euskalerria, 2004), which has a direct inuence on the use and names of the plants.

2.2. Data collection and analysis Field and laboratory work began on 2003 and lasted until September 2007. During that time we interviewed 667 informants in 265 locations (Fig. 1). The total informants by regions (676) do not correspond with that given to the general results (667). The difference (9) corresponds to the informants who have migrated from their place of origin to another locality of a region different from yours. In this new region apply knowledge of their place of origin, usually (and according to the informant), do not belong in your new destination where they learn traditional uses. These informants were considered dual reporting and are counted twice, since they provide information in two different regions. I/P index (number of interview/inhabitant, in percentage) had been calculated in order to know if the number of informants is suitable to the scientic validity of results obtained (Muntan, 2005). This author indicates that the minimal number of surveys for a territory of Europes south is 0.10%. In our study, the population interviewed overcomes this minimum (Table 1, I/P = 0.11%). The highest value appears in the region 2 (I/P = 0.75). The regions 3 and 7 present I/Ps values <0.10 (0.02 and 0.06, respectively); the most important cities of Navarre are located in them (Pamplona, C3 and Tudela, C7). In industrialised cities the knowledge is disappearing quickly and it is difcult to nd a high number of informants. In addition, the accumulation or saturation curves are tools very suitable and easily applicable to different studies of biodiversity and Ecology (Williams et al., 2005). In them it is graphically represented if the sampling effort is adequate, i.e., have sufcient numbers of research/survey participants been interviewed? Colwell and Coddington (1995) and Gotelli and Colwell (2001) recommend the measurement and comparison of species richness by the use of taxon sampling or accumulation curves. The curves compute randomised species accumulation and it demonstrates the differences in relative abundance as sample size. In our study the accumulation or saturation curves realized showed that 580600 informants were enough to conrm that the sample of interviewed population had a sufcient size for the realized study. Information was collected using semi-structured ethnobotanical interviews as described by Martin (1995). Those interviews were always carried out spontaneously with people born or having lived most of their lives in the region studied. The informants search was realized across: (a) town halls; (b) geriatrics and pensioners clubs due to many studies have detected that the eth nobotanic knowledge remains in old persons (Fernndez-Ocana, 2000; Gemedo-Dalle et al., 2005; Bonet and Valls, 2006); (c) pharmacists of rural areas because of they have news about persons who know the traditional use of medicinal plants; (d) family, friends and contacts; and (e) spontaneous meeting in villages, gardens, elds and mountains. Of those interviewed, 55.47% were women and 44.53% men. The ages of the interviewees ranged from 22 to 100 years, and mean age are 72 years. During our study period what we have found that the elderly persons have greater knowledge upon the utilization of medicinal plants in comparison to younger generation. The younger generations showed less interest in traditional practices mostly because of poor recognition of traditional medicine and availability of modern health facilities. The similar scenario is presented in many works of ethnobotanical studies in development coun tries, 57 years old (Fernndez-Ocana, 2000), 70 years old (Agelet and Valls, 2001), 66 years old (Bonet and Valls, 2006), and 71 years old (Rigat et al., 2007).

2. Materials and methods 2.1. Study area Navarra is an autonomous community (10,421 km2 ) in the northern Iberian Peninsula in the western sector of the Pyrenees Mountains which is divided into seven agricultural regions (Fig. 1 and Table 1). Starting at the limestone Pyrenean foothills reaching heights of 2428 m which tower over steep-sided valleys composed of ysch (Gobierno de Navarra, 1997), the landscape then softens into a geomorphology based on marls and limestone marls. In the middle zone, characterized by its transitional nature, marls and limestone blend with sandstones, gradually yielding to gypsum, gravel, sand and mud which predominate in broad, windswept plains that have been eroded over the course of time. According to Lpez et al. (2005), Navarra includes two macrobioclimates, Temperate and Mediterranean, separated by a dividing chain of mountains. The oceanic temperate bioclimate appears in the northern part of the territory, and is characterized by mild temperatures and high precipitation throughout the year. More to the south, as precipitation decrease the oceanic temperate bioclimate changes to the sub-Mediterranean variant and nally to the seasonal-rainfall Mediterranean bioclimate, characterized by seasonal drought (favoring species that are specically Mediterranean). The latter bioclimate occupies most of the territory to the south, although there is also a small island of xeric Mediterranean in an area that is now a Biosphere Reserve due to its ecological importance (Bardenas Reales) (Martin and Floristn, 1997). Owing to its geological, geomorphological and bioclimatic variability, it has a rich ora (2650 vascular plants) (Gil et al., 2004). All these climatic factors, along with the geomorphologic and edaphological ones, which change sharply in a relatively small area, provide a great diversity of plant communities, such as the forests of elm trees, both basophilic and acidophilic, the groves of Quercus robur L. oak and Quercus humilis Miller, as well as holm oak, evergreen oak, gall oak, and Pyrenean pastures rich in the Alpine and sub-Alpine plant series, among others (Loidi and Bscones, 1995; Lorda, 2001). The area was inhabited by the Basques until the arrival of the Romans. It was later populated by the Visigoths. Nowadays, only 10% of the population of Navarra speaks Euskera (in

