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Ekologi Populasi dan Komuniti BDV3501 LAB OBJECTIVES Through participating in the exercise, students will able to learn: 1. the methods used to establish life table 2. to calculate and build the life table of given population EQUIPMENTS Working indiviually:
x=
nx = nx-1 - dx-1
lx = n x / n 0 =
dx = lx - lx+1 =
qx = dx / lx =
Ekologi Populasi dan Komuniti BDV3501 mortality pattern in a population. It is often used to make comparisons within and between species.
Lx=(lx+lx+1)/2 Tx = Lx + Lx+1
the average number alive in interval x Time units left for all individuals to live from age x onward mean expectation of further life for individuals alive at the start of age interval x. The mean expectation of further life can be used as one way of compressing an entire life table into one number. It has limited application for wildlife studies, but is commonly used in the insurance business.
ex = Tx / lx
mx =
lx mx =
R0 = (lx mx) =
G = (lx mx x) / R0 =
(lambda) = R01/G = er =
Ekologi Populasi dan Komuniti BDV3501 decreasing population. The use of this parameter is geared toward organisms that reproduce during a short breeding season (i.e., discrete growth or birthpulse fertility). Note: your textbook uses "R" to denote lambda.
change in population size per individual per unit of time). An r>0 indicates an increasing population, r=0 indicates a stationary population, and an r<0 indicates a declining population. Note: the equations listed only give you an approximation of r. You need to solve Euler's equation for a precise estimate of r (see Begon et al. 1996:165).
NOTE: Population ecologists do not all use the same life-table notation. For example, Begon et al. (1996) use different symbols to denote the finite rate of increase and mean generation length. Nevertheless, data and calculations in the respective columns have the same meaning
Many life tables have no age specific birth rate columns and are used only for calculating age specific mortalities and life expectancy. This can be very useful, as we can learn what is the most risky time of life for an organism. Life tables are at the base of the life-insurance business. If the table is to be used to calculate the growth rate, then only females are included in the table, as males do not give birth. Problem Set #1: Life Tables
1. The following data were collected from Gray Squirrel X(year) nx 0-1 530 1-2 134 2-3 56 3-4 39 4-5 23 5-6 12 6-7 5 7-8 2
2. Construct a separate life table for each cohort. Use the headings below: age class - x - nx - dx - qx - lx - Lx - Tx - ex 3. Adding a Fecundity Schedule
Ekologi Populasi dan Komuniti BDV3501 Let use the table above as basis for the construction of the fecundity table. The fecundity table uses the survivorship column, l x from the life table and mx is given below: X(year) mx 0-1 0.0 1-2 1.28 2-3 2.28 3-4 3.42 4-5 3.42 5-6 2.48 6-7 2.28 7-8 2.28
Use the headings : mx-lxmx-xlxmx 4. Calculating the population growth rates a. Calculate the population growth rate R0 and r b. Obtain r exactly: you must proceed by trial and error using Eulers equation. That is, you must make the quantity e-rxlxmx, where r is the unknown, equal exactly 1. c. Is the population increasing, decreasing or stationary? How can you tell? What is the intrinsic rate of increase (r), net reproductive rate per generation (R0), and the finite rate of increase () tell us? What do these population growth parameter sreally mean? d. What is the limitation of life table? SUBMISSION: Discussion and exercise on 21 Nov, Calculator required. Submit by 28 Nov, individually