COMPILATION OF NOTES

TIMBER DESIGN

TIMBER DESIGN
Generally refers to the proper evaluation of wood or lumber elements such as individual planks, joist, beams, post or columns which include the connection of elements to the other elements and the foundation, and the performance of elements and connections making up structural system. The design of a timber structures requires all components of the structure to be of sufficient size and strength to withstand the forces to which the structure might be reasonably be subjected during its useful life. Proper design also requires sufficient stiffness in members and structural system to prevent deformations associated with reasonable loads from impairing the service ability of non structural system or causing the structures to feel or appear unsafe.

Timber construction Manual (5th edition) this manual is developed by AITC to provide state-of-the-art recommendations on engineered timber constructions technical information and

AITC American Institute of Timber Construction Types of Timber/Lumber 1. Sawn Lumber is the product of lumber mills and is produced from many species Plain Sawn Cut - The most basic way to cut lumber by slicing the lumber in continuous parallel motion. - This method of cutting procedures different grain patterns depending on the location it was cut on the log. - It is known to shrink and expand most because the grains run left to right on the width of the board. - The milling is fast with a minimum amount of waste of raw material. Quarter Sawn Cut - The lumbers are cut on the quarters. - The wood grains of this specific method of cutting are more consistent and tight and when the grains are tighter, it makes the material sturdier. - All the grains run more in an up right direction, meaning the wood will not expand and shrink as much, compared to the plain sawn cut. - The milling is medium fast with a medium amount of waste of raw materials Rift sawn Cut - Almost similar to the quarter sawn cut, the rift sawn is milled in slightly different angle. - This method allows the grain to sit more tight to one another. - The grains run vertically with the thickness of the board, meaning it will only shrink and expand in height. - It is the most expensive milling technique but requires least amount of maintenance. 1|Page

COMPILATION OF NOTES
Conclusion:

TIMBER DESIGN

If it is used for renovation of a for rent house, it would be ideal to use plain sawn planks for economic reason. - If it is used for the renovation of our own house, it would be ideal to use quarter sawn planks for a little more quality materials. - If it requires using high quality materials with very little maintenance, then the best materials would be rift sawn planks. 2. Glued Laminated timber (Gluelam) - Is a type of structural timber product composed of several layers of dimensioned timber bounded together with durable, moisture-resistant adhesives. This material is called a laminating stock or lamstock for short. - By laminating several pieces of timber, a single large, strong structural timber is manufactured from smaller pieces. - These structural members are used as vertical columns and horizontal beams, as well as curved and arched shapes. Gluelam is readily produced in curved shapes and its available in range of species and appearance characteristics to meet varied-end use requirement. Connections are usually made with bolts, dowels and steel plates. - Gluelam has much lower embodied energy than reinforced concrete and steel; although of course it des entail more embodied energy than solid timber. Can be used in much longer span, heavier load and complex shapes. Gluelam = weight of Steel = weight of Concrete Gluelam 6 times Strength of Steel

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Simple Beam

TIMBER DESIGN

is a member that is supported only at its ends ( simple or pinned end conditions) and resist loads across a single span. The beam ends are allowed to rotate freely. Design shall satisfy the three conditions: 1. 2. 3. 4. Bending Stress Shear Stress parallel to the grain Deflection Bearing Stress

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COMPILATION OF NOTES

TIMBER DESIGN

Bending Stress Formula

( )( ) ( ( ) )( )

; Shearing Stress

1. Derive fb and fv for Rectangular Section ( ) ( )

WHERE: fb = extreme fiber bending stress m = applied bending moment a. Bending Stress I = area moment of inertia w/ respect to the NA = c = distance from the NA to the extreme fiber s = section modulus fv = horizontal shear stress (shear parallel to grain) V = shear force Q = first moment about na of the area of the section bet. The plane of intersection and outside the edge of the cross section on the same na. b = width of the plane across w/c fv is calculated a = shear area b. Shearing Stress = distance from shear area centroid of na

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2. Derive fb and fv for Triangular Section

TIMBER DESIGN

a. Bending Stress

( )

b. Shearing Stress

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