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371

Fig. 1. Distribution of localities and informants as agricultural regions. C1: Region 1; C2: Region 2; C3: Region 3; C4: Region 4; C5: Region 5; C6: Region 6; C7: Region 7; L: number of localities where ethnobotany information has been obtained; I: number of informants; ( ) Situation of the localities.

In the eld work we noted for each species the local name, place and collection method, drying and preservation system, parts or organs used and method of preparation, dosage and administration. Plant vouchers were collected, mostly when accompanied with the informants and authenticated according to Flora Iberica (Castroviejo et al., 19862005) and Flora of the Basque Country (Aizpuru et al., 2003). These species were deposited in the PAMP Herbarium at the School of Science (University of Navarra). The results have been structured in a plants catalogue (287 taxa) that considers the following items: plants mentioned (including scientic and vernacular names); botanical families which these plants belong to; herbarium voucher number, biological and chorological spectrums, habitat, regional and use distributions, indexes of frequency-dominance, chemical composition; informants who have cited these plants; medicinal, edible and non-edible uses separated by the part of the plant employed, and also other utilizations that can have ethnobotanical interest. Pharmaceutical methods of preparing the remedies are also part of the catalogue, as well as if the plant referred can be part of a mixture (Akerreta, 2009). To assess the degree of originality and novelty of the uses claimed by the informants, these were compared with those

reported in more than 189 works in relation with human and/or animal medicine (ethnobotany, economic botany, medicinal plants and phytotherapy, mainly). The complete references are given in Akerreta (2009). We considered as very scarcely reported those not found in these papers, or appearing only in a maximum of three of them. Informant consensus factor (FIC) which is the quotient between the number of use-reports minus the number of used taxa and the number of use-reports minus one was calculated (Trotter and Logan, 1986) in order to assess reliability and consistency of medicinal plant use, to select the most promising taxa for further chemical or pharmacological research in view of new drug development (Parada et al., 2009). The maximum value of this factor is 1, which means that informants show high knowledge and coherence about medicinal plants uses. 3. Results and discussion We recorded 3770 use-reports of the 287 medicinal plants cited. Most uses (97.93%) concern human medicine, whereas very few (2.07%) are linked to veterinary medicine (Table 1). The greatest number of uses and taxa correspond to the regions C1, C5, C2

Table 1 Characteristics of each region, I/P, number of uses, taxa and FIC. Region General C1 Situationa , b Navarra Northwest Navarra: Humid Cantabrian Valleys and Southern Humid Valleys Valleys of the Pyrenees and pre-Pyrenean Pamplona Basin, Valdizarbe and part of the Val de Maneru West, from the Urbasa and Andia the North to the river in the extreme South Middle Eastern Navarra Estella Riverside and Northern part of the Riverside The most part of Tudela Riverside Extension (km2 )a 10,421 1920.9 Altitude maxmin; range (m)a 242818; 2410 101918; 1001 Population (hab.)a 620,377 56,218 I/P (%) 0.11 0.25 No. uses (%) 78 (2.07) 28 (2.65) No taxa (%) 36 (12.54) 17 (11.72) FIC 0.55 0.41

C2 C3

2321.9 778.2

2428245; 2183 1155330; 825

14,851 334,368

0.75 0.02

14 (2.09) 4 (1.31)

9 (8.41) 4 (4.88)

0.38 0.00

C4

1541.9

1493340; 1553

37,688

0.33

9 (1.55)

8 (6.15)

