Halton - Chilled Beam Design Guide

Care for Indoor Air

Halton

- Care for Indoor Air

Halton believes that high quality indoor air is the key to a healthier and more productive life. We make this possible by delivering leading indoor climate products and solutions, ranging from commercial buildings to Marine and offshore environments systems. Halton broad chilled beam range offers solutions from active and passive chilled beams to service beams. Halton chilled beams are designed to provide advanced flexibility, comfort and competitive life cycle costs. Here are some of our references world-wide.

Halton active chilled beams create unique flexibility and good indoor climate conditions during the life cycvle of the building.

Active beam range includes various outlook options for applications ranging from offices to hospital wardrooms.

Halton chilled beams adapt easily to different interior designs of the space. Installations vary from exposed to concealed.

Passive chilled beams offer various alternatives for installation of the products for renovations and new builds.

Active service beams integrate various building services e.g. luminaires, cabling, loud speakers, sprinklers into a single unit.

Passive beams are also available as service beam concept and can integrate various serviced into all-in-one solution.

Halton Chilled Beam Design Guide

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Contents

Chilled Beam Design Guide

1. Chilled beam system 2. Target definition 3. Active chilled beams 3.1 Active chilled beam system 3.2 Chilled beam system design 3.3 System design strategies 3.4 Design elements 3.5 Chilled beam model selection 3.6 Adaptable chilled beam concepts 3.7 Chilled beam orientation and ventilation arrangements 3.8 Operation range specification 3.9 Pre-selection and selection 3.10 Indoor climate conditions design 3.11 Management of room conditions 3.13 Case study 4. Passive chilled beams 4.1 Passive chilled beam system 4.2 Chilled beam system design 4.3 Chilled beam model selection 4.4 Chilled beam orientation and ventilation arrangements 4.5 Operation range definition 4.6 Pre-selection and selection 4.7 Design of indoor climate conditions 4.8 Management of room conditions 5. Customised service beams 5.1 Luminaires and other integrated technical services

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7 8 9 10 12 14 22 24 25 27 28 31

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Contents
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Haltons chilled beam system is an air conditioning system for cooling, heating, and ventilation in spaces where good indoor climate and individual space control are appreciated. A chilled beam system provides comfortable thermal conditions with quiet and energy-efficient operation. The system can be realised with active or passive chilled beams, integrated multi-service chilled beams, or bulkhead-installed horizontal induction units.

Chilled beam system

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1. Chilled beam system

A chilled beam system provides excellent indoor climate conditions and cost-efficient life-cycle costs when realisation is managed properly from design to use of the building, covering: Definition of targets System design Product selection Room control Ductwork and pipework design Central systems design Eventual free cooling / heat pump applications Installation and commissioning Verification of indoor climate conditions

Flexibility throughout the lifetime of the building Modern office buildings are designed to allow flexibility in use of the spaces to meet the requirements of even high churn rates (percentage of people moving in the building in one year). The air conditioning system design can be carried out according to different strategies, for more limited to full flexibility: AdaptableClimate concept Traditional design Flexibility requirements can affect the design, logistics in transport and at the site, and the tasks required when layout or the use of space changes. Halton chilled beams Haltons chilled beam range includes many different types and models: Adaptable active chilled beams (CCC, CCE) for suspended-ceiling and exposed installation Active chilled beams for suspended-ceiling installation (CBC, CBD) Active chilled beams for exposed installation (CBE, CBH) Passive chilled beams for suspended-ceiling installation (CPA) Passive chilled beams for exposed suspended-ceiling installation (CPT) Customised active and passive service beams for both suspended-ceiling and exposed installations Compact, bulkhead-installed induction units with unidirectional horizontal air supply (CHH) Applications for different chilled beam types Active chilled beams. Active chilled beams are well suited to private and public office buildings, health care facilities,

and hotel buildings in new construction as well as refurbishment projects. Active chilled beams are especially suitable for landscape and cell offices, patient care spaces, and hotel guest rooms. Passive chilled beams. Passive chilled beams are used in the same applications as active chilled beams. There are, however, specific conditions favouring passive beam installations: Applications where ventilation rates are relatively high e.g., 3 4 l/s/m2 (10 15 m3/h/m2) Refurbishment projects where the existing ventilation system is to be preserved for the most part Where ventilation is realised using a separate system e.g., an under-floor air distribution system Chilled beams with uni-directional air supply. Units with uni-directional air supply are used in spaces where most of the ceiling is left free of room unit installations. The units can be standard chilled beam units designed for performance with uni-directional supply or units dedicated to uni-directional air supply in exposed or bulkhead installations. Customised service beams. Active and passive customised service chilled beams are feasible for refurbishment projects in office and other public buildings. The benefits of multi-service chilled beam systems are: Effective installation of technical services and good total quality of installations due to off-site manufacturing and short construction process Selection of exposed or ceiling-integrated beams on the basis of a feasibility study for the building by consulting engineers The ability to create aesthetic interior architecture even when floor height is low

Chilled beam system

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2. Target definition
When the main targets for system operation and performance are set, the indoor climate target values are specified. One of the key goals in designing good indoor climate conditions is to adjust the cooling and heating capacity to the level that meets both optimal comfort and energy-efficiency targets. Module sizing and flexibility requirements are also important factors influencing both design decisions and life cycle cost management for the building. It is also important to take into account national or international standards and building codes. Indoor climate design conditions: Thermal conditions according to national or international standards or classifications Room air or ambient temperature Room air mean velocity or draught rate (DR) Internal surface temperatures and radiant asymmetry Air quality criteria according to national or international standards or classifications. Air quality is often indicated with: Outdoor airflow rate level CO2- concentrations Sound level requirement (NR or LpA) Typical spaces Room and module dimensions Usage and occupancy level Window and walltype, solar shading Life cycle costs: arget system investment cost level (/m2) T Energy-efficiency targets' levels can be expressed as specific level of consumption of heating, air conditioning and electric power (fan power). The building shall be classified according to these consumption levels. (Energy Efficiency of Buildings Directive 2002/91/EC)
Indoor climate factor Unit Operating temperature Operating temperature Vertical temperature gradient Mean velocity Mean velocity Sound pressure level Sound pressure level Ventilation rate Ventilation rate Design assumptions Winter Summer 0,1 m / 1,1 m Winter Summer Office rooms Landscape offices Office rooms Landscape offices Occupancy: Cooling load: C C C m/s m/s dB(A) dB(A) l/s m
2

aintenance level targets indicate: M Predicted service intervals Their labour demand Accessibility of service points Need to replace parts / replacement interval (valve, filter, motor etc.) Flexibility for change: lexibility requirements can be characterised with F the required tasks when layout or the use of space changes: Need for office / meeting room changes Need to relocate internal walls Need for installation / reconnection of terminal units or control units Adjustment of airflow rates Adjustment of water flow rates Other adjustments (e.g. personal requirements) Order delivery chain: argets for order delivery indicate the versatility of T the terminal unit in terms of their models, sizes and operation parameters.

Classification A 22+-1 24,5+-1 2 0,15 0,18 30 35 2 1,7

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B 22+-2 24,5+-1,5 3 0,18 0,22 35 40 1,4 1,2

C 22+-3 24,5+-2,5 4 0,21 0,25 40 45 0,8 0,7

l/s m2

office rooms 0,1 person/m , landscape offices 0,07 person/m2 50W/m2

Indoor climate target levels according to CEN report 1752, on maximum values for thermal conditions.

Target definition
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Schematic diagram of a chilled beam system with both cooling and heating modes.

3. Active chilled beams 3.1 Active chilled beam system

The chilled beam system is an air/water system for hightemperature cooling and low-temperature heating that utilises the excellent heat transfer properties of water and provides a good indoor climate energy-efficiently. Typically, a chilled beam system is realised as a dedicated outdoor air system with sufficient airflow rates to ensure good indoor air quality. Either the system employs a four-pipe system or a separate perimeter heating system is used. Operation of the system Chilled beam systems are designed to use the dry cooling principle, operating in conditions where condensation is prevented by control applications. Chilled water can be produced by a dedicated chiller or a common chiller for air handling units with a separate, flow-water-temperature-controlled loop for chilled beams. Space temperature control is realised with variable water flow control. Ventilation Ventilation using active chilled beams is an efficient mixing ventilation application that results in uniform air quality. Supply air is discharged into the space through linear slots on either both sides or only one side of the chilled beam. Horizontal induction units have grilles for horizontal air supply. In demand-based ventilation applications, supply air flow can be increased by means of an integrated diffuser without affecting the heat transfer of the chilled beam. Cooling Active chilled beams use the primary air to induce and recirculate the room air through the heat exchanger of the unit, resulting in high cooling capacities and excellent thermal conditions in the space. High-temperature cooling enables the use of free-cooling sources. Heating Integration of heating into chilled beams is recommended when heating capacity is low enough (150 250 W/m), and the low heat transmission through the windows prevents a down-draught under the window. Low-temperature heating enables the use of various waste-heat sources. Alternatively to water-circulated heating, electric heating can be integrated in chilled beam units.

