Optical Communications (April-2012, Set-1) JNTU-Kakinada

Code No.: K0421/R07 IV B.Tech. II Semester Regular/Supplementary Examinations

S.1

April - 2012 OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS

( Electronics and Communication Engineering )

Set-1
Solutions
Max. Marks: 80

Time: 3 Hours Answer any FIVE Questions All Questions carry equal marks --1. (a) Draw the electromagnetic spectrum. Explain different ranges and their wavelengths.

Clearly show the range of wavelengths used for optical fiber communication. (Unit-I, Topic No. 1.1) (b) 2. (a) (b) 3. (a) (b) What are the advantages of optical fibers over conventional transmission lines? [8+8] (Unit-I, Topic No. 1.3) Discuss the different absorption losses in SiO2 fiber at 850 nm, 1300 nm and 1550 nm. (Unit-II, Topic No. 2.3) What are the basic attenuation mechanisms in the optical fiber communication? Explain in brief on what factor these mechanisms depend. [8+8] (Unit-II, Topic No. 2.3) Derive the expression for the waveguide dispersion also find the relationship between V and . (Unit-III, Topic No. 3.2) A single mode fiber operating at the wavelength of 1.3m is found to have a total material dispersion of 2.81 ns and a total waveguide dispersion of 0.495 ns. Determine the received pulse width and approximate bit-rate of the fiber if the transmitted pulse has a width of 0.5 ns. [8+8] (Unit-III, Topic No. 3.2) With the help of expressions, explain internal quantum efficiency and modulation capability of LED.

4.

(a) (b)

(Unit-IV, Topic No. 4.3)

Obtain the expression for the 3dB modulation bandwidth of LED and discuss the importance of radiative recombination lifetime. [8+8] (Unit-IV, Topic No. 4.3) Describe lensing mechanisms to improve coupling efficiency between a source and a fiber.

5.

(a) (b)

(Unit-V, Topic No. 5.1)

Derive an expression for power coupled from a Lambertian surface emitting LED into a smaller step-index fiber. [8+8] (Unit-V, Topic No. 5.1) Differentiate between the photodiode parameters, quantum limit and dark current. (Unit-VI, Topic No. 6.6) The quantum efficiency of an InGaAs P_I_N diode is 80% in the wavelength range between 1300 nm and 1600 nm. Compute the range of responsivity of the P_I_N diode in the specified wavelength range. [8+8]

6.

(a) (b)

(Unit-VI, Topic No. 6.1)

7. (a) (b) 8. (a) (b) (c) Give an account of fiber optic link power budget with an example. (Unit-VII, Topic No. 7.4) List the factors involved in launching optical power from a light source to a fiber. [8+8] (Unit-VII, Topic No. 7.1) How is WBDM accomplished? (Unit-VIII, Topic No. 8.2) What are all the possibilities for WDM systems? (Unit-VIII, Topic No. 8.2) What is DWDM? [6+6+4] (Unit-VIII, Topic No. 8.2)

( JNTU-Kakinada )

B.Tech. IV-Year II-Sem.

S.2

Optical Communications (April-2012, Set-1) JNTU-Kakinada

SOLUTIONS TO APRIL-2012, SET-1, Q.P

Q1. (a) Draw the electromagnetic spectrum. Explain different ranges and their wavelengths. Clearly show the range of wavelengths used for optical fiber communication. Answer : The electromagnetic spectrum is shown in below figure, April-12, Set-1, Q1(a) M[8]

Destination Ultraviolet visible 10

6m

Transmission Media 800 m Optical fibers Laser beams 2.55 m

Applications 1015 Hz Telephone Data Video

Infrared

1014 Hz

1 cm 10 cm 1m 10 m 100 m 1 km 10 km 100 km

Milimeter waves Super high Frequency Ultra high frequency Very high frequency High frequency Medium frequency Low frequency Very low frequency Audio

Navigation satellite to satellite microwave Microwave relay earth-to-satellite radio radar waveguide UHF TV Mobile, aeronautical Shortwave VHFTV and FM radio Mobile radio Coaxial cable Business Amateur radio international citizens band AM broadcasting Aeronautical sabmarine Longwave cable navigation radio transoceanic radio Telephone telegraph
Figure

100 GHz 10 GHz 1 GHz

100 MHz

10 MHz 1 MHz 100 kHz 10 kHz 1 kHz

Wire pairs

From the above figure, it is clear that for optical communication light is used as carrier wave. The frequency of light ranges from 1014 to 1015 Hz. In terms of wavelength it ranges from 10 nm to 106 nm. This can be subdivided into three regions. Namely, (a) (b) (c) Ultraviolet range ( = 10 nm to 380 nm) Visible range ( = 380 nm to 760 nm) Infrared ( = 760 nm to 106 nm)

B.Tech. IV-Year II-Sem.