0.13

C5 C6

1302.1 1225.5

1300300; 1000 660260; 400

32,578 58,401

0.25 0.16

17 (2.99) 3 (0.89)

7 (5.22) 2 (2.99)

0.63 0.50

C7

1328.9

740235; 505

86,273

0.06

3 (1.19)

3 (4.92)

0.00

I/P = number of the interview/number inhabitant (in percentage). a C1, Elsegui and Prez (1982) and Instituto de Estadstica de Navarra (2008). C2, Lorda (2001) and Instituto de Estadstica de Navarra (2008). C3, Peralta (2000). C4, Peralta and Olano (2000). C5, Peralta (1996). C6, Peralta (1997). C7, Peralta (2002). b Ardaiz (1980).

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and C4, respectively. These regions are directly related (C1 C4, C2 C5), due to the annual movement of the sheep of the winter pastures to the summer pastures, Transhumancia across the Canadas reales. Transhumancia allowed exchanging experiences and knowledge between shepherds of the different areas of Navarra. The informant consensus factor (FIC) in each region is less than the value obtained for the area in general (0.55). Only region C5 has a value greater than the general (0.63), due to the widespread use of Achillea millefolium ssp. millefolium, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi and Malva sylvestris. These data would be able to justify the low number of medicinal taxa employees in Navarra, as if certain plants are effective, we need not go looking for more (Mesa-Jimnez, 1996; Heinrich et al., 1998). 3.1. Species most often reported and with the most varied uses Of the 36 plant species traditionally used in Navarra for ethnoveterinary purposes (Table 2 ), the most frequently used plants were Malva sylvestris (15 different uses), Juglans regia (7) and Verbena ofcinalis (5). Malva sylvestris is also the most relevant in other areas studied (Bonet and Valls, 2007). These species are common, frequent and abundants according to frequency-abundance index (Gobierno de Navarra, 1991). 3.2. Botanical families The 287 species of Navarrass folk medicine belong to 72 families, with the following being the main ones: Compositae (14.29%), Labiatae (10.47%) and Rosaceae (8.01%). If we take the 36 species used to treat cattle illnesses, the degree of agreement is considerable: these taxa belong to 26 families, the main ones being Compositae (6 species), Labiatae (3), Malvaceae (3) and Urticaceae (2). It is worth mentioning that, although the number of species used in veterinary medicine is less than 13% of the total number of medicinal plants, the number of families reaches 36.1%. The same families are also the most relevant in other areas studied (Bonet and Valls, 2007 and references therein). This corroborates the argument of numerous authors that, the more common a plant (species or family) is in an area, the more likely it is that it is used (Johns et al., 1990; Bonet et al., 1992, 1999; Gonzlez-Tejero et al., 1995; Raja, 1995; Vzquez et al., 1997; Agelet, 1999; Fernndez-Ocana, 2000; Bonet, 2001; Novais et al., 2004; Maca et al., 2005; Scherrer et al., 2005; De la Cruz et al., 2007; Rigat et al., 2007). In addition, most of the families mentioned are very big and very rich in medicinal plants. 3.3. Parts of plant used in the composition of veterinary remedies The most frequently used parts of plants are the aerial part (54.7%), oral structures (17%) leaves (13.2%) and whole plant (7.5%). In low proportion used bark, oil, bulb and root (1.9% each one). These proportions are similar in other areas (Agelet and Valls, 1999; Bonet and Valls, 2007) and are consistent with the percentages of parts of plants used in Navarra for human medicine (Akerreta, 2009). Numerous studies establish a relation between the pharmacological activity of the plants and the used organ. The leaves are more exposed to environmental damages and therefore its synthesize as mechanisms of defense active compounds of therapeutic interest (McCune and Johns, 2007). For this reason this organ is the most employed in traditional medicine. Nevertheless, other parts of the plant like as owers, fruits or cone also contain compounds of pharmacological activity but on having been available during less time a year their use is low.