Active Chilled Beams

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3.2 Chilled beam system design

A chilled beam system can be designed to fulfil requirements for sustainable, energy-efficient buildings that provide flexible use of space and a healthy and productive indoor climate. A chilled beam system can realise excellent indoor climate conditions in terms of thermal and acoustic properties throughout wide operation ranges and in many installation scenarios. There are several choices to be made, each having an influence on the performance, investments, operation, and maintenance costs. The tables below present the range of variation of the main design characteristics and typical ranges of operation for a chilled beam system.
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS FOR CHILLED BEAM SYSTEM EVALUATION
Indoor climate conditions AdaptableClimate concept Good indoor climate conditions and efficient, practical operation with highly realistic design data for the building's whole life cycle. Traditional concept Reservations for performance at extreme capacity levels with high safety margins.

Use of the space Changes in use of the space and layout changes with marginal churn costs. Optimised performance and unit cost for individual spaces with limitations in flexibility. Relatively high churn costs.

Efficiency of logistics Effective design, installation, and commissioning processes; streamlined logistics with a uniform product range. Need for individual product identification in design, ordering, delivery, and installation. Life-cycle performance Higher investments in more efficient chilled beams (greater difference), enabling savings in pipework central units and lower operation costs. Lower investment costs for chilled beams and higher total investment and operating costs.

TYPICAL INPUT VALUES AND OPERATION RANGES

Room temperature, summer Room temperature, winter Supply air temperature Water inlet temperature, cooling Water inlet temperature, heating Target duct pressure level Target water flow rate Sound pressure level

23..25 C 20..22 C 16..19 C 1416 C 35 40 C 70 120 Pa 0.020.06 kg/s < 35 dB(A)

Outdoor air flow rate / floor area, offices Outdoor air flow rate / floor area, meeting Outdoor air flow rate / effective unit length Additional air flow rate in meeting rooms Cooling capacity / floor area Cooling capacity / effective unit length Heating capacity / floor area Heating capacity / effective unit length

1.5 . . 2.5 l/s/m2 1.5 4 l/s/m2 5 ... 12 l/s/m 0 ... 45 l/s 80 W/m
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5 9 m3/h/m2 5 22 m3/h/m2 18 ... 44 m3/h/m 0 ... 160 m3/h 120 W/m2 * 400 W/m * 60 W/m2 ** 250 W/m **

250 W/m 40 W/m

2

150 W/m

Note * Note **

It is reasonable to study the room air velocity conditions carefully It is reasonable to study the thermal conditions carefully

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3.3 System design strategies

When a chilled beam system is designed and chilled beams are selected, there are several angles to be considered. The main target is to achieve excellent indoor climate conditions in spaces for the whole life cycle of the building, even if there is a continuous need to make changes in the space usage or layout. Through designing and selecting chilled beams according to an adaptable strategy, this target can be achieved. Adaptable system design Adaptable system selection strategy provides benefits to the facility owner, who can modify spaces more quickly and with less cost over the facility's lifetime. Thermal condition management using Halton Velocity Control (HVC) and air quality control using Halton Air Quality (HAQ) provide continuously good indoor climate conditions. The design and installation teams can also benefit, because changes in the use or size of spaces during
System design strategy Room air temperature Room air velocity Room air quality Cooling capacity Heating capacity Indoor climate conditions Adaptable performance

the design and construction process do not influence the beam selection. Traditional system design Designing and selecting chilled beams according to traditional strategy allows indoor climate targets to be met in the design conditions, but future changes in use or layout may influence the products performance. This strategy results in a lower investment cost, but changes during operation are more costly.

AdaptableClimate concept 22 2 C ... 0,25 m/s 1.5 ... 6 l/s,m2 60 ... 80 W/m2 25 ... 40 W/m2 Halton Velocity Control in both throttle (1) and full (3) position. Adjustment of Halton Air Quality control. Constant flow water valves to adjust water flow rates. Constant-pressure air flow dampers in zones. Always perpendicular to perimeter wall Full flexibility in layout and application changes: no installation work during changes. Churn costs of 812 /m2.

Traditional concept 22 2 C ... 0,25 (...0,30) m/s 1.5 ... 6 l/s,m2 60 ... 120 W/m2 25 ... 60 W/m2 Adaptation by increasing the number of terminal units.

Chilled beam positioning Flexibility

Either parallel or perpendicular to perimeter wall Limited flexibility in layout and for changes in operation conditions. Churn costs of 50100 /m2.

Product cost

Some extra cost for flexibility in room units, zones, and central system. Nozzle size, length, and effective length that are the same for all beams HVC designed in normal position (2) HAQ to adjust air flow rate Constant-flow water valves. No effect of changes in use or size of space on chilled beam selection

Basic investment

Life cycle costs

Focus in product selection

Various nozzle sizes, lengths, and active lengths Water flow control and adjustment valves and control units that are selected project- specifically and installed on site

Changes in space use in the design and installation process Commissioning

Reselection of chilled beams after the use or size of the space has changed

Adjustment of chilled beams on site; no traditional commissioning needed

Manual balancing of air and water flow rates

Note: Typical design values. Check case by case.

System design strategies

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3.4. Design elements

A chilled beam system can realise excellent indoor climate conditions in terms of thermal, air quality, and acoustic conditions within wide ranges of operation and in various installation cases. Operation should, however, be designed with conditions in the occupied zone in all seasons (winter, summer, and intermediate season) taken into account. For the best result, the following technical issues should be considered also. Ventilation and air diffusion using chilled beams Primary air from the nozzles (5 12 l/s/m) induces 3 5 times the room air (depending on chilled beam type and operating conditions). A total air flow rate of 15 60 l/s/m is discharged from one/two slots into the space. Make sure that airflow rates can be realised at actual chamber pressure levels. Minimum supply chamber pressure is 50 80 Pa to ensure the correct supply air jet throw pattern. Check that the required throttle for balancing can be achieved with the adjustment damper at an acceptable sound level. The supply airflow rate is high enough to remove internal humidity loads. The supply air jet should stay attached to the ceiling (Coanda effect) and not fall into the occupied zone. Thermal loads in the occupied zone may influence the air jet direction and air distribution in the occupied zone. Cooling using chilled beams The thermal properties of the external walls and window construction should be appropriate. The required cooling capacities should be max. 60 80 W/m2. Chilled beam capacities (250 350 W/m) match supply airflow rates (5 12 l/s/m) to provide good air distribution and draught-free conditions in the occupied zone. Water flow rates and pressure drops of chilled beams are in line with chilled water pipe work design and pumping cost target levels Analyse supply jet interaction with convective flows (e.g., caused by a cold or warm window surface) to ensure that it doesn't create a draught risk. When already detached from the ceiling, jets of two parallel chilled beams should not collide at a velocity level that results in a draught. The increase of air flow rate according to demand should not have an effect on the cooling capacity.

Design elements
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Heating Proper system operation cannot be achieved by overdimensioning the heating capacities. In a modern office building, 25 45 W/m2 of floor area is typically sufficient heating capacity. The heating capacity of active beams is dependent on the primary airflow rate. This is why ventilation shall be in operation when heating is required. The heating capacity of active beams is typically 150 250 W/m, and the inlet water temperature should be 35 45 C to create sufficient mixing between the supply air and room air. Both window draught due to radiation and downward convective air movement during cold seasons need to be eliminated. An efficient control system is used. It is recommended to have room air temperature measurement integrated into a chilled beam, with heating control based on the room air temperature near the ceiling.

