Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
=
,
, ,
12
Where the numerator is approximately the available strength left to carry an external load F
t
; F
u
= NF
t
+ F
b
.
The trouble with the conventional design procedure as described is that it is not in accord with
the manner in which most wire ropes fail. It is a static approach, whereas, if the rope is continually
flexed, failure would be expected to be a fatigue failure (except as abrasion may wear out a rope).
Drucker and Tachau found that the sum of the stresses due to bending, o
b
= ED
w
/D
s
, and due to the
load, o = F/A
m
had only a fair correlation with fatigue failure (6 x 7 ropes not included), and that the
limit of this total stress was about 60 to 70 ksi. However, they found a better correlation with the
bearing pressure per square inch of projected area of the rope on the sheave, p = 2F
t
/(D
r
D
s
), Figure
6, where the contact angle is taken as 180 degrees. Fatigue failure seemed to be well predicted by
the ratio p/o
u
(plotted against number of bending cycles to failure in Figure 7, where o
u
is the
ultimate strength of the wires. Introducing a design factor N, dividing both sides of the pressure
equation by o
u
and solving for D
r
D
s
, we get
( )
u u
t
s r
p
NF
D D
o o
2
=
Where an appropriate value of p/o
u
is taken from Figure 7. We note that indefinite life may be
obtained when p/o
u
0.0015 and that p/o
u
may be much greater than this if only a limited life is
needed, but as usual a design factor should be used to be on the safe side.
To avoid an excessive rate of wear (abrasion), Roebling recommends limiting the pressure p for
6 x 19 ropes as follows: on cast-iron sheave, 500 psi; on cast steel, 900 psi; on manganese steel,
2500 psi.
13
Example No. 1
For a mine hoist, the cage weighs 5900 lb., the cars 2100 lb., and the load of coal in the car 2800 lb.;
one car loaded loaded at a time on the hoist. The drum diameter is 5 ft., the maximum depth is 1500
ft. It takes 6 sec. to accelerate the loaded cage to 3285 fpm. Decide on a grade of wire and the kind
and size of rope on the basis of (a) a life of
5
10 2 cycles and N = 1.3 against fatigue failure, (b)
static consideration (but not omitting inertia effect) and N = 5. (c) Make a final recommendation. (d)
If the loaded car can be moved gradually onto the freely hanging cage, how much would the rope
stretch? (e) What total energy has the rope absorbed, fully loaded at the bottom of the shaft?
Neglect the ropes weight for this calculation. (f) Compute the pressure of the rope on the cast-iron
drum. Is it all right?
Given:
Cage weight = 5900 lb
Cars weight = 2100 lb
Load of coal = 2800 lb
Ds = 5 ft
L = 1500 ft
Accelerating time = 6 sec
Speed accelerated = 3285 fpm
Fatigue life = 2 x105
Fatigue design factor = N = 1.3
Static design factor = N = 5
Required:
(a) a life of
5
10 2 cycles and N = 1.3 against fatigue failure,
(b) static consideration (but not omitting inertia effect) and N = 5.
(c) Make a final recommendation.
(d) The rope stretched
(e) Total energy has the rope absorbed.
(f) Pressure of the rope.
Solution:
kips lb W
h
8 10 800 10 2800 2100 5900 . , = = + + =
14
( )
2 1 2
125 9
6
60
1
3285
fps
fpm
t
v v
a .
sec
sec
mi n
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
a
W wL
W wL F
h
h t
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
2 32.
Assume 6 x 19 IPS,
ft lb D w
r
2
6 1. ~
kips D kips D wL
r r
2 2
4 2
1000
1500
6 1 . . =
|
.
|
\
|
=
( ) ( ) 86 13 08 3 10 4 2 1
2 32
125 9
1
2 32
2 2
. . .
.
.
.
+ = +
|
.
|
\
|
+ = +
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
r r h t
D D W wL
a
F
(a) Fig. 17.30, 2 x 10
5
cycles
0028 0. =
u
s p
( )
u u
t
s r
s s p
NF
D D
2
=
in ft D
s
60 5 = =
r s
D D 45 ~
in D
r
33 1
45
60
.
max
= =
use in D
r
4
1
1 =
kips F
t
67 18 86 13
4
1
1 08 3
2
. . . = +
|
.
|
\
|
=
( )( )
( ) ( )
ksi s
u
231
60
4
1
1 0028 0
67 18 3 1 2
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
.
. .
Use Plow Steel, 6 x 19 Wire Rope, in D
r
4
1
1 = .
(b)
t
b u
F
F F
N
=
s
w
b
D
ED
s =
in D D
r w
08375 0
4
1
1 067 0 067 0 . . . =
|
.
|
\
|
= =
in D
s
60 =
ksi E 000 30, =
( )( )
ksi s
b
875 41
60
08375 0 000 30
.