3.4. Methods of preparation and administration Plants used in traditional remedies are prepared and administered in different forms and the administration of these medicines includes oral absorption, poultice application, inhalation, or other means. The percentage of internal uses (64.06%) is signicantly higher than that if external uses (29.69%), 6.25% are Rites. Cold water extraction was by far the most common preparation used, infusions and decoctions (34.37%, each one), both with fresh plant (68.75%), dry plant (20.31%) and only a 10.93% without distinction. For internal use, tisanes (more infusions 51.22% than decoction 34.14%) are far followed by direct administration or comestible (9.76%), vapours and smoke inhalation or sahumerios (2.44% each one). The most important forms of preparation for external uses are decoctions (42.10%) and poultices (31.58%), both used for treatments of wounds. In minor proportion, preparations in olive oil (maceration), direct administration, infusion, vapours and smoke inhalation or sahumerios are also encountered (5.26% each one). We have not found differences in the forms of preparation and administration with human medicine (Vanaclocha and Canigueral, 2003). It is difcult to establish a quantitative formulation of remedies, because dosages are not always known (or only approximately given, almost never in units such as grams). 3.5. Main affections treated The most treated illnesses or troubles we grouped in seven pathological groups (Table 3). We found 19 remedies to treat digestive problems (carminative, colic, diarrhoea, evil tripe, gastroenteritis, laxative, purgative, stomach ache, to reactivate rumination, to the bloating and vomiting); 18 remedies to cure dermatological problems (scabies, skin spots, skin diseases, ringworm, and wounds); 10 remedies for respiratory tract infections (bronchitis, sore-throat, cold, distemper in dogs and cats and catarrh); 5 remedies to cure problems of the reproductive systems (mastitis, for the expulsion of the placenta and clean the animal, and contraceptive); 3 remedies are used to urinary systems (for the kidneys). Lesser numbers of remedies are used to cardiovascular conditions (hypertension, anti-inammatory) and depurative. At the end of Table 3 we indicate a group namely Various due to, in general, the use-reports are used if the animals are sick, without specifying the type of disease or condition. It is frequent that the informants indicate exactly the animal: for the disease of pigs (7 uses); for the disease of chickens (4 uses) and for the disease of sheep (1 use). We found a high degree of coincidence between the plants used in human and veterinary medicine because people use certain plants to take care of both themselves and their domestic animals, which are so important in their daily lives (Satrstegui, 1976; Bonet, 2001; Bonet and Valls, 2006). All reported species (36) are medicinal plants in human. For 44% of them (16) do not exist bibliographical references to the uses compiled, and for 25%, (9) only one reference has been found in veterinary (Table 4). Most of the plants (26 out of 36 species recorded, 77.22%) are used to treat only one ailment. Malva sylvestris is the most used plant for different diseases and regions: dermatology affections (4 uses, C1, C2 and C7), digestive alterations (3 uses, C1, C3 and C6) and respiratory problems (5 uses, C5 and C6). Gastrointestinal troubles (Table 3) are one of the most common health problems 24.36% of the uses tackled by popular phytomedicine in animals, as in humans. C5 show a high degree of reliability of the used claimed (FIC = 0.50); Juglans regia and Achillea millefolium are the most employed plants. A very frequent disease is tympany (distension of the abdomen due to the accumulation

S. Akerreta et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 130 (2010) 369378 Table 2 Ethnoveterinary uses of medicinal plants in Navarra. Family/scientic name Aquifoliaceae Ilex aquifolium L (PAMP 22899) Local names Part used Popular use (therapeutic category) To cure scabies in animals (Dm) To combat ringworm of cattle (Dm) To cure skin problems in cows (Dm) For the expulsion of the placenta and clean the animal after having pups (Rp) Purgative (Dg) Preparation Aa Cb

373

Rc

Acebo

Aerial part Aerial part

Rite Rite Rite

(F) (F) (F)

1 1 1

C4 C4 C2

Colositos, Bolostios Aspleniaceae Asplenium trichomanes L. subsp. trichomanes (PAMP 21116) Buxaceae Buxus sempervirens L. (PAMP 18660) Campanulaceae Campanula trachelium L. (PAMP 21143) Cannabaceae Humulus lupulus L. (PAMP 21144) Caprifoliaceae Sambucus nigra L. ssp. nigra (PAMP 18663)

Aerial part

Hierba de las mujeres

Whole plant

Infusion

Internal (F)

C4

Boj

Leaf

Infusion

Internal (I)

C4

Auxina hila

Aerial part

Pig diseases (Vr)

Infusion (cold)

Internal (I)

C1

Lupibelarra

Aerial part

Pig diseases (Vr)

Direct application in incision Poultice Smoke inhalation

External (F)