Operation case study: Chilled beams parallel to the perimeter wall In this type of installation, it is especially important to have windows with adequate thermal properties for avoiding excessively high room air velocities in intermediate seasons. This study was performed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. Air velocity is higher than 0.25 m/s in the green areas.

The images present the room air velocities in the same space in three seasons: summer (1), spring (2) and winter (3).

Design elements
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Active chilled beams in suspended ceiling installation

3.5. Active chilled beam model selection

The appropriate active chilled beam model is selected by taking into account the following factors: Architectural design Preferred appearance Desire for exposed installation or a solution integrated into a suspended ceiling Adaptation to the ceiling Positioning with respect to light fittings Integration of light fittings Room design grid dimensions Requirements for flexibility and eventual partition wall locations Cooling capacity requirements Building services integrated into chilled beams: Light fittings, controls, sensors, detectors, and cabling
Active chilled beam in exposed installation Active chilled beam in suspended ceiling installation

Active chilled beam in wall installation.

Active chilled beam in bulkhead installation or in exposed installation.

Customised service beam.

Active chilled beam model selection

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Active chilled beams in exposed installation

Active chilled beams in wall installation

Customised service beams in exposed installation.

Active chilled beam model selection

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3.6. Adaptable chilled beam concepts

Halton AdaptableClimate chilled beams offer unique flexibility from design through use. Their operation adapts easily to changes in space usage, layout, or user requirements throughout the buildings life cycle. Good indoor climate conditions are maintained with high energy-efficiency when an open-plan office is changed into cellular offices or meeting rooms. Chilled beams adapt thermal conditions to meet individual requirements, also in open-plan offices. Thus indoor climate conditions are optimal in all usage situations throughout the buildings life cycle. Benefits of the Halton adaptable chilled beams: Wide operation range simplifies design and specification Good thermal comfort and indoor air quality Adjustable air flow rates Air velocity management Enhanced flexibility Free location of offices and meeting rooms Identical look of units for different spaces Air flow control that can be installed as needed Improved logistics Smooth order-to-delivery process Effective on-site handling Integrated control and max. flow limiter valves for cooling and heating capacity allowing reset without influencing the water flows of other chilled beams (optional) Ability to achieve individual desired velocity conditions in the occupied zone even when partition walls are repositioned, by adapting the operation using Halton Velocity Control Features: Primary air flow rate adjustment of 1.5 to 6 l/s/m2 (5 20 m3/h/m2) in layout change from office room to meeting room using Halton Air Quality control (the air flow control does not affect the coil capacity, and thus over-chilling is avoided)

Adaptable chilled beam concepts

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Halton Air Quality (HAQ) control The air flow rate of the chilled beam is dependent on Effective length, Leff Chilled beam chamber pressure, DPm Nozzle size, Dnoz Halton Air Quality control unit adjustment position, AQ The chamber pressure is adjusted by changing the position (a) of the air flow adjustment damper to match available duct pressure at the room branch. Four nozzle sizes are available, to enable attaining the minimum supply air flow rate of the chilled beam at the set pressure level in a typical room module. There is no need to change or plug nozzles of the chilled beam. Halton Air Quality control allows increasing the chilled beam airflow rate to meet the ventilation requirements of spaces such as: office spaces: 1.5 2.5 l/s/m2 (5 9 m3/h/m2) meeting rooms: 4 6 l/s/m2 (14 20 m3/h/m2) Air flow control The ventilation requirements of meeting and team rooms vary greatly according to the occupancy level. Demand-based ventilation control using, e.g., CO2 sensors, contributes to a highly energy-efficient operation. In addition to manual adjustment damper operation, the HAQ damper can be equipped with an actuator controlled by a room controller. By integrating the air flow control into the chilled beam unit, flexibility in use of the space is ensured.
Meeting room. Office rooms. Factors influencing an active chilled beams air flow rate.

When rooms with constant and variable airflow rates are both served by the same distribution ductwork, constant pressure conditions are needed to guarantee the designed airflow rates. See the section Constant-pressure ductwork for efficiency for more information.

Primary airflow rate Room 1, 2, 3 4 Space type Office Meeting room HVC position left 3 2 right 1 2 Nozzles qv2 l/s 15 15 m3/h 54 54 HAQ qv2 l/s 5 0...45 m3/h 18 0...160 Total qv2+ qv2 l/s 20 15...60 m3/h 72 54...216 Total qv2+ qv2 l/s/m2 2 6 m3/h/m2 7.2 22

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Halton CCE with air quality control. The Halton Air Quality control unit is on the top of the chilled beam, supplying air upward. It is recommended to position the beam at a minimum distance of 600 mm from the wall and 100 mm from the ceiling. The Halton Air Quality control unit is adjusted manually or, alternatively, controlled by an actuator connected to a room controller. The HAQ unit can be retrofitted later as required. Also the actuator can be mounted later, when changes in room layout are implemented. Total airflow rate of the chilled beam unit can be 5 to 25 l/s per metre (18 90 m3/h/m) when equipped with HAQ control. The Halton Air Quality control unit does not increase the length of the chilled beam. Halton CCC with air quality control. In the Halton CCC solution, the air quality control unit is at the opposite end of the unit from the supply air connection. The throw pattern of the air quality control unit is bi-directional like that of the chilled beam. The effective length of a chilled beam equipped with air quality control unit (either manual or motorised version) is 600 mm shorter than the total length. The look of the Halton CCC unit is identical to that of the CBC chilled beam without HAQ unit.
Halton CCC with air quality control in a meeting room. Halton CCE with air quality control in a meeting room.

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Management of room conditions using Halton Velocity Control (HVC) Halton Velocity Control is used for adjusting room air velocity conditions either when room layout changes (e.g., in cases where the partition wall is located near the chilled beam) or when local, individual velocity conditions need to be altered. Halton Velocity Control does not affect the primary supply air rate, but it does have a slight effect on the cooling and heating capacities of the unit. The capacities and velocities can be studied using the HIT Design software. It is recommended to design the chilled beam in the normal position in order to allow both minimisation (throttle) and maximisation (full) functions later in the buildings life cycle. Halton Velocity Control dampers are divided into sections to enable the desired adjustment of velocity conditions in different parts of the occupied zone. Depending on the length of the beam, optimal lengths of HVC damper modules are used as follows: CBC or CCC CBE or CCE 300, 500, and 800 mm 300, 600, and 1100 mm
Halton Velocity Control provides manual velocity adjustment on both sides of the chilled beam, with three positions: 1 = throttle position, 2 = normal position, and 3 = full position.

Adjustment of local velocity conditions is possible also in an open-plan office with Halton Velocity Control.

Partition wall located close to the chilled beam. Halton Velocity Control is adjusted to position 1 on one side and position 3 on the other.

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Halton Velocity Control is available for both exposed and ceiling-installed chilled beams.

Halton Velocity Control in boost (3) and throttle (1) position in a Halton CCC chilled beam.

Halton Velocity Control in boost (3) and throttle (1) position in a Halton CCE chilled beam.

Case Study Flexibility for layout changes can be designed in with the HVC and HAQ concepts. Chilled beam installation adapts to different room sizes and layout, providing required capacities and maintaining good comfort.

Primary airflow rate Room 1 2 3/Unit A 3/Unit B Space type Office Office Office Office HVC position left 3 3 1 3 right 1 3 3 1 Nozzles qv2 l/s 15 15 15 15 m3/h 54 54 54 54 HAQ qv2 l/s 5 15 0 0 m3/h 18 54 0 0 Total qv2+ qv2 l/s 20 30 15 15 m3/h 72 108 54 54 Total qv2+ qv2 l/s/m2 2 2 2 2 m3/h/m2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2

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Constant-Pressure Air Distribution System Constant-pressure ductwork for efficiency In traditional active chilled beam systems, the ductwork is a proportionally balanced constant-air-flow distribution system. However, there are reasons it is beneficial or otherwise reasonable to arrange the air flow management using active constant-pressure control dampers. Among these are that chilled beams with pressure-dependent variable flow and constant flow are combined in the same ductwork sections and proper operation conditions are ensured frequent individual air flow adjustments of chilled beam units can be made without the need to balance the ductwork pressure control dampers allow zone ventilation operation hours locally, contributing to energy conservation in office buildings where tenants office hours tend to differ, for example Ductwork is divided into constant-pressure zones, allowing individual adjustment of the air flow rates of each room and continuous air flow control according to demand in meeting rooms. The ductwork is sized using low velocities (< 6 m/s), taking into account the predicted max. flow rate in order to minimise pressure losses within the zone and to maintain the desired air flow accuracy and meet cooling capacity requirements. Ductwork balancing is not needed in constant-pressure duct systems when unitary airflow rates are adjusted (e.g., for office room space changes). Even constant airflow rates of office rooms can be integrated into the same ductwork as variable air flow rate control for meeting rooms. Typically, the use of units that are similar (in length or nozzle type), along with individual adjustment of air flow rates, allows effective commissioning of the system.

