NANOPHOTONICS THE EMERGENCE OF A NEW PARADIGM: OFFERING HIGH SPEED CLOUD SERVICES BY ENHANCING EFFICIENCY OF ALL OPTICAL FIBER

OPTICS NETWORKS

Kishori Sharan Mathur Research Scholar, JJT University, Jhunjhunu 333001, Rajasthan, India kishorimathur@hotmail.com

Abstract Cloud computing is the highest of the highest technology. Cloud computing means shifting form PC based applications to internet based applications. Cloud computing can take on very efficiently on optical fiber networks and all the benefits of cloud computing can be delivered through these networks to end users. With advancement in cloud computing there is a need to exploit Nano photonics technology which has a promising future and have the capability to provide high speed cloud enabled services over optical networks and devices. Nano photonics which is the fusion of nanotechnology and photonics is likely to have a profound impact on our economy and society, comparable to that of semiconductor technology, information technology or cellular and molecular biology technology. Keeping the importance of Nano photonics in picture this paper presents the advances taking place in Nano photonics supporting high speed cloud computing services. The basics of Nano photonics and basic building blocks of this technology are covered mainly discussing photonic crystals and microstructure structure fibers (MOFs) or Holey fibers .The utilization of Photonic crystal and Photonic band gap fibers in optical communication are discussed .Than some advance Nano photonic devices like Nano photonic on chip and optical routers are discussed. Also, latest developments in slowing down of speed of light are presented with the advantages of such phenomenon in optical communications. Finally, cloud computing and its requirements from all optical fiber networks is presented. In the last photonic road map for optical communications is presented which highlights the future advancements in Nano photonics which are going to take place as the cloud computing services mature. Keywords: Nanotechnology, Nano photonics, Photonic crystals, MOFs, IaaS, PaaS, SaaS

1. INTRODUCTION Nanotechnology, which is sometimes shortened to "Nanotech", refers to a field whose theme is the control of matter on an atomic and molecular scale.It is Intentional formation of material structures with scale dependent physical properties in the .1 to 100 nm range

generally nanotechnology deals with structures of the size 100 nanometers or smaller, and involves developing materials or devices within that size. Nanotechnology is extremely diverse, ranging from Novel extensions of conventional device physics, to completely new approaches based upon Molecular self-assembly, to developing new materials with dimensions on the nanoscale, Even to speculation on whether we can directly control matter on the atomic scale. Nanotechnology has the potential to create many new materials and devices with wideRanging applications, such as in medicine, electronics, and energy production. On the otherhand, nanotechnology raises many of the same issues as with any introduction of new Technology, including concerns about the toxicity and environmental impact of Nanomaterials and their potential effects on global economics, as well as speculation about various doomsday scenarios. Nanotechnology is not a driver technology but is a very rich and sustainable emergent technology that will have significant applications in almost every area of human endeavor. The first use of the concepts in 'nano-technology' (but predating use of that name) was in "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom," a talk given by physicist Richard Feynman at an American Physical Society meeting at Caltech on December 29, 1959. Feynman described a Process by which the ability to manipulate individual atoms and molecules might be Developed, using one set of precise tools to build and operate another proportionally smaller Set, so on down to the needed scale. In the course of this, he noted, scaling issues would arise from the changing magnitude of various physical phenomena: gravity would become less important, surface tension and Van der Waals attraction would become more important, etc. This basic idea appears plausible, and exponential assembly enhances it with parallelism to produce a useful quantity of end products. The term "nanotechnology" was defined by Tokyo Science University Professor Norio Taniguchi in a 1974 paper as follows: "'Nano-technology' mainly consists of the processing of, separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or by one molecule." In the 1980s the basic idea of this definition was explored in much more depth by Dr. K. Eric Drexler, who promoted the technological significance of nano-scale phenomena and devices Through speeches and the books Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology (1986) and Nano systems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation, and so The term acquired its current sense. Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology is considered the first book on the Topic of nanotechnology. Nanotechnology and nanoscience got started in the early 1980s with two major developments; the birth of cluster science and the invention of the scanning tunnelling microscope (STM). This development led to the discovery of fullerenes in 1986 and carbon nanotubes a few years later. In another development, the synthesis and properties of semiconductor Nano crystals was studied. This led to a fast increasing number of metals Oxide nanoparticles of quantum dots. The atomic force microscope was invented six years After the STM was invented. In 2000, the United States National Nanotechnology Initiative Was founded to coordinate Federal nanotechnology research and development. 1.1 Fundamental concepts: size One nanometer (nm) is one thousandth of a micron which is a thousandth of a thousandth of a meter and billionth, or 10-9, of a meter i.e., a thousandth of a million of a meter. That is one billion nanometers in a meter. Another perspective: a nanometer is about the width of six bonded carbon atoms, and approximately 40,000 are needed to equal the width of an average human hair.