C1

Saco Flota

Bark (internal) Inorescence

Mastitis (Rp) For diseases of cows and mules, mostly bad bronchial (Rs) Stomach ache (Dg)

External (F) External (D)

1 1

C2 C3

Compositae Achillea millefolium L. ssp. millefolium (PAMP 21185)

Camomila

Inorescence

Infusion

Internal (D)

C5

Sore-throat (Rs) Anthemis arvensis L. ssp. arvensis (PAMP 18758) Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. (PAMP 18762) Manzanilla para los animales Manzanilla Inorescence Inorescence Animal diseases (Vr) To the bloating of the ewes in spring (Dg) Animal diseases (Vr)

Vapour inhalation Infusion Infusion Infusion (with Tanacetum parthenium) Decoction

Internal (D) Internal (D) Internal (D) Internal (D)

1 1 1 1

C5 C1 C1 C1

Jasonia tuberosa (L.) DC. (PAMP 21275) Santolina chamaecyparissus L. ssp. squarrosa (DC.) Nyman (PAMP 18777) Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz Bip. (PAMP 21310) Cupressaceae Juniperus communis L. ssp. communis (PAMP 21363) Ericaceae Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (PAMP 21407) Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia amygdaloides L. ssp. amygdaloides (PAMP 21500) Geraniaceae Geranium robertianum L. (PAMP 21548)

Flowered aerial part

Hierba para el mal de las gallinas

Inorescence

Colic and bloated feeling in the stomach (Dg) Chicken diseases (Vr)

Internal (D)

C6

Infusion

Internal (D)

C1

Manzanilla del ganado

Inorescence

Animal diseases (Vr)

Infusion (with Chamaemelum nobile) Comestible

Internal (D)

C1

Ginebro, orrea

Trunk oil

Sheep diseases (Vr)

Internal (F)

C3

Bicharuelo

Leaf

For the kidneys (Ur)

Decoction

Internal (I)

C5

Auskurrumia

Aerial part

Contraceptive for cows (Rp)

Decoction

Internal (F)

C1

Zaingorri Hierba para diarrea de gorrines

Aerial part Aerial part

Diarrhoea (Dg) Diarrhoea in calves and piglets (Dg) To reactivate rumination in steers, carminative (Dg)

Infusion Decoction

Internal (F) Internal (F)

1 1

C1 C1

Gramineae Avena sativa L. (PAMP 2)

Avena

Aerial part

Comestible

Internal (I)

C4

374 Table 2 (Continued. ) Family/scientic name Guttiferae Hypericum perforatum L. (PAMP 21555) Juglandaceae Juglans regia L. (PAMP 22072) Local names

S. Akerreta et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 130 (2010) 369378

Part used

Popular use (therapeutic category) Wounds (Dm)

Preparation

Aa

Cb

Rc

Hiprico

Flowered aerial part

Maceration (in olive oil) Decoction Decoction Decoction Infusion (cold) Decoction Infusion

External (F)

C7

Noguera Nogal

Leaf Leaf Leaf buds Aerial part Aerial part Flowered aerial part

Anticolic in horses (Dg) Wounds (Dm) Wounds (Dm) Pig diseases (Vr) Animal diseases (Vr) Cold (Rs)

Internal (F) External (F) External (F) Internal (F) Internal (F) Internal (D)

4 2 1 1 1 1

C4, C5 C2 C2 C1 C5 C2

Labiatae Lamium maculatum (L.) L. (PAMP 21574) Marrubium vulgare L. (PAMP 21596) Origanum vulgare L. ssp. vulgare (PAMP 21637) Liliaceae Allium sativum L. (PAMP 21718) Loranthaceae Viscum album L. ssp. album (PAMP 21819)

Auxina hila Marruego Organo

Ajo

Bulb

Distemper in dogs and cats (Rs) Hypertension (Cd) For the expulsion of the placenta (Rp)

Rite

(F)

C2

Murdago o mermasangre

Aerial part

Decoction Infusion

Internal (F) Internal (F)

1 1

C2 C1

Lythraceae Lythrum salicaria L. (PAMP 18707) Malvaceae Althaea ofcinalis L. (PAMP 18805) Malva neglecta Wallr. (PAMP 21824) Malva sylvestris L. (PAMP 21836)