Combined pressure-dependent variable flow and constant flow.

Fan pressure control Fan speed control is typically used when variable flow is required. In small and symmetric low-velocity ductwork, the need for zone dampers is not evident, but larger duct systems shall be divided into sections, where duct pressure is kept constant by means of zone dampers. Adaptation to the variable operation conditions of a variable flow system can be realised with variable-

speed drives controlled by frequency converters. The target is to maintain a duct pressure level that is as low as possible in order to save on fan power consumption. The pressure controller maintains a constant or optimised pressure level in the ductwork using a pressure sensor as feedback. The sensor measures the static pressure relative to prevailing pressure in the building.

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The pressure sensors positioning is crucial for reliable operation and fan power consumption. Basic steps in positioning of the pressure sensor: Simulate the ductwork, and determine which index branch requires the highest pressure in the system Establish the location in the area at 2/3 3/4 of the distance between the terminal branch and the fan Study whether the setpoint pressure level would satisfy the demand in other branches In cases where no index duct section can be determined, multiple sensors should be used. The sensor with the actual highest demand provides the decisive feedback. Constant-pressure zones The accuracy of realised airflow rates and cooling capacities requires duct pressure that varies only slightly in the ductwork. Acceptable deviation of the target pressure level at the room branch duct is 10 20 Pa in order to achieve airflow rate inaccuracy of less than 10%. The practical zone size is dependent on: Ventilation rates, in l/s/m2 (or m3/s/m2) Diversity of occupancy in meeting rooms The space available for ducts Practical duct dimensions The space layout plan Operation hour prediction for the spaces Supply and exhaust air arrangements In cases where the zone size is too great, the following problems can occur: Deviation from target air flow rates and cooling/heating capacities Imbalance between supply and exhaust air Eventual noise problems Zone dampers allow different operations hours when, e.g., working hours in an office building vary between sections of the building. Zone size, in m2, estimated according to ventilation rates
Ventilation rate Offices l/s m3 1 1.5 2 Meeting rooms l/s m3 4 4 4 Duct size D 400 Percentage of meeting rooms 10% 580 430 340 30% 400 335 290 Duct size D 500 Percentage of meeting rooms 10% 905 675 535 30% 620 525 455

A rough estimate of a typical zone size (in m2), as presented in the table below, can be made on the basis of: Ventilation rates in offices and meeting rooms, in l/s per square metre Reservation for meeting rooms that are fully occupied simultaneously, as a percentage of zone size Max. circular duct size of the branch duct, in mm Ideally, the pressure sensor in a constant-pressure zone is in the middle of the zone in the supply duct. It is beneficial to use the same duct size, in order to benefit the static-pressure regain in the main branch duct. In the exhaust duct, the pressure sensor should be at the end of the main branch duct when under-pressure operation in the building is desired in a fully ducted exhaust system; otherwise, the sensor can be positioned in the middle of the ductwork. With common exhaust tracksthe supply duct airflow rate, the supply/exhaust airflow rate balance can be maintained accurately.

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Zone balance arrangements When in the zone there are both units with constant and units with variable flows, the exhaust is liable to pressure deviations due to higher pressure losses in the main branch duct and lack of regaining static pressure. The air flow balance in spaces in meeting rooms with variable flow can be realised in different ways: Ducted exhaust using a variable flow control damper Continuous balanced ducted exhaust for constant flow Transfer air via a grille to the corridor Common zone exhaust tracking the variable common supply airflow Transfer air via a grille to the corridor Common zone exhaust tracking the common variable supply flow

The common exhaust can take care of the air exhaust of meeting rooms and eventual open office areas.

Ducted variable air flow exhaust using variable air flow control damper.

Combination of ducted constant air flow exhaust and variable transfer to common exhaust.

Transfer air from spaces to common exhaust.

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3.7 Chilled beam orientation and ventilation arrangements .

Chilled beams can be installed either perpendicularly or parallel to the perimeter wall. However, perpendicular installation is recommended, as occupied zone velocities are thus lowest in all seasons. When chilled beams are installed parallel to the wall, intermediate-season conditions (cold window surface and internal heat loads) should be analysed. Otherwise, cool supply air with a cold window can easily create increased velocities under windows. Selection of active chilled beam orientation Indoor climate conditions Capacity per chilled beam unit Residual velocities for occupied zone Supply air jet interaction with convective flows Suitability for room module dimensions Suitability in view of lighting fixture locations Flexibility for layout changes Minimum recommended distance between parallel beams Minimum recommended distance between chilled beam and wall/ceiling

Perpendicular installation of chilled beams.

Side wall installation of chilled beams.

Parallel installation of chilled beams.

Bulkhead installation of horizontal induction units.

Side wall installations of chilled beams in a hotel guest room.

Bulkhead installation of horizontal induction units in a hotel guest room

Chilled beam orientation and ventilation arrangements

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Selection of active chilled beam air arrangements Active chilled beams should be positioned above work spaces to ensure comfortable velocity conditions. If the chilled beam is positioned close to a wall, an asymmetrical throw pattern is recommended. Minimum installation distances from walls and between parallel chilled beams are presented in the product data sheets. Exhaust air units have minor importance to the solutions operation.

Suspended-ceiling installation above a work area: symmetric throw pattern.

Exposed installation above a work area: symmetric throw pattern.

Bi-directional air supply Perpendicular to exterior wall in offices (preferable), above the work area Parallel to exterior wall above work area Perimeter installation, with uni-directional supply Corridor installation limited application, depending on work area location and providing bi-directional supply horizontally and downward Uni-directional air supply Hotel guest rooms preferably above bed (above window as another option) Patient ward rooms preferably above bed either along side walls or parallel to exterior walls

Exposed installation close to wall: asymmetric throw pattern.

Bulkhead installation in hotel guest room.

Wall installation in hotel guest room.

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3.8. Operation range specification

A chilled beam systems operation range is determined on the basis of representative rooms. The selected rooms are studied to determine cooling and heating loads via dynamic energy simulation software. After assessment of load patterns in the representative rooms, chilled beam operation parameters are set. The design target values can be verified by a full-scale mock-up or computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation.

Definition of design conditions and operation parameters Ventilation rates in spaces as rate per floor area, l/s/m2 Ventilation rate in spaces as rate per person, l/s/person Cooling capacity demand in spaces, in W/m2 and actual breakdown of loads Heating capacity demand in spaces, in W/m2 and actual breakdown of loads Model rooms and operational parameters Room temperature Supply air temperature Water inlet temperature Target duct pressure level Target water flow rate
Verification of target design values with full-scale mock-up and CFD simulation Typical input values and operation ranges Room temperature for cooling Room temperature for heating Supply air temperature for cooling Supply air temperature for heating Water inlet temperature for cooling Water inlet temperature for heating Target duct pressure level for cooling Target water flow rate for cooling Target water flow rate for heating Outdoor air flow rate per unit floor area Outdoor air flow rate over effective length Cooling capacity per unit floor area Cooling capacity / beams effective length Heating capacity per unit floor area Heating capacity / beams effective length Comfort / PMV Draught rate (DR) Average room air velocity

Maximum sound pressure level

(extreme target values in brackets) 23..25 C 20..22 C 16..19 C 16..19 C 1416 C 3545 C 70 120 Pa 0.020.10 kg/s 0.010.04 kg/s Offices: 1.5 2.5 l/s/m2, meeting rooms: 1.5 4 (6) l/s/m2 5..12 l/s/m 80 (120) W/m2 250 (400) W/m 40 (60) W /m2 150 (250) W/m -0,5...+0,5 <15% cooling heating 0,23 m/s 0,18 m/s