Another way to visualize a nanometer: 1 inch = 25,400,000 nanometers Red blood cells are ~7,000 nm in diameter, and ~2000 nm in height White blood cells are ~10,000 nm in diameter A virus is ~100 nm A hydrogen atom is .1 nm

Nanoparticles range from 1 to 100 nm Fullerenes (C60 / Buckyballs) are 1 nm Quantum Dots (of CdSe) are 8 nm Dendrimers are ~10 nm DNA (width) is 2 nm Proteins range from 5 to 50 nm Viruses range from 75 to 100 nm Bacteria range from 1,000 to 10,000 nm The comparative size of a Nanometer to a meter is the same as that of a marble to the size of the earth. [1] Figure 1 shows various aspects of nanotechnologies.

Figure 1 shows various aspects of nanotechnologies.

Two main approaches are used in nanotechnology. 1. "Bottom-up" approach 2. "Top-down" approach In the "bottom-up" approach, materials and devices are built from molecular components Which assemble themselves chemically by principles of molecular recognition. Top-down Approaches seek to create smaller devices by using larger ones to direct their assembly. 2. NANOPHOTONICS Nanophotonics or Nano-optics is the study of the behavior of light on the nanometer scale. It is considered as a branch of optical engineering which deals with optics, or the interaction of light with particles or substances, at deeply subwavelength length scales.The three major applications of nanotechnology are shown as follows in figure 2:

NANOTECHNOLOGY
CONTROL OF MATTER ON NANO SCALE

106TO109METER

NANOELECTRONICS
MOLECULAR SCALE ELECTRONICS COMPONENT

NANOPHOTONICS LIGHT
MATTER INTERACTION AT NANO SCALE

NANO MEDICINE
NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICINE

Figure 2 The study of Nano photonics involves two broad themes 1) studying the novel properties of light at the nanometer scale 2) enabling highly power efficient devices for engineering applications.

The study has the potential to revolutionize the telecommunications industry by providing microstructured Photonic bandgap and photonic crystal fibers and low power, high speed, interference-free devices such as electrooptic and all-optical switches on a chip and optical amplifiers etc. The emerging field of Nano photonics takes place when light is forced to interact with nano structures. Bringing together the field of nanotechnology together with optics and condensed matter physics, Nano photonics is one of the most creative areas of research and will play a major role in the massive field of Nano science for years to come. Nano photonics is also anticipated to play a supportive role to micro and Nano-electronics and extend the telecommunication Capacity into the terabit per second. Nano photonics can also offer high bandwidth, high speed and ultra-small optoelectronics components. This technology has the ability to change the telecommunications, computation and sensing industries. Nano photonics is the interface between nanotechnology and photonics with optical materials patterned on wavelength-size scales or smaller as shown in figure 3.[410,14,15] Nano photonics technology is expected to enter the mainstream market because of attributes such as low weight, high thermal stability, power efficiency and long working life etc., etc. Nano photonic application applications include lighting, indicators and signs, telecommunications, entertainments and consumer electronics. And materials include photonic crystals, plasmonics, nanotubes, nanoribbions and quantum dots.

Figure 3

Also, Nano photonics can be divided conceptually into three parts as shown in figure 4.

NANO OPTICAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

NANOSCALE NANOSCALE CONFINMENT CONFINEMENT OF MATTER OF RADIATION

NANOSCALE PHOTO PROCESS

Figure 4

One way to induce interaction between light and matter on a nanometre size scale to confine light and matter on a nanometre size scale that are much smaller than the wavelength of light. The second approach is to confine matter to Nano scale dimensions, thereby limiting interactions between light and matter to nanoscopic dimensions. This defines the field of nanomaterials. The last way is Nano scale confinement of a photo process where we induce photochemistry or a light induced phase change. This approach provides methods for nanofabrication of photonic structure and functional units. [3] 3. FOUNDATION OF NANOPHOTONICS Confinement of light results in field variations similar to the confinement of electron in a potential well. For light, the analogue of potential well is a region of high refractive- index bounded by a region of lower refractive-index. Figure 5 shows micro scale confinement of

Figure 5

light and Nano scale confinement of electrons. In Quantum wells one dimension is reduced to Nano scale while other two remain large. If two dimensions are reduced to Nano scale while the Third one remain large than they are called Quantum wires. If all the three dimensions reach Nano scale then they are called Quantum dots. The most Striking similarity is the Band-Gap within the spectra of electron and Photon energies. In case of. Electron crystals solution of Schrodingers equation in 3D periodic coulomb potential for electron crystal forbids propagation of free electrons with energies within the energy band-gap. Similarly, diffraction of light within a photonic crystal is forbidden for a range of frequencies which gives the concept of photonic Band-Gap. The forbidden range of frequencies depends on the direction of light with respect to the photonic crystal lattice. However, for a sufficiently refractive index contrast (n1\ n2), there exists a Band-Gap which is Omni-directional.[5] Figure 6 shows the band-gaps in electronic and photonic-crystal

Figure 6 4. PHOTONIC CRYSTALS: In the last few decades, a new frontier has opened up-It is called Nano photonics. The goal in this case is to control the optical properties of a material. An enormous range of technological developments would become possible if we could engineer a material that responds to light waves over a desired range of frequencies by perfectly reflecting them, or allowing them to propagate only in certain directions, or confine them within a specified volume. What sort of material can afford us complete control over light propagation? If could be a photonic crystal. A crystal is a periodic arrangement of atoms or molecules. The patterns with which the atoms or molecules are repeated in space in the crystal lattice. The Crystal presents a periodic potential to an electron propagating through it, and both the constituents of the crystal and the geometry of the lattice dictate the conduction properties of the crystal. However, the lattice can also prohibit the propagation of certain waves. There may be gaps in the energy band structure of the crystal, meaning that electrons are forbidden to propagate with certain energies in certain directions, If the lattice potential is strong enough, the gap can extend to cover all possible propagation directions, resulting in a complete band gap-For example, a Semiconductor has a complete band gap between the valence and conduction energy bands.

The optical analogue is the photonic crystal, in which the atoms or molecules are replaced by macroscopic media with differing dielectric constants, and the periodic potential is replaced by a periodic dielectric function (or. a periodic index of refraction).If the dielectric Constants Of the materials in the crystal is sufficiently different, and if the absorption of light by the materials is minimal, then the refractions and reflections of light from all of the various interfaces can produce many of the same phenomena for photons (light modes) that the atomic potential produces for electrons. One solution to the problem of optical control and manipulation is thus a photonic crystal. It is a low loss periodic dielectric medium. In particular, we can design and construct photonic crystals with photonic band gaps, preventing light from propagating in certain directions with specified frequencies (i-e., a certain range of wavelengths or colours of light).[11-13,16] Photonics crystals can be constructed with micron dimensions for control of infrared light. Figure 7 shows simple examples of one two and three- dimensional photonic crystals.

Figure 7: Alternating layers of two materials (blue and green) with different refractive index (or different dielectric constants) creates one dimensional confinement at left. Adding alternating layers in other dimensions creates a two dimensional photonic crystal (centre) and a 3-d version (right) 4.1 photonic crystal and high speed optical communications A photonic crystal with a well-defined defect channel can be used to confine light in the defect region and guide it. Guiding light through well controlled defect channels allows sharp bending of light without significant optical loss. Hence it is possible to achieve very sharp bends (90) which is not possible with a wave guide as illustrated in figure 8. Using a photonic crystal, one can achieve zero group velocity dispersion over a broad range of wavelengths; hence the carrier frequency for optical communications doesnt have to be limited to 1.3 and 1.55 m resulting in availability of very large number of optical wavelengths for dense wave length division multiplexing (DWDM) systems. The narrow

band filtering property of a photonic crystal, together with super prism effect, as shown in figure 9, is useful for DWDM where many optical channels of closely spaced optical frequencies are separated over a wide angle range. Finally, a photonic crystal platform provides an opportunity for dense integration of receiver, amplifier, transmitter, and routers on the same chip. Thus both active and passive functions can be integrated to produce a true photonic chip. [2]

Figure 8

Figure 9 5. MICROSTRUCTURE OPTICAL FIBERS (MOFs) OR HOLEY FIBERS: Holey fibers are a new class of fibers having internal structure and light guiding properties that are significantly different than conventional optical fibers. There are two methods of guiding light within a holey fiber, depending on its structure:

(i)

Effective index guiding

This guiding mechanism relies on the fact that the holes in the fibers are smaller than the wavelength of the light being guided. As a result, light experiences an average or effective index in the cladding. If the cladding, which is full of holes, has a lower average refractive index than the core, than light is guided by total internal reflection, again, just as with ordinary fibers.

(ii)

Photonic band gap guiding

A holey fiber can guide light even when the refractive index of the core is lower than that of the cladding, if, for example, the core of the fiber comprises an air hole. Total internal reflection doesnt work under these circumstances. A new mechanism Photonic band gap guidance is responsible, which relies on the regular arrangements of the holes. The cladding acts like a mirror ,with reflections at multiple air/ silica interfaces adding up to producing strong reflections overall, that works in much the same way as thin film filters, or multilayer mirrors, the difference being that thin film filters are periodic in one dimension, while fibers are two dimensional. A wide range of novel optical properties are possible in holey fibers because of the cladding features are of the scale of wavelength. The basic theory of photonic band gap fibers (PCFs) is based on Photonic crystals. Figure 10 shows various types holey fibers and their sub categories.

F i g u r e 1 0

Figure 10 5.1 Utilization of micro structure optical fibers as Nano photonic devices for optical communications: Micro structure optical fibers in cloud computing environment can be utilized