Salicaria, makilbelarra

Aerial part

Diarrhoea, vomiting or gastroenteritis (Dg) Sore-throat (Rs) Stomach ache (Dg) Wounds (Dm) Laxative in horses (Dg) Cattle evil tripe (Dg) Wounds (Dm) Catarrh (Rs) Pig diseases (Vr) Respiratory problems in horses (Rs) Wounds in catle (Dm) Colic in horses (Dg) Anti-inammatory (Vr) To reactivate rumination, carminative (Dg) Animal diseases (Vr) Horse wounds (Dm) Depurative (Dp)

Infusion

Internal (I)

C1

Malvavisco

Root

Malva

Flower Aerial part Flower Aerial part

Vapour inhalation Infusion Poultice Decoction Infusion Poultice Smoke inhalation Infusion ms harina Decoction Decoction Decoction Decoction Infusion

External (F) External (F) External (F) Internal (F) Internal (F) External (F) Internal (D) Internal (F) Internal (F) External (F) Internal (F) External (F) Internal (F)

1 1 1 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1

C5 C5 C2 C5 C1 C1, C2 C5 C2 C6 C1 C6 C2 C3

Malva

Flowered aerial part Whole plant Oleaceae Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl ssp. angustifolia (PAMP 21846) Onagraceae Epilobium parviorum Schreb. (PAMP 21856) Primulaceae Anagallis arvensis L. (PAMP 19649) Fresno Leaf

Decoction Decoction Comestible

Internal (F) External (F) Internal (F)

1 1 1

C2 C7 C4

Auxina hila

Aerial part

Pig diseases (Vr)

Infusion (cold)

Internal (I)

C1

Pasmobelarra

Aerial part

Wounds disinfection (Dm) Wounds disinfection (Dm) For snake venom for sheep (Vr) For snake venom for sheep (Vr) Chicken diseases (Vr)

Whole plant Rosaceae Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (PAMP 21922)

Decoction (with Verbena ofcinalis) Decoction

External (F)

C1

External (I)

C1

Elorri zuria

Flowered aerial part

Poultice Infusion

External (F) Internal (F)

1 1

C1 C1

Tiliaceae Tilia platyphyllos Scop. ssp. platyphyllos (PAMP 18752)

Tilo

Inorescence

Decoction

Internal (D)

C4

Animal diseases (Vr)

Infusion

Internal (D)

C2

S. Akerreta et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 130 (2010) 369378 Table 2 (Continued. ) Family/scientic name Urticaceae Urtica dioica L. (PAMP 19658) Local names Part used Popular use (therapeutic category) Pig diseases (Vr) To the bloating of the ewes in spring (Dg) Spots on the skin of piglets (Dm) Chicken diseases (Vr) Wounds (Dm) Preparation Aa Cb

375

Rc

Auxina Oxina

Leaf buds Aerial part Whole plant

Comestible Infusion Decoction

Internal (F) Internal (F) Internal (F)

1 1 1

C1 C1 C7

Urtica urens L. (PAMP 21761) Verbenaceae Verbena ofcinalis L. (PAMP 21792)

Ortiga

Berbenabelarra Kolpebelarra

Flowered aerial part Aerial part

Infusion Decoction (With Anagallis arvensis) Poultice con clara de huevo Poultice con clara de huevo

Internal (F) External (F)

2 1

C1 C1

Verbena

Aerial part

Wounds of cattle (Dm) For wounds and problems in the udders of cows mastitis (Rp)

External (F) External (F)