Operation range specification

24

3.9. Pre-selection and selection

Make your design process more efficient. Haltons design tools for the pre-selection and selection phase include brochure data sheets with quick-selection charts and the Halton HIT Design software. Halton HIT Design enables product selection and performance simulation for the product(s) that addresses, e.g., air velocity, cooling and heating capacity, throw pattern, and sound level. Pre-selection With the help of quick-selection tables, pre-select the chilled beam (effective length and nozzle type), using the following parameters for the desired design conditions: Indoor climate conditions Cooling capacity Air flow rate Duct pressure Minimum distance between parallel units Jet detachment point
Pa qv Leff 1200 Pw NZ/DPtot Lmin Ld 1500 Pw NZ/DPtot Lmin Ld 1800 Pw NZ/DPtot Lmin Ld 2100 Pw NZ/DPtot Lmin Ld 2400 Pw NZ/DPtot Lmin Ld 2700 Pw NZ/DPtot Lmin Ld 258 B/71 2,2 2 337 A/124 3 2,2 366 A/88 2,2 1,8 394 A/66 2,2 1,8 299 C/90 5 3,2 405 B/103 3 2,4 439 B/72 2,2 1,8 556 A/148 3,4 2,4 592 A/116 2,2 2 625 A/93 2,2 1,8 325 D/79 5 3,2 417 C/105 5,8 3,4 566 B/129 3,8 2,4 604 B/95 4 2,2 641 B/74 2,2 1,8 676 B/59 1,8 1,8 DPtot Lmin Ld 435 D/82 5 3 5 C/117 4,6 3,4 737 B/149 4,2 2,4 780 B/115 3,4 2,2 821 B/92 2,6 2 682 C/126 6 3,4 743 C/99 2,2 3 965 B/132 3,8 2,4 759 D/113 5,6 3,0 823 C/134 4 3,4 888 C/108 5,4 3 808 D/89 5 3 972 C/141 6,2 3,4 l/s m3/h 72 10 36 108 15 54 144 20 72

Pre-selection example Room dimensions Air flow rate (option to increase to Required cooling capacity Available pressure level Air flow rate Cooling capacity Primary air capacity (see table) Required coil capacity Select CCE/B-2700-2400
180 25 90 216 30 108 252 35 126

2.5 x 4 x 2.8 =10 m2 1.5 l/s/m2 2 l/s/m2) 75 W/m2 110 Pa 15 l/s (... 20l/s) 750 W 108 W (144 W) 642 W (606 W)
288 40 144

Performance values are presented for operation with HVC in position 3. If Lmin > 5 m then use HVC The impact of HVC compared to presented values in average: position 2: -21% of Pw and Position 1: -38 % of Pw Leff Effective length, length of cooling coil, mm Pa Primary air cooling capacity, W Pw Coil capacity, W NZ Nozzle type

Chilled beam chamber pressure, Pa Minimum distance between central lines of two supply units, m Distance from the supply unit, at which air jet detaches from ceiling, m

Pre-selection and selection

25

Selection Calculate the cooling and heating capacity of the selected chilled beam units by studying chilled beam performance in the chosen model rooms with desired operation parameters, with Halton HIT Design.

1. Design data in cooling Insert the supply air flow rate and temperature 1, 5 3 2 Specify the temperature difference between the inlet and outlet water of the beam, or, optionally, insert the inlet water temperature and target water flow rate. Calculate the coil capacity using HIT Design, and 4, 6 compare the coil capacity against the requirement. Note the capacities transferred by the coil and primary air.

2. Chilled beam location and velocity control adjustment The location and number of chilled beams are specified (also, asymmetric positioning is possible). The HVC positions are set to allow adjusting the
Design data window in Halton HIT Design selection.

throw pattern in the space and providing the required velocity conditions in the occupied zone. To provide adaptability to load variations, use velocity control (HVC) position 2 (normal position).

3. Air quality control adjustment Set the HAQ air flow rate to match the required room air flow rate. HAQ control can be used to adjust the air flow rate at a specified duct pressure level. 4. Space results / unit performance Check the operation parameters against system operation conditions to verify that the operation parameters correspond to those of the system. 5. Design data in heating Analysis is as in the cooling case.
Room dimensions, occupied zone, and design criteria are specified in the Room window in Halton HIT Design.

6. Space results / unit performance in heating Analysis is as in the cooling case.

Pre-selection and selection

26

3.10. Indoor climate conditions design

Simultaneously with the performance values, verify also that predicted the room conditions are acceptable, providing efficient air distribution but eliminating draught risks.

Check supply air throw pattern in heating

CCE/A-3800-3500+AQ(0.0)
Room: Room C Room size: Room air: Heat gain: Installation height: Inlet water temperature: Outlet water temperature: Water massflow: Coil capacity: Water pressure drop: 4.2 x 4.0 x 3.0 m 24.0 C / 50 % 0W 2.90 m 15.0 C 20.1 C 0.040 kg/s (2 x 0.020 kg/s) 858 W (2 x 429 W) 0.6 kPa Total supply air flow: Supply air temperature: Primary air capacity: Total pressure drop: Total sound pressure level: Total cooling power: Dew point temperature: HVC position Temperature difference: Ld : 36 l/s (2 x 18 l/s) 18.0 C 258 W (2 x 129 W) 83 Pa 19 Lp Are 10m2 sab 1116 W (2 x 558 W) 12.9 C side=1, middle=3 Tv3=1.2 C

Simultaneously with the performance values, verify

2006.03

also that the predicted room conditions are acceptable, providing efficient air distribution: Supply air throw pattern and room air velocities (HVC position as in cooling) Supply jet adequately reaching occupied zone level Flow water temperature within recommended range Heating capacity Impact of the HVC arrangement Impact of the HAQ arrangement Study optional room modules Unit pressure drop (keep at the same level as

vmax in occupied zone: v3=0.15 m/s v3(dt=0)=0.10 m/s Heat sources and their location may influence to the velocity and direction of the jet. vlim = 0.20 m/s

v3

4.0 m

before) Operation with optional room cooling load levels / room usage Impact of HVC in other positions (1 and 3) Impact of the HAQ arrangement Operation in optional room module configurations If targets for indoor climate condition are not met, change the length and/or beam properties, or even the beam type

Halton HIT Design Performance view (2D).

Study the supply air throw pattern properties and room air velocities (in design case) Room air velocities in occupied zone within set limits (non-isothermal and isothermal cases) Temperature difference between air jet and room air Distance at which the jet detaches from the ceiling (Ld) Pressure loss lower than the available pressure in the duct (check that the noise level is within the limits set) Adjustability of the air flow rate In cases involving several units; check the impact of jet interaction on occupied zone boundary velocities (refer to Lmin in the leaflet's quick selection table).

v3

4.0 m 4.2 m

Halton HIT Design Performance view (3D).

Indoor climate conditions design

27

3.11. Management of room conditions

Air flow measurement can be implemented accurately by measuring the chamber pressure of the chilled beam.

Adjustment and balancing methods Traditional In constant-pressure zones, the unitary airflow rate adjustment does not affect the airflow rates of other chilled beams. Commissioning can be implemented very effectively. Furthermore, balancing is not needed when unitary airflow rates are adjusted, e.g., for office room space changes. Even constant airflow rates of office rooms can be integrated into the same ductwork as variable air flow rate control for meeting rooms. Water flow rates can be controlled using an automatic flow limiter and combined control valve for each chilled beam, enabling individual changes in water flow rates without the need for balancing.

Halton Adaptable Proper operation conditions for chilled beams are ensured by adjustment of airflow and water flow rates. Airflow rates can be adjusted by balancing the ductwork by means of zone balancing dampers and the balancing damper of each chilled beam. The balancing damper can be integrated into the chilled beam or into the connecting branch. K factors and safety distances are presented in the HIT Design software package. Air flow measurement can be implemented accurately by measuring the chamber pressure of the chilled beam. Also, system-powered self-balancing dampers can be used. A self-balancing damper increases the total pressure drop to 40 150 Pa. Water flow rates can be adjusted via zone balancing

Additionally, in large systems, differential pressure valves in the pipework zones may be needed to ensure appropriate pressure conditions.

valves and the balancing valve of each chilled beam.

Management of room conditions

28

Adaptable air balancing and adjustment with constant duct pressure.

Traditional balancing of ductwork.

Pressure control damper

Duct balancing damper

Adaptable control and maximum flow limiting valves.

Traditional control and balancing valves.

