MICRO HYDRO COMPONENTS AND SURVEYING ASPECTS

Presented by: Krishna Prasad Devkota UCS/NMHDA

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Contents of the Presentation

MH Components Site Survey

Load Survey Flow Measurement Location & Alignment Fixing Alignment Survey & Head Measurement

Power Equation Reporting

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Components of Micro Hydro Project

Civil

Components Components

Mechanical Electrical

Components Network
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(Electro-mechanical Components)
Transmission/Distribution
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Civil Componentsl;len ;+/rgfx? n3' hnljB't cfof]hgfsf of Micro Hydro

Trash rack
Headrace
WEIR

Intake
Canal

sil De

B ting

n asi
Canal

Crossing
Cr os s ing

Forebay
Forbay

Sp ilw ay

Anchor Block
Anchor Block Support Pier

Weir Spillway Source

Canal
Sp
Riv

ay ilw

Kh

er/ K

ho

la

Support Piers Spill way

Penstock Pipe Anchor Block

sa ol
il Ta e rac

Power House

Power House

Tailrace
Major Civil Components Of Micro Hydro Scheme

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Weir and Intake

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Desilting Basin

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Canal

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Forebay

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SUPPORT STRUCTURES

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Powerhouse and Tailrace

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Electro-Mechanical Components of Micro Hydro

Transmission Line
Forbay Trasrack Air Vent Pipe Anchor Block Expansion Joint

Penstock pipe
H.T. Lightning Arrestor L.T. Lightning Arrestor

Support Pire

Penstock Pipe

Expansion Joint
Anchor Block

R Y B

ELC
Drop- out Fuse

Transformer Generator
ELC Board
H. T. Line L. T. Line MCCB Transformer ( T1) 400/11000 V, 15kVA T. Plate form Danger Plate Ground Level

Earthing
Generator Turbine

Turbine
Power House

Electro Mechanical Components Of Micro Hydro Scheme

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Electro-Mechanical Arrangement
Pressure Gauge

Valve Expansion Joint

Turbine Direct Coupling Base Frame

Generator

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Electro-Mechanical Arrangement

ELC=

Balast Tank

Turbine

Genrator

Pulley & Belt

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IGC/ELC/Governor

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Transmission/Distribution Network

Service Line House wiring

Distribution Line

Transmission Line Powerhouse

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Transmission/Distribution

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Site Survey To gather the detailed information and measurement of the site for the suitability of the installation of a micro hydro plant.

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Major Tasks of site survey Power demand (Load Survey);

Flow Head

measurement; measurement; power output (Tentative);

Optimum Water

users; High flood level Social aspects

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(Interest/motivation/capability/conflict of the community)

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Major Tasks of site survey

Location
(Alignment, Geological Aspect & Space Availability)

(Contd...)

of the civil structures

Transmission/distribution Protection

Length (with household distribution); works; aspects;

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Environmental Economical
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aspects;

Demand survey
This survey is mainly the preparation of potential consumers list with their power demand.

Count the number of households, shops, lodges, offices, temples, schools, industries etc. Calculate the power needed for each consumer (in terms of the numbers of bulbs or tube lights,
radio, TV, fans and other appliances).

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Calculate total power demand

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Flow Measurement

To find the available discharge in the source (river/stream) for power generation

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Flow Measurement Method Bucket method Conductivity method (Salt dilution method) Weir method Current meter method Float Method Ultrasonic method
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Applicability
Bucket method : < 30 lps Conductivity meter: 30 lps to 2000 lps Weir Method:

Current meter: > 2000 lps Float method: Rough method (only for estimate) Ultrasonic method: for discharge in penstock pipe/Canal

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Triangular Smaller flow Rectangular- Larger flow

Flow Estimation
To estimate the available discharge for the power generation throughout the year. Common Methods used in Nepal:

MIP method WECS/DHM method

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Flow estimation

MIP method for catchment area less than 100 km2 For catchment area larger than 100 km2 along with the MIP method, WECS/DHM method could be used Lower values derived from the above two methods should be adopted 11 month exceedance flow should be compared with measured flow of detailed feasibility study

M I P m ethod is m ostly adopted in N epal

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Medium Irrigation Project (MIP) Method

Developed by M. Mac Donald (consulting firm) in 1990. Country divided into 7 hydrological regions. Based on wading measurements by Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, non-dimensional regional hydrographs were developed for each region. The month of April was used for non-dimensionalizing. Coefficients for each month for each region have been developed
INPUT
Low flow measurement

Measurement date MIP region number

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OUTPUT Mean monthly flows

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MIP Method
Month Non dimensional flow or Region 3 2.71 1.88 1.38 1.00 600 (15 April) 1.88 3.13 13.54 25.00 20.83 10.42 5.00 3.75 Factor = 600/1 e.g. Jan flow = 600x2.71 = 1626 l/s Measured flow (l/s) Factor Estimated mean monthly flows (m3/s) 1.626 1,128 0.828 0.600 1.128 1.878 8.124 15.000 12.498 6.252 3.000 2.250 4.526
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January February March April May June July August September October November December Annual Avg.
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Nepalese Guidelines & Standards for MHP Hydrology

Discharge measurement between November & May (dry season) No rain during the past 3 days from the day of flow measurement flow (Qd) at river for 11 months excedence. Consider seepage (5-10%) + environmental flows (10-15%). Thus, need to use at most 85% of the 11 months exceedance flow. +- 10% tolerance on Qd at commissioning.
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Location & Alignment Fixing

While selecting the location for the MH components following considerations have to be made.
Weir and Intake

Possible to divert the flow either naturally or by constructing a simple and low height weir

Headrace Canal

Safe from high flood, landslip, tension cracks, falling rocks etc.

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Location & Alignment Fixing (Contd)

Settling/desilting Basins

Close to the intake & possible to flush the sediments safely

Forebay

Stable, safe and suitable for penstock route.

Spillways

At forebay, settling basin and at canal

(as per necessity)

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Location & Alignment Fixing

Penstock alignment

(Contd)

Stable, safe, straight as possible with minimum number of bends and steeper terrain (30 -45)

Powerhouse adequate space, safe from floods & safe to discharge the tail water back into the stream.
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Alignment Survey & Head Measurement

To find the topographical feature and level difference between the Intake, forebay and powerhouse.

Common Methods:
Abney Level Auto Level Theodolite Total Station

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Environmental Consideration

Necessary precautions need to be made during the survey & project implementation period in order to reduce the environmental impacts.

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Power Output Calculation

CIVIL COMPONENTS
Village

Head (m)

Discharge (l/s)

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Power Equation

P = * g*Q*H*
Where, P = Power (Watt) = Density of water (kg/m3) g = Acceleration due to gravity (m/sec2) Q = Discharge (l/sec) H = Head (meter) = Overall efficiency
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Reporting

Flow Calculation Estimation of Discharge Design Discharge Demand Supply Analysis End Use Application Design & Drawings (sizes of structures/equipment) ; Cost/financial analysis and Conclusion and Recommendations.
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Thanks!!!

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