. ,
= =
2
2
2
625 0
4
1
1 4 0 4 0 in D A
r m
. . . =
|
.
|
\
|
= =
15
( )( ) kips A s F
m b b
17 26 625 0 875 41 . . . = = =
5 = N
( )( ) tons kips F NF F
b t u
76 59 52 119 17 26 67 18 5 . . . . = = + = + =
25 38
4
1
1
76 59
2 2
.
.
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
r
u
D
F
Table AT 28,
Use IPS, 6 x 19, 25 38 42
2
. > =
r
u
D
F
(c) Recommendation:
6 x 19, improved plow steel, in D
r
4
1
1 =
(d)
r m
E A
FL
= o
lb F 4900 2800 2100 = + =
psi E
r
6
10 12 ~
in ft L 000 18 1500 , = =
( )( )
( )( )
in 76 11
10 12 625 0
000 18 4900
6
.
.
,
=
= o
(e) ( )( ) lb in F U = = = 800 28 76 11 4900
2
1
2
1
, . o
(f) 0028 0. =
u
s p
ksi s
u
231 =
( ) psi p 8 646 000 231 0028 0 . , . = =
For cast-iron sheave, limiting pressure is 500 psi
psi psi p 500 8 646 > = . , not al right.
16. Traction Drives
The friction between the sheave and rope is often used as a driving force; for example, if shaft B,
Figure 8, is driven by a motor (likely via a speed reduction), if W represents the load and CW
represents the counterweight, and if load W is moving up (not) limiting friction), with negligible
centrifugal effects, as would be likely on hoists, elevators, etc., is
u f
e
F
F
=
2
1
Find F
1
and F
2
only by free bodies of W and CW, including inertia. Some values of f in equation
for this application are:
Iron or steel sheave: greasy rope, 0.07; wet rope, 0.085; dry rope, 0.12
16
Wood-lined sheave: greasy rope, 0.14; wet rope, 0.17; dry rope, 0.235
Rubber- or leather-lined sheave; greasy rope, 0.205; wet rope, 0.4; dry rope, 0.495.
Example No. 2
A traction elevator has a maximum deceleration of 5 fps
2
when being braked on the
downward motion with a total load of 10 kips. There are 5 cables that pass twice over the
driving sheave. The counterweight weighs 8 kips. (a) Compute the minimum coefficient of
friction needed between ropes and sheaves for no slipping. Is a special sheave surface
needed? (b) What size 6 x 19 mild-plow-steel rope should be used for N = 4, including the
bending effect? (Static approach.) (c) What is the estimated life of these ropes (N = 1)?
Solution:
2
05 8 fps a . =
(a) kips F 10
1
=
( ) kips kips F 6
2 32
05 8
1 8
2
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
.
.
t u 3 =
u f
e
F
F
=
2
1
( ) t 3
6
10
f
e =
0542 0. = f
Special sheave surface is needed for this coefficient of friction, 17.21.
(b)
t
b u
F
F F
N
=
17
kips F
t
2
5
10
= =
s
m w
b
D
A ED
F =
Table AT 28, 6 x 19, MPS
r w
D D 067 0. =
r s
D D 45 ~
2
4 0
r m
D A . ~
psi E
6
10 30 =
( )( )( )
kips D
D
D D
F
r
r
r r
b
2
2 6
87 17
45
4 0 067 0 10 30
.
. .
=
=
kips D tons D F
r r u
2 2
64 32 = ~
2
87 17 64
4
2 2
r r
D D
N
.
= =
in D
r
4164 0. =
use in D
r
16
7
=
(c) in D D
r s
20
16
7
45 45 =
|
.
|
\
|
= ~
( )
u u
t
s r
s s p
NF
D D
2
=
kips F
t
2 = each rope
MPS, ksi s
u
195 =
0 1. = N
( )
( )( )
( )( ) 195
2 0 1 2
20
16
7
u
s p
.
=
|
.
|
\
|
0023 0. =
u
s p
Expected life, Figure 17.30, 3 x 10
5
bending cycles.
18
17. Assigment No. 3
A hoist in a copper mine lifts ore a maximum of _(A)_ ft. The weight of car, cage, and ore
per trip is __(B)___ lbs, accelerated in 6 sec. to __(C)__fpm; drum diameter is _(D)_ ft. Use a
6 x 19 plow-steel rope. Determine the size (a) for a life of (E) cycles and N = (F) on the basis
of fatigue, (b) for N = (G) by static consideration. (c) What is the expected life of the rope
found in (b) for N = (F) on the basis of fatigue? (d) If a loaded car weighing 7 kips can be
moved gradually onto the freely hanging cage, how much would the rope stretch for (a) and
(b)? (e) What total energy is stored in the rope with full load at the bottom of the shaft for
(a) and (b) dimension? Neglect the ropes weight for this calculation. (f) Compute the
pressure of the rope on the cast-iron drum for (a) and (b). Is it reasonable?