Shut-off valve

Control valve with max flow limiter

Balancing valve

Pressure regulator valve

Control and balancing valve

Management of room conditions

29

Room control sequences Room thermal conditions typically are controlled by adjusting hot and chilled water flow rates in each chilled beam by means of two-way valves. Control can be based on on/off, pulse-width-modulated (PWM), proportional, or proportional integral control. Demand-based control is based on remotely set setpoints determined by, e.g., schedulers, and settings can be adjusted locally by users according to their demands or by occupancy mode as detected by occupancy sensors. In meeting and team rooms, traditional temperature control can be complemented with an additional sequence for increasing outdoor air flow rate (Halton Air Quality control). This function responds rapidly to varying ventilation requirements. Proper heating operation can be ensured by using a combination of room and supply air temperature control in order to optimise the supplied air temperature to avoid an excessive vertical room temperature gradient.
Control sequence for heating and cooling.

Control sequence for heating, air quality (HAQ), and cooling.

Condensation prevention can be arranged in two stages: System flow water temperature control based on room air dew point calculation for critical locations. Locally in the room, using condensate detection to close the chilled water valve.

Room control applications Room control can be realised on the basis of functional requirements and the desired flexibility level using: A self-powered standalone controller An electric standalone controller A traditional communicative controller A temperature sensor, typically located in the wall-mounted user panel

The control valve and actuator types are selected to match the required water flow rates and control sequences. The power supply (24 / 230 VAC) for controller, actuators, and sensors is supplied on the basis of the units selected.

Management of room conditions

30

3.12 Case study: occupant comfort using chilled beams

The International Centre for Indoor Environment and Energy of the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) has carried out a study measuring occupant comfort in an office environment where cooling and ventilation were provided by a CBC chilled beam equipped with Halton Velocity Control (HVC). Thermal conditions (temperature and velocity) in the occupied zone were measured in this study, along with human responses, using both thermal manikins and living people. The following conclusions were drawn after analysis of the measurement results: High quality of general thermal comfort can be achieved. Halton Velocity Control decreases velocities and the potential risk of draught discomfort. Increased heat load and supply flow rate together increase the risk of local discomfort. Air flow interaction is an important factor affecting thermal comfort. The layout of chilled beams and workplaces should be carefully considered. Thermal flows from warm or cold windows are important factors in air distribution and occupants local thermal comfort.

Case 1. Air velocities (m/s) in the occupied zone with Halton Velocity Control in full position.

Case 1. Air velocities (m/s) in the occupied zone with Halton Velocity Control on in throttle position.

Case 1
20 % WP1 WP2 10 %

Chilled beams are installed perpendicularly to the external wall. Velocity conditions are presented with a cooling capacity of 50 W/m2 in two different cases: Halton Velocity Control in positions 3 and 1. Room air velocities were lower when induction through beams was lower, even though the cooling capacity was the same. The primary air flow rate was the same in both cases, and compensating cooling capacity was provided by increasing the water flow rate.

HVC 3

HVC 1

WP2

Case 2 Human responses were studied with chilled beams installed parallel to the external wall and two persons occupying the room. The number of people sensing a draught was clearly

WP1

(by about 60%) reduced during the maximum cooling capacity period with HVC in the throttle position (1). While the person near the window surface (WP2) felt slightly warmer (PMV increased from 0.4 to 0.7) when HVC was

Case 2 : Percentage of people feeling a draught (70 W / m2).

used, the acceptability increased slightly.

Case study
31

Chilled beam case study -

Office without suspended ceiling and with flexible meeting rooms

The task is to select a chilled beam for an office space with a design grid of 1.35 m. Typical office rooms are either 2 or 3 modules wide. See the design data in the table below. The following design targets are set: Minimal installations and adjustments when office layout is altered or offices are changed into team or meeting rooms and vice versa Same chilled beam unit type and size throughout the office area Same duct pressure level for all units Water flow rate used for capacity adaptation

Room air conditioning with CCE chilled beams throughout the floor.

Spaces: Office room A: 11,3 m2 1 pc. of CCE/A 3800-3500 Office room B 17 m2 1 pc. of CCE/A 3800-3500 Office room C: 17 m2 2 pcs. of CCE/A 3800-3500 Meeting room D: 34 m2 3 pcs. of CCE/A 3800-3500

Design data: Required cooling capacity Required heating capacity Ventilation rate Sound level Selected operational parameters: Room air temperature Supply air temperature Inlet/outlet water temperature Target duct pressure level Target max. water pressure drop Unit W/m2 W/m3 l/s,m2 dB (A) Office space 60 35 2 < 33 Meeting room 60 35 4 < 35

C C C Pa kPa A

24 18 15/18 80 1...5

Max. cooling: 180

HVC positions L/R S/M C 1,35 3M 4,05 x 4,2 17 34 18 0 S/M=1/3 2 x 0.04 258 858 (2x429) 1116 (2x558) 66

Left/Right Side/Middle D / office space 1,35 6M 8,1 x 4,2 34 68 18 5 S/M=3/3 3 x 0.033 487 1857 (3x619) 2344 (3x781) 69

A / max cooling 1,35 2M 2,7 x 4,2 11,3 35 26 9 L/R=3/3 0.1 251 1184 1435 127

B 1,35 3M 4,05 x 4,2 17 34 18 16 S/M=3/3 0.045 244 712 956 56

D / meeting room 1,35 6M 8,1 x 4,2 34 137 18 27 S/M=2/3 3 x 0.02 982 1419 (3x473) 2401 (3x800) 70

Space division, m Room modules width x length, m Area, m

2

1,35 2M 2,7 x 4,2 11,3 23 18 5 L/R=3/1 0.03 165 509 674 59

Air flow rate, l/s Air flow from nozzles, l/s Air flow from HAQ, l/s Velocity control (HVC) position Water flow rate, kg/s Cooling capacity of primary air, W Cooling capacity of coil, W Total cooling capacity, W Total cooling capacity, W/m2

Case study
32

Schematic diagram of a chilled beam system office floor installation.

4.1. Passive chilled beam system

Chilled beam system description Haltons chilled beam system is an air conditioning system for cooling applications where good indoor climate and individual space control are appreciated. The passive chilled beam system utilises the excellent heat transfer properties of water and provides a good indoor climate energy-efficiently. Operation of the system Chilled beam systems are designed to use the dry cooling principle, operating in conditions in which condensation is prevented by control applications. Ventilation Ventilation in passive chilled beam systems typically is arranged using mixing ventilation with ceiling or wall diffusers. Alternatively, floor diffusers can be used. In passive-service chilled beams, a diffuser can be integrated into the beam unit for air supply. Heating Heating generally is realised with a separate heating system. A separate heating system e.g., perimeter heating typically is used in passive chilled beam installations. Window draughts due to radiation and downward convective air movement during cold seasons need to be eliminated. Passive beam operation is based on free convection in the heat exchanger. Passive chilled beam units with a higher proportion of radiation also exist. Cooling Chilled water circulates through the heat exchanger of the passive chilled beam unit, resulting in relatively high cooling capacities.

Passive chilled beam system

33

4.2 Chilled beam system design

A passive chilled beam system can be designed to fulfil requirements for sustainable, energy-efficient buildings that provide flexible use of space and a healthy and productive indoor climate. A passive chilled beam system can realise excellent indoor climate conditions in terms of thermal and acoustic properties in a wide range of installation scenarios

TYPICAL INPUT VALUES AND OPERATION RANGES

Room temperature, summer Room temperature, winter Water inlet temperature, cooling Target water flow rate Sound pressure level Note * Note **

23..25 C 20..22 C 1416 C 0.020.06 kg/s < 35 dB(A)

Cooling capacity / floor area Cooling capacity / effective unit length

80 W/m2 250 W/m

120 W/m2 * 400 W/m *

Separately for ventilation Supply air temperature Outdoor air flow rate/ floor area, 16 ... 19 C

It is reasonable to study the room air velocity conditions carefully It is reasonable to study the thermal conditions carefully

offices meeting rooms

1.5 2.5 l/s/m2 1.5 4 l/s/m2

5 9 m3/h/m2 5 ... 15 m3/h/m2

Ventilation and air diffusion arrangement The supply airflow rate shall be high enough to remove internal humidity loads.

occupied zone in all seasons (winter, summer, and intermediate season) taken into account. The flow water temperature (typically above 14 C)

Cooling using chilled beams Required cooling capacities should be no more than 60 90 W/m . With well-dimensioned integrated
2

must be sufficiently high to avoid condensation in all operation conditions. If necessary, the inlet water temperature may be adjusted to compensate for outdoor or indoor conditions. A condensation sensor should be located in each zone. Water flow rates and pressure drops in chilled beams should be in line with chilled water pipework design and pumping cost target levels.

applications, capacities as great as 120 W/m can be

2

realised. Thermal properties of the external walls and window construction should be reasonable. Airtight windows with effective solar shading are used. The cooling capacity of passive chilled beams is typically 150 250 W/m to avoid draughts in the occupied zone, especially underneath the unit. Operation shall be designed with conditions in the

Passive chilled beams installed in a suspended ceiling always require sufficiently large openings in the ceiling for the induced room air path. Location of chilled beams shall respect the minimum distances from walls and ceiling presented in the section Passive chilled beam orientation and ventilation arrangements.