1 1

C4 C3

Therapeutic category: Dg (Digestive); Dm (Dermatology); Rs (Respiratory); Rp (Reproductive); Ur (Urinary); Dp (Depurative); Cd (Cardiovascular); Vr (Various). a A: administration; F: fresh; D: dry; I: without distinction. b C: frequency of citation. c R: agricultural regions. Table 3 Taxa most employed in each therapheutic category and region for veterinary disorders. No. of uses (U) and percentage (%), no. of taxa (T) and FIC. Disorders Digestive General C1 C3 C4 C5 C6 Dermatology General C1 C2 C4 C7 Respiratory General C2 C3 C5 C6 Reproductive General C1 C2 C3 C4 Urinary General C5 Depurative General C4 Cardiovascular General C2 Various General C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 U 19 6 1 3 7 2 18 6 6 3 3 10 2 1 6 1 5 2 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 21 14 4 1 1 1 % 24.36 31.58 5.26 15.79 36.84 10.53 23.08 33.33 33.33 16.67 16.67 12.82 20.00 10.00 60.00 10.00 6.41 40.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 3.85 100 1.28 100 1.28 100 26.92 66.67 19.05 4.76 4.76 4.76 T 12 5 1 3 4 2 8 3 4 2 3 6 2 1 3 1 5 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 16 11 2 1 1 1 FIC 0.39 0.20 0 0 0.50 0 0.59 0.60 0.40 0.50 0 0.44 0 0 0.60 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 1.00 1.00 0 0 0 0 0.25 0.23 0.67 0 0 0 Taxa (most used) Juglans regia Geranium robertianum Malva sylvestris Buxus sempervirens; Juglans regia; Avena sativa Juglans regia; Achillea millefolium Malva sylvestris; Jasonia tuberosa Malva sylvestris Anagallis arvensis Juglans regia Ilex aquifolium Urtica urens; Hypericum perforatum; Malva sylvestris Malva sylvestris Origanum vulgare ssp. vulgare, Allium sativum Sambucus nigra ssp. nigra Malva sylvestris Malva sylvestris Euphorbia amygdaloides, Viscum album, Sambucus nigra, Verbena ofcinalis, Asplenium trichomanes Euphorbia amygdaloides ssp. amygdaloides; Viscum album ssp. album Sambucus nigra ssp. nigra Verbena ofcinalis Asplenium trichomanes ssp. trichomanes Arctostaphylos uva-ursi % 21.05 33.33 100 33.33 42.86 50.00 22.22 50.00 50.00 66.67 33.33 50.00 50.00 100 66.67 100

50.00 100 100 100 100

Fraxinus angustifolia ssp. angustifolia

100

Viscum album ssp. album

100

Malva sylvestris Verbena ofcinalis; Humulus lupulus; Crataegus monogyna Malva sylvestris Juniperus communis ssp. communis Tilia platyphyllos ssp. platyphyllos Marrubium vulgare

14.29 14.29 75.00 100 100 100

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Table 4 Ethnoveterinary uses of medicinal plants in Navarra. Therapeutic category Digestive Family/scientic name Achillea millefolium ssp. millefolium Althaea ofcinalis Avena sativa Buxus sempervirens Chamaemelum nobile Geranium robertianum Jasonia tuberosa Juglans regia Lythrum salicaria Malva neglecta Malva sylvestris Urtica dioica Dermatology Anagallis arvensis Hypericum perforatum Ilex aquifolium Juglans regia Malva neglecta Malva sylvestris Urtica urens Verbena ofcinalis Respiratory Achillea millefoliumssp. millefolium Allium sativum Althaea ofcinalis Malva sylvestris Origanum vulgare ssp. vulgare Sambucus nigra ssp. nigra Asplenium trichomanes ssp. trichomanes Euphorbia amygdaloides ssp. amygdaloides Sambucus nigra ssp. nigra Verbena ofcinalis Viscum albumssp. album Urinary Depurative Cardiovascular Various Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Fraxinus angustifolia ssp. angustifolia Viscum album ssp. album Anthemis arvensis ssp. arvensis Campanula trachelium Chamaemelum nobile Crataegus monogyna Epilobium parviorum Humulus lupulus Juniperus communis ssp. communis Lamium maculatum Malva sylvestris Marrubium vulgare Santolina chamaecyparissus ssp. squarrosa Tanacetum parthenium Tilia platyphyllos ssp. platyphyllos Urtica dioica Verbena ofcinalis 0: no references; +3: more than three references. Veterinary references Agelet and Valls (1999), Agelet et al. (2002) and Pinto (2005) Fernndez (1990) and Lans et al. (2007) Raja (1995) and Bonet and Valls (2007) +3 Fernndez (1990) and Pardo de Santayana (2004) 0 0 Guarrera (1999) and Pardo de Santayana (2004) Pardo de Santayana (2004) and Bonet and Valls (2006, 2007) Agelet and Valls (1999) and Pardo de Santayana (2004) +3 Agelet et al. (2002), Pardo de Santayana (2004) and Lans et al. (2007) 0 +3 Verde (2002) +3 Blanco et al. (1999) +3 Galn (1993) Agelet et al. (2002) 0 +3 0 Fernndez (1990) 0 0 0 0 Agelet (1999), Valls et al. (2004) and Bonet and Valls (2006) 0 Pardo de Santayana (2004) 0 0 Villar et al. (1987), Fernndez (1990) and Agelet et al. (2002) Galn (1993) and Pardo de Santayana (2004) 0 Pinto (2005) 0 0 0 +3 0 +3 +3 +3 +3 Pardo de Santayana (2004) +3 Agelet et al. (2000) Human references +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 Fernndez (1981, 1990) and Lakar and Telletxea (2006) +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 Pieroni and Quave (2005) 0 +3 Raja (1995) San Miguel (2004) and Kltr (2007) +3 +3 +3 +3 Rigat (2005) and Rigat et al. (2007) +3 0 0 +3 +3 Villar et al. (1987), San Miguel (2004) and Pinto (2005) +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3