Note:
To be submitted on December, 16, 2011. Minimum grade is 50%. No solution and no answer is zero.
1. Late submission minimum grade is 0% or deductions everyday.
2. No shortcuts. All answers must have units.
3. List your final answer in order (a b c d). Not in proper order is wrong.
4. Write your name, year and section, and the DATE.
5. Use Yellow pad only.
6. Write the problem first before the given, required and solution. Do not connect your required to
the problem directly. Strictly no erasures.
Name
A B C D E F G
Surname First Name Middle Initial Section 2000 10000 2000 6 200000 1.3 5
1 Alvarez, John Glenn M. 4A 1995 9950 2000 6.5 150000 1.5 5
2 Atacador, Aryl Vincent A. 4A 1990 9900 1995 6.49 200000 1.48 5.5
3 Ballano, Salvador S. 4A 1985 9850 1990 6.48 150000 1.46 6
4 Belarma, Karl Nikko B. 4A 1980 9800 1985 6.47 200000 1.44 5
5 Beltran, Jomar J. 4A 1975 9750 1980 6.46 150000 1.42 5.5
6 Benavides, Edsel C. 4A 1970 9700 1975 6.45 200000 1.4 6
7 Bitancur, Louie T. 4A 1965 9650 1970 6.44 150000 1.38 5
8 Blasquillo, Jan B. 4A 1960 9600 1965 6.43 200000 1.36 5.5
9 Borboran, Edward B. 4A 1955 9550 1960 6.42 150000 1.34 6
10 Borjal, Joven C. 4A 1950 9500 1955 6.41 200000 1.32 5
11 Borlaza, Cindy M. 4A 1945 9450 1950 6.4 150000 1.3 5.5
12 Bornilla, Paolo A. 4A 1940 9400 1945 6.39 200000 1.5 6
13 Botis, Olga E. 4A 1935 9350 1940 6.38 150000 1.48 5
14 Bunao, Ron B. 4A 1930 9300 1935 6.37 200000 1.46 5.5
15 Casim, Joven S. 4A 1925 9250 1930 6.36 150000 1.44 6
19
16 Catorce, Mark Joseph C. 4A 1920 9200 1925 6.35 200000 1.42 5
17 Dawal, Cherry Mae L. 4A 1915 9150 1920 6.34 150000 1.4 5.5
18 De Guzman, Mar B. 4A 1910 9100 1915 6.33 200000 1.38 6
19 De Luna, Rhea Ann D. 4A 1905 9050 1910 6.32 150000 1.36 5
20 Don, Kristopher Glenn D. 4A 1900 9000 1905 6.31 200000 1.34 5.5
21 Donato, Rodrigo Jr. B. 4A 1895 8950 1900 6.3 150000 1.32 6
22 Espidido, Brian B. 4A 1890 8900 1895 6.29 200000 1.3 5
23 Gargar, Kevin B. 4A 1885 8850 1890 6.28 150000 1.5 5.5
24 Gaveria, Gerhard-german A. 4A 1880 8800 1885 6.27 200000 1.48 6
25 Imperial, Anabelle B. 4A 1875 8750 1880 6.26 150000 1.46 5
26 Lee, Cyrene A. 4A 1870 8700 1875 6.25 200000 1.44 5.5
27 Llanderal, Merced P. 4A 1865 8650 1870 6.24 150000 1.42 6
28 Lleva, Jose Marlu T. 4A 1860 8600 1865 6.23 200000 1.4 5
29 Lorilla, Jayford J. 4A 1855 8550 1860 6.22 150000 1.38 5.5
30 Madrilejos, Janine Marie Y. 4A 1850 8500 1855 6.21 200000 1.36 6
31 Margallo, Francis B. 4A 1845 8450 1850 6.2 150000 1.34 5
32 Morasa, Jun Ed Rey R. 4A 1840 8400 1845 6.19 200000 1.32 5.5
33 Oribiada, Cyberg Joseph L. 4A 1835 8350 1840 6.18 150000 1.3 6
34 Rodrigueza, Mark Joseph N. 4A 1830 8300 1835 6.17 200000 1.5 5
35 Rustria, Ian Gregor A. 4A 1825 8250 1830 6.16 150000 1.48 5.5
36 Sabanal, Mark Joseph H. 4A 1820 8200 1825 6.15 200000 1.46 6
37 Straubhaar, Jeody M. 4A 1815 8150 1820 6.14 150000 1.44 5
38 Torre, Jayson B. 4A 1810 8100 1815 6.13 200000 1.42 5