Passive chilled beam system design

34

Passive beams in ceiling void

4.3. Passive chilled beam model selection

The appropriate model of passive chilled beam unit is selected by taking into account the following factors: Architectural design Preferred appearance Exposed installation or flush mounting in suspended ceiling Hidden installation above perforated/grid ceiling Adaptation to ceiling Positioning in consideration of light fittings Integration of light fittings Unit dimensions Room design grid dimensions Requirements for flexibility and eventual partition wall locations Supply air diffuser integration Exhaust valve integration Cooling capacity requirements A passive beam can be integrated into a suspended ceiling via a ceiling plenum, allowing closed return air circulation. Building services can be integrated into chilled beams, creating an elegant and uniform ceiling appearance. Multi-service passive beams are a cost-effective and interesting concept especially for renovation projects where there is a desire to maximise ceiling height or existing ceiling appearance should be largely preserved. Common technical services for integration are: Light fittings, controls, sensors, detectors, and cabling
Closed passive chilled beam integrated into suspended ceiling.

Passive chilled beam in ceiling-void-mounted installation.

Passive chilled beam in exposed installation.

Customised customized service beam.

Passive chilled beam model selection

35

Passive chilled beams in exposed installation.

Customized service beams in exposed installation.

Passive beams in ceiling void

Passive chilled beam model selection

36

4.4. Passive chilled beam orientation and ventilation arrangements

Passive chilled beams can be installed either perpendicularly or parallel to the perimeter wall. The units should not be positioned directly facing work spaces, to ensure comfortable velocity conditions. Minimum recommended installation distances from walls and between parallel chilled beams shall be respected, for proper cooling performance. Selection of passive chilled beam orientation Indoor climate conditions Capacity per chilled beam unit Residual velocities for the occupied zone Convective plume interaction with supply air jet Suitability for room module dimensions Suitability for the lighting fixture locations Flexibility for layout changes Minimum distance between parallel beams Minimum distance between chilled beam and wall/ ceiling There are various combinations for positioning chilled beams and supply air diffusers.

Side wall installation & ceiling diffuser.

Perimeter installation & ceiling diffuser.

Ceiling diffuser between chilled beams.

Side wall installation & wall diffuser.

Side wall installation & floor diffuser.

Side wall installation & low-velocity unit.

Passive chilled beam orientation and ventilation arrangements

37

Passive chilled beam location Chilled beam units shall be installed respecting minimum recommended distances from walls and ceiling in order to ensure effective convection and proper operating conditions: H1 = min. 0.25 x W when S > W H2 = min. 0.5 x W when S < W Minimum distance between chilled beam units of L, to ensure effective operation: L = min. 3 x W
Minimum distances for passive chilled beam installation.

When a passive chilled beam is installed above a perforated or grid ceiling, the following minimum distances should be respected: H3 = min. 25 mm The open area percentage (OAP) of the suspended ceiling shall be sufficiently high to ensure proper functioning of the chilled beam. The minimum percentage of open area for perforation is 25%. The minimum hole diameter is 2 mm. Side panel extensions can be used to improve buoyancy effect and thus cooling capacity.
Hsk, Correction factor, mm Passive chilled beam installed above a perforated or grid ceiling.

Use HIT Design for calculation of cooling capacity, taking installation above the perforated ceiling with or without side panel extensions into account. Exhaust air unit location

100 150 300 400

1.19 1.28 1.40 1.45

Side panel extension effect on cooling capacity.

In cases where chilled beams are installed above a suspended ceiling, exhaust units should not be installed above the suspended ceiling. Otherwise, exhaust unit position is of minor importance in the installation.

Passive chilled beam orientation and ventilation arrangements

38

4.5. Operation range definition

Chilled beam operation range is defined on the basis of representative rooms. The selected rooms are studied to determine cooling and heating loads. After specification of load patterns in the representative rooms, chilled beam operation parameters are set. The design target values can be verified via a full-scale mock-up or computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation.

Definition of design conditions and operation parameters Cooling capacity demand in spaces, in W/m2, and actual breakdown of loads Heating capacity demand in spaces, in W/m2, and actual breakdown of loads Ventilation arrangement Diffuser type, size, and number Ventilation rates in spaces as rate per floor area, in l/s/m2 Ventilation rate in spaces as rate per person, in
Verification of target design values with full-scale mock-up and CFD simulation.

l/s/person Model rooms and operational parameters Room temperature Supply air temperature Water inlet temperature Target duct pressure level Target water flow rate Maximum sound pressure level

Typical input values and operation ranges Room temperature for cooling Water inlet temperature for cooling Target water flow rate for cooling Cooling capacity per unit floor area Cooling capacity / effective beam length Comfort / PMV Draught rate (DR) Local mean room air velocity

(extreme target values in brackets) 23..25 C 1416 C 0.020.10 kg/s 80 (120) W/m2 250 (400) W/m -0,5...+0,5 <15% cooling heating 0,23 m/s 0,18 m/s

Operation range definition

39

4.6. Pre-selection and selection

Make your design process more efficient. Haltons design tools for the pre-selection and selection phase include brochure data sheets with quick-selection charts and the Halton HIT Design software. Halton HIT Design enables product selection and performance simulation for the product(s) that addresses, e.g., air velocity, cooling and heating capacity, throw pattern, sound level, and location of the units. Pre-selection With the help of quick-selection tables, pre-select the chilled beam using the following parameters for the desired design conditions: Indoor climate conditions Cooling capacity Minimum distance between parallel units Pre-selection example Room dimensions 2.5 x 4 x 2.8 =10 m2 Room temperature 24 C Ventilation rate 20 l/s Supply air temperature 18 C Required total cooling capacity 70 W/m2 Cooling capacity 700 W Cooling by ventilation 144 W Coil cooling capacity 566 W Presumed temperature difference DT = 8 degC Select CPA-100-3900-315-1 153 W/m

CPA cooling capacity, in watts per metre of effective length Coil height (mm) 75 75 75 100 100 100

Water flow rate: 0.08 kg/s Coil width (mm) 315 465 615 315 465 615

Difference between room air and water mean temperatures, degC 6 86 136 180 102 168 214 7 107 170 226 126 208 266 8 131 207 276 153 252 322 8.5 144 228 294 167 276 352 9 157 248 312 181 300 382 9.5 170 269 349 196 323 411 10 183 290 386 209 345 440 11 212 335 446 242 400 510

Chilled beam CPA cooling capacity, in watts per metre of effective length for water flow rate 0.08 kg/s.

CPA passive chilled beam quick-selection Cooling capacity over unit length (W/m) presented for water flow rate qmw = 0.08 kg/s. Estimate the temperature rise in the chilled beam (typically 1 3 C), and calculate the temperature difference between room air and water mean temperature. Check the temperature difference with the HIT Design software. Temperature difference Tr - (Tw1 + Tw2)/2, degC Where Tr Tw1 Tw2 Room temperature, C Water flow temperature, C Water return temperature, C

Water flow rate qmw kg/s 0.015 0.79 0.02 0.83 0.025 0.86 0.03 0.88 0.035 0.91 0.04 0.92 0.045 0.94 0.05 0.96 0.055 0.97 0.06 0.98 0.08 1

Correction factor of cooling capacities for water flow rates deviating from 0.08 kg/s flow rate

Pre-selection and selection

40

Selection Calculate the cooling and heating capacity of the selected chilled beam units by studying chilled beam performance in selected model rooms with desired operation parameters, using Halton HIT Design.