Reproductive

of air or gas in the gastrointestinal tract or abdominal cavity particularly affects ruminants bloat or ruminal tympany and can very well cause collapse and death). This trouble is considered by our informants as to the bloating of the animals in spring and the most used species are Chamaemelum nobile, Urtica dioica, Malva sylvestris, administered in infusion y Avena sativa as edible plant (Table 2). As well, Agelet and Valls (1999) and Viegi et al. (2003) indicate a high number of plants used for the same purpose. For two species, Geranium robertianum and Jasonia tuberosa, does not

exist bibliographic references in the scientic literature of the use in veterinary; nevertheless, both possess numerous references in human medicine for the same indications. The wounds of the cattle are the most frequent affections (77.77% uses reports) in Dermatology. C1, C2 and C4 present high FIC (0.60, 0.40 and 0.50, respectively) due to the frequent use of certain plants: Anagallis arvensis, for the disinfection of wounds in the humid zone of the northwest (C1), it is important to indicate that no reference has been found in the literature for this therapeutic

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indication; Juglans regia, in the valleys of the pre-Pyrenean (C2); and Ilex aquifolium a ritual plant (the plants hung on the cattle) in C4. In Castilla La Mancha, Ilex aquifolium is employed for the same purpose (Verde, 2002). The treatment of dermatological affections is more frequent in the C1 and C2 in both veterinary and human medicine (Akerreta, 2009). The humid climate of these regions increases the appearance of external infected wounds that heal slowly. In C5 the most used species in respiratory affections is Malva sylvestris (FIC = 0.60); 4 of 6 reported uses are due to this plant. The sahumerios of Sambucus nigra for the treatment of colds are used both in human beings and in animals. For 2/3 of the species (4) bibliographic references do not exist in veterinary; all of them have been widely studied human medicine. Placenta retention is the most frequent after labour in animals, Asplenium trichomanes ssp. trichomanes, Viscum album ssp. album are the plants used for this purpose. We have found very few bibliographic references to both species in this therapeutic category (0 and 1, respectively). For the category Urinary, Depurative and Cardiovascular only one plant has been compiled for each group. It is important to highlighting the use of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (FIC = 1, C5) for the kidneys. For Crataegus monogyna and Epilobium parviorum we have not found bibliographic references for veterinary and human uses. 4. Concluding remarks The present study showed that a part of the pool of medicinal plants that constitute the pharmaceutical ethnoora of Navarra are used in veterinary medicine (36 species, 12.54% of medicinal uses). The remedies are mostly for cows, calves, sheep, pigs and horses, but cover almost all domestic animal species. The main ailments treated are digestive troubles and dermatological problems. The consistency and persistence of plant veterinary uses are relatively low, and a considerable number (69.4%) of the uses found are new or very little documented to date. Although agriculture and livestock-raising are still relevant human activities, it is clear that rural life and its associated traditional culture have become rarer and will probably be residual in a few years, so that there is a real urgency in assembling all ethnobotanical information, both to preserve cultural patrimony and to make available data that could lead to the development of new medicines. In our study a number of scarcely reported plant uses has been detected, some of them with promising phytotherapeutical applications. More specic actions could involve prioritising this large list and then conducting validation studies. We believe that there should be some studies of efcacy and safety of the listed species to foster wider acceptability and could start with Geranium robertianum against digestive affections, Anagallis arvensis for dermatological troubles, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi against urinary diseases. If further developed, it could add useful drugs to modern veterinary pharmacopoeia. Acknowledgements We thank all our informants, who were happy to share with us their knowledge. This study has been subsidized by a grant from the Navarra Government, and the Foundation Universidad de Navarra. References
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