39 Triumfante, Dan Dominic A. 4A 1805 8050 1810 6.12 150000 1.4 5.5
40 Uy, Ben Bryan A. 4A 1800 8000 1805 6.11 200000 1.38 6
41 Vargas, Gary V. 4A 1795 7950 1800 6.1 150000 1.36 5
42 Vargas, Ma. Arafel B. 4A 1790 7900 1795 6.09 200000 1.34 5.5
43 Verdad, Cezar Ian L. 4A 1785 7850 1790 6.08 150000 1.32 6
44 Abellano, Baby Jean T. 4B 1780 7800 1785 6.07 200000 1.3 5
45 Alano, Daryl P. 4B 1775 7750 1780 6.06 150000 1.5 5.5
46 Atacador, Gerald B. 4B 1770 7700 1775 6.05 200000 1.48 6
47 Atacador, Jerome A. 4B 1765 7650 1770 6.04 150000 1.46 5
48 Balcueva, Irvy Jr. B. 4B 1760 7600 1765 6.03 200000 1.44 5.5
49 Balcueva, Justine Marie B. 4B 1755 7550 1760 6.02 150000 1.42 6
50 Bercasio, Jayson B. 4B 1750 7500 1755 6.01 200000 1.4 5
51 Bermas, Romy James B. 4B 1745 7450 1750 6 150000 1.38 5.5
52 Bien, Henry V. 4B 1740 7400 1745 5.99 200000 1.36 6
53 Binos, Michael R. 4B 1735 7350 1740 5.98 150000 1.34 5
54 Botin, Warren E. 4B 1730 7300 1735 5.97 200000 1.32 5.5
55 Brutas, Allan III B. 4B 1725 7250 1730 5.96 150000 1.3 6
56 Burce, Ramil B. 4B 1720 7200 1725 5.95 200000 1.5 5
20
57 Copino, Romnick B. 4B 1715 7150 1720 5.94 150000 1.48 5.5
58 Custodio, Ruel C. 4B 1710 7100 1715 5.93 200000 1.46 6
59 Decano, Jed Francis F. 4B 1705 7050 1710 5.92 150000 1.44 5
60 Dioneda, Joebert B. 4B 1700 7000 1705 5.91 200000 1.42 5.5
61 Erestain, Kevin Michael J. 4B 1695 6950 1700 5.9 150000 1.4 6
62 Escarcha, Avi Ben R. 4B 1690 6900 1695 5.89 200000 1.38 5
63 Granado, Kennan S. 4B 1685 6850 1690 5.88 150000 1.36 5.5
64 Imperial, John Carlo B. 4B 1680 6800 1685 5.87 200000 1.34 6
65 Lopez, Arnold M. 4B 1675 6750 1680 5.86 150000 1.32 5
66 Lorente, Ronnel M. 4B 1670 6700 1675 5.85 200000 1.3 5.5
67 Loveriza, Dalton Anthony A. 4B 1665 6650 1670 5.84 150000 1.5 6
68 Macanip, Fermin II L. 4B 1660 6600 1665 5.83 200000 1.48 5
69 Malagueno, Gerard B. 4B 1655 6550 1660 5.82 150000 1.46 5.5
70 Maloloy-on, Mark Joseph B. 4B 1650 6500 1655 5.81 200000 1.44 6
71 Marano, Mark Anthony G. 4B 1645 6450 1650 5.8 150000 1.42 5
72 Mascarinas, Rome Jes G. 4B 1640 6400 1645 5.79 200000 1.4 5.5
73 Morada, Maria Dadel L. 4B 1635 6350 1640 5.78 150000 1.38 6
74 Nabata, Arwin M. 4B 1630 6300 1635 5.77 200000 1.36 5
75 Navea, Mark Paul A. 4B 1625 6250 1630 5.76 150000 1.34 5.5
76 Nierva, Fiel M. 4B 1620 6200 1625 5.75 200000 1.32 6
77 Ortile, Jayson M. 4B 1615 6150 1620 5.74 150000 1.3 5
78 Quinto, John Kevin M. 4B 1610 6100 1615 5.73 200000 1.5 5.5
79 Reforsado, Al Nino S. 4B 1605 6050 1610 5.72 150000 1.48 6
80 Roque, Charis-ann B. 4B 1600 6000 1605 5.71 200000 1.46 5
81 Tabifranca, Mark Jessam M. 4B 1595 5950 1600 5.7 150000 1.44 5.5
82 Tolon, Alyssa Marie B. 4B 1590 5900 1595 5.69 200000 1.42 6
83 Verdida, Ralph A. 4B 1585 5850 1590 5.68 150000 1.4 5
84 Zubeldia, John Paulo C. 4B 1580 5800 1585 5.67 200000 1.38 5.5
85 Baloloy, Gerald B.
1575 5750 1580 5.66 15000 1.36 6
86 Thomas, Hubert
1570 5700 1575 5.65 200000 1.34 5
87
88
89
90