1. Design data in cooling Specify the temperature difference between the 1 2 inlet and outlet water of the beam or, optionally, insert the inlet water temperature and target water flow rate. Calculate the coil capacity using HIT Design, and compare the coil capacity against the requirement. 3 You can also insert the supply air flow rate and temperature for total cooling capacity calculation. 2. Chilled beam location and velocity control adjustment The location and number of chilled beams are specified (also, asymmetric positioning is possible). You can also add a person for evaluating the air velocity locally
Design Data window in Halton HIT Design selection.

directly below the chilled beam in the vicinity of the beam at floor level further from the chilled beam at floor level 3. Space results / unit performance Check operation parameters against system operation conditions to verify that the operation parameters correspond to those of the system. as in the cooling case.

Room dimensions, the occupied zone, and design criteria are specified in the Room window in Halton HIT Design.

Pre-selection and selection

41

4.7 Design of indoor climate conditions .

Simultaneously with the performance values, verify also that the predicted room conditions are acceptable, particularly the air velocities entering the occupied zone created by the convective plume of the chilled beam. Take into consideration the interaction of the passive beam and the supply air distribution as well.

Cooling Room: Room size: Occupied zone: Room air: Heat gain: Perforated ceiling: Installation height: Inlet water temperature: Outlet water temperature: Water flow rate: Coil capacity: Water pressure drop: Velocity point v T

CPA-100-3900-315-1
Supply air flow rate 2.5 x 4.0 x 2.8 m h=1.8 m / dw=0.5 m 24.0 C / 50 % 700 W 2.70 m 15.0 C 16.7 C 0.080 kg/s 575 W 155 W/m 5.6 kPa vop ~0.15 m/s Dew point temperature: Velocity control: Supply air temperature: Jet outlet temperature: Primary air capacity: Total pressure drop: Total sound pressure level: Total cooling capacity: 20 l/s 2.0 l/(sm2 ) 18.0 C 21.4 C 143 W 718 W 72 W/m2 12.9 C -

Operation in optional room module configurations

2007.05

vlim = 0.20 m/s

vop

2.5 m

Study the velocities of the convective plume entering the occupied zones and room air velocities Plume velocities entering the occupied zones (in the design case) Room air velocities in the occupied zone Temperature difference between the plume and ambient room air Check the interaction of the falling convective plume of a chilled beam and supply air throw pattern Simultaneously with the performance values, verify that the predicted room conditions are acceptable, providing efficient air distribution. Supply jet adequately reaching the occupied zone level Supply air that is not directed directly to chilled beam air circulation

Halton HIT Design Performance view (2D).

If indoor climate conditions targets are not met, then change the beam length or number of beams and/or beam properties or even beam type and diffuser type and/or location Study optional room modules Water flow rate (keep at the same level as before) Operation at optional room cooling load levels / room usage

Interaction of convective plumes of a chilled beam and a stationary person Note that the rising convective plume of a stationary

person affects the flow pattern of a chilled beam and that the prevailing velocities above the person are lower than in undisturbed flow created by a chilled beam.

Cooling Room: Room size: Occupied zone: Room air: Heat gain: Perforated ceiling: Installation height: Inlet water temperature: Outlet water temperature: Water flow rate: Coil capacity: Water pressure drop: Velocity point v T

CPA-100-3900-315-1
Supply air flow rate 2.5 x 4.0 x 2.8 m h=1.8 m / dw=0.5 m 24.0 C / 50 % 700 W 2.70 m 15.0 C 16.7 C 0.080 kg/s 575 W 155 W/m 5.6 kPa v3 ~0.25 m/s -2.6 C vop ~0.15 m/s Dew point temperature: Velocity control: Supply air temperature: Jet outlet temperature: Primary air capacity: Total pressure drop: Total sound pressure level: Total cooling capacity: 20 l/s 2.0 l/(sm2 ) 18.0 C 21.4 C 143 W 718 W 72 W/m2 12.9 C -

2007.05

Cooling Room: Room size: Occupied zone: Room air: Heat gain: Perforated ceiling: Installation height: Inlet water temperature: Outlet water temperature: Water flow rate: Coil capacity: Water pressure drop: Velocity point v T

CPA-100-3900-315-1
Supply air flow rate 2.5 x 4.0 x 2.8 m h=1.8 m / dw=0.5 m 24.0 C / 50 % 700 W 2.70 m 15.0 C 16.7 C 0.080 kg/s 575 W 155 W/m 5.6 kPa v3 ~0.25 m/s -2.6 C vop ~0.05 m/s Dew point temperature: Velocity control: Supply air temperature: Jet outlet temperature: Primary air capacity: Total pressure drop: Total sound pressure level: Total cooling capacity: 20 l/s 2.0 l/(sm2 ) 18.0 C 21.4 C 143 W 718 W 72 W/m2 12.9 C -

2007.05

vlim = 0.20 m/s

vlim = 0.20 m/s

v3

v3

vop

vop

2.5 m

2.5 m

Stationary person located directly below a chilled beam.

Stationary person below and to the side of a chilled beam.

Indoor climate conditions

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4.8. Management of room conditions

Water flow measurements can be implemented by measuring pressure drop over a balancing valve equipped with measurement taps.

Adjustment and balancing methods Proper operation conditions for chilled beams are ensured by correct water flow rates. Water flow rates can be adjusted via zone balancing valves and the balancing valve of each chilled beam. Water flow rates can also be controlled using an automatic flow limiter and combined control valve for each chilled beam, enabling individual changes in water flow rates without the need for balancing. Additionally, in large systems, differential pressure valves in the pipework zones may be needed to ensure proper pressure conditions.

Room control Room thermal conditions typically are controlled by adjusting hot and chilled water flow rates in each chilled beam by means of two-way valves. Control can be based on on/off, pulse-width-modulated (PWM), proportional, or proportional integral control. Demand-based control is based on remotely set setpoints determined by, e.g., schedulers, and settings can be adjusted locally by users according to their demands or by occupancy mode as detected by occupancy sensors.

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5. Customised service beams

Traditional chilled beam installations include ventilation, cooling, and heating next to the equipment for other ceilingbased services. The customised service beam concept proposes an all-in-one solution for all ceiling-mounted accessories. The service beam concept is suitable for both suspended-ceiling and exposed installations. The product's appearance can be tailored to suit the interior. The concept offers benefits from the time of installation through a whole lifetime of use: An improved indoor climate is a result of excellent temperature conditions and silent, draught-free operation. Good conditions promote productivity and the health of users. Flexibility for different layouts, from open-plan to partitioned office space, is achieved efficiently. Assembly at the factory increases installation speed and quality while reducing costs. Rapid connections further reduce the commissioning time on-site. Having a single source of responsibility lowers risk and reduces the need for co-ordination. Luminaires Direct and indirect luminaires integrated into the bottom plate of the beam provide good contrast and visual comfort. Direct and indirect lighting can be implemented with separate light fittings or with one fitting for both. All lights can be equipped with built-in on/off or dimmable control and different connection options. Also, emergency lights can be integrated into the chilled beams. Luminaires can be integrated into chilled beams or installed as separate light fittings, regardless of chilled beam orientation. Chilled beams are available with direct and/or indirect luminaires. With fewer separate pieces of equipment fixed to the ceiling and walls, interior design better matches the architectural vision. The investment cost is more competitive than that of traditional systems and suspended-ceiling installations with separate building services. Competitive running costs are achieved with low maintenance demands and energy consumption. Room height is increased, as no suspended ceiling is needed.

Customised service beams

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Detectors Occupancy sensors allowing for demand-based ventilation and other occupancy-related features, as well as daylight sensors and smoke detectors, can be integrated into the chilled beam.

Controls Chilled beam delivery can include integrated two-way control valves with actuators and condensation sensors. When necessary, the beam structure can also include a room controller and the associated temperature sensor.

Space for sprinklers National building codes typically require sprinkler installations to be carried out on the site. However, the sprinkler pipes can be attached above the beams and the pipe connections for individual sprinkler nozzles, to an accessory space in the middle of the beam.

Public address loudspeakers Public announcements or background music can be provided through built-in pre-wired speakers.

Cable shelves Cables for various services can be laid on cable shelves, which can be integrated in the chilled beam design in order to complete the elegant installation.

Customised service beams

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Care for Indoor Air

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