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PRACTICAL : HOMEOSTASIS Data Collection: Students condition: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Drink water upon feeling thirsty. Drink 300 ml of NaHCO3, 1 % solution. Drink 300 ml of 40 % sucrose solution. Drink 900 ml of distilled H2O as soon as possible. Drink 300 ml of barley without sugar.

Result:

Student 1(200ml drank twice) 2 3 4 5

Volume of urine produced (ml) After 20 minute After 40 minute After 60 minute 16 18 20 14 24 27 32 20 52 16 52 194 210 142 110

Data Processing: Student 1 2 3 4 5 Rate of urine formation (ml min-1) After 20 minutes After 40 minutes After 60 minutes 0.80 0.90 1.00 0.70 1.20 1.35 1.60 1.00 2.60 0.80 2.60 9.70 10.50 7.10 5.50

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Graph:

The Rate of Urine Formation at Different Condition 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 20 40 Time (min) 60 1 2 3 4 5

This experiment was actually done to investigate the function of kidney in controlling the amount of water in our body. The process of producing urine with various contents of solute and water is known as osmoregulation. This process involves the reabsorption and the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). From this experiment, we can see that the rates of urine formation are various depends on the type of drink each student drank. The graph for student 1 shows that the rate of urine formation increased against time however we can see that the rate only increased slightly. This is because the student only consumed water when he is thirsty. So the water excreted out of the students blood circulation by nephrons was nearly constant. For student 2, the graph shows that the rate of urine formation increased significantly for the second 20 minutes. This may be due to the amount of sodium ions (Na+) which was contained in the 1 % NaHCO3 solution. The reabsorption of Na+ ions at the nephrons would be much less than usual as the amount of the ions was in excess. Thus more Na+ was excreted out of the body.

Rate of Urine Formation (ml/min)

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The third students graph is quite high initially. This is because at the first 20 minutes, sucrose was hydrolyzed to glucose and the amount of glucose in the blood circulation increased. To overcome this problem, excess glucose will be excreted out of the body thus causing the volume of urine to be high. Next, in the 40th minute, the rate of urine formation decreased. Probably, the amount of glucose was still high in the students body thus increasing solute concentration of the blood. To bring back the normal osmotic pressure of the students blood, only a small amount of water will be excreted out of the body. However, after an hour, the rate of urine formation increased drastically. This may be because in the students body, more insuline hormone was secreted to change glucose to glycogen and increase the absorption of glucose in cells. Thus the solute concentration decreased and the excess water was secreted out. The fourth graph, showing the rate of urine formation for student 4, indicates that the rate of urine formation increased drastically. After the student drank 900 ml of distilled water, the amount of water in the students body was too much from the normal water content. Since this affect the osmotic pressure of the blood, the osmoreceptors at hypothalamus sensed this change and reduce the secretion of ADH. As a result, less water was reabsorbed and more urine will be produced. The result obtained for the fifth student was very shocking. Even though he just drank 300 ml of barley without sugar solution, the total urine that he produced was 462 ml. May be this was because he did not actually empty his bladder at the beginning of the experiment. The food that the student ate may also be the reason for this shocking result to occur. Nevertheless, we can clearly see that the rate of urine formation for the student decreased radically after 40 and 60 minutes. This is because barley contains starch. During digestion, starch was hydrolyzed to maltose and finally maltose was converted to glucose. So after 40 and 60 minutes, more glucose was produced in the students body which in turn, increasing the solute concentration of the students blood. To make the osmotic pressure of the blood back to normal, less water would be excreted. Thus the rate of urine formation decreased against time. Evaluation: Limitations and drawbacks of the experiment: 1. Student 5 urinated more than the amount of solution he drank. This may due to the food he had eaten or may be he did not actually empty his bladder before the experiment. 2. The ability of kidneys differs for each student. If each student drank other solution than the solution he had to drink for this experiment, the result would probably be different from the ones obtained. Thus it is hard to explain the result obtained especially when shocking result like the result of student 5 occur. 3. The duration time was too short whereby only three reading could be taken.

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Ways to overcome shortcomings: 1. It would be better if each student was asked to fast before the experiment and empty their bladder at the beginning of the experiment. This will reduce the effect of food consumed and avoid the amount of urine to be more than the amount of solution intake. 2. Each student should undergo each condition themselves instead of giving each student different condition. By this way, we can see the true ability of ones kidneys. However, it will consume plenty of time. 3. The duration of the experiment should be longer so that the flow of rate of urine formation can be clearly seen and explanation can be done easier. Conclusion: The type of food and drink consumed will affect the solute concentration and osmotic pressure of the blood. As the normal osmotic pressure of blood changes, homeostasis will occur to bring the osmotic pressure back to normal. That is why different solution drank will result in different rate of urine formation.