( JNTU-Kakinada )

Optical Communications (April-2012, Set-1) JNTU-Kakinada

(b) Answer : What are the advantages of optical fibers over conventional transmission lines? April-12, Set-1, Q1(b) M[8] Answer : (b) Q5. (a)

S.3
Describe lensing mechanisms to improve coupling efficiency between a source and a fiber. April-12, Set-1, Q5(a) M[8] Derive an expression for power coupled from a Lambertian surface emitting LED into a smaller step-index fiber. April-12, Set-1, Q5(b) M[8] Differentiate between the photodiode parameters, quantum limit and dark current. April-12, Set-1, Q6(a) M[8] The quantum efficiency of an InGaAs p_i_n diode is 80% in the wavelength range between 1300 nm and 1600 nm. Compute the range of responsivity of the p_i_n diode in the specified wavelength range. April-12, Set-1, Q6(b) M[8] Give an account of fiber optic link power budget with an example. April-12, Set-1, Q7(a) M[8] List the factors involved in launching optical power from a light source to a fiber. April-12, Set-1, Q7(b) M[8]

For answer refer Unit-I, Q6, Topic: Advantages of Optical Fiber Communication. Q2. (a) Discuss the different absorption losses in SiO2 fiber at 850 nm, 1300 nm and 1550 nm. April-12, Set-1, Q2(a) M[8] What are the basic attenuation mechanisms in the optical fiber communication? Explain in brief on what factor these mechanisms depend. April-12, Set-1, Q2(b) M[8] Derive the expression for the waveguide dispersion also find the relationship between V and . April-12, Set-1, Q3(a) M[8]

For answer refer Unit-V, Q6.

Answer : (b)

Answer : Q6. (a)

For answer refer Unit-II, Q14.

For answer refer Unit-V, Q2.

Answer : (b)

Answer : Q3. (a)

For answer refer Unit-VI, Q46.

For answer refer Unit-II, Q10.

Answer :

For answer refer Unit-III, Q3, Topic: Waveguide Dispersion. (b) A single mode fiber operating at the wavelength of 1.3m is found to have a total material dispersion of 2.81 ns, and a total waveguide dispersion of 0.495 ns. Determine the received pulse width and approximate bit-rate of the fiber if the transmitted pulse has a width of 0.5 ns. April-12, Set-1, Q3(b) M[8] With the help of expressions, explain internal quantum efficiency and modulation capability of LED. April-12, Set-1, Q4(a) M[8] Obtain the expression for the 3 dB modulation bandwidth of LED and discuss the importance of radiative recombination lifetime. April-12, Set-1, Q4(b) M[8]

Answer : Q7. (a)

For answer refer Unit-VI, Q33.

Answer : (b) Answer :

For answer refer Unit-VII, Q5.

Answer : Q4. (a)

For answer refer Unit-III, Q11.

Launching optical power from source into the fiber needs the following considerations, (i) Numerical aperture (ii) Core size (iii) Refractive index profile (iv) Core cladding index difference to the fiber (v) Radiance (vi) Angular power distribution of the optical source. A measure of the amount of optical power emitted from a source that can be coupled into a fiber usually given by the coupling efficiency is defined as, =

Answer : (b)

For answer refer Unit-IV, Q16 (i), (ii).

Answer :

For answer refer Unit-IV, Q14.

PF PS

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B.Tech. IV-Year II-Sem.

S.4

Optical Communications (April-2012, Set-1) JNTU-Kakinada

Where, PF is the power coupled into the fiber and Ps is the power emitted from the light source.

The launching or coupling efficiency depends on the type of fiber that is attached to the source and on the coupling process, many source suppliers offer devices with short length of optical fiber (1m or less) attached in an optimum power coupling configuration. This section of fiber is generally referred to as fly lead devices. These fly lead sources reduces many power-launching problems and make the coupling easier. The effects to be considered are, (i) (ii) Fiber misalignment Different core sizes

(iii) Numerical apertures (iv) Core refractive index (v) The need for clean and smooth fiber end faces that are perpendicular to the fiber axis.

While considering the source to fiber power coupling efficiency, the radiance (spatial distribution of optical power) is important rather than the total output power. Q8. (a) How is WBDM accomplished? April-12, Set-1, Q8(a) M[6]

Answer : For answer refer Unit-VIII, Q5, Topic: Operation Principle of WDM. (b) Answer : For answer refer Unit-VIII, Q5, Topic: Features of Wavelength Division Multiplexing. (c) Answer : Directional WDM System For answer refer Unit-VIII, Q4, Topic: Directional WDM system. What is DWDM? What are all the possibilities for WDM systems?

April-12, Set-1, Q8(b) M[6]

April-12, Set-1, Q8(c) M[4]

B.Tech. IV-Year II-Sem.

( JNTU-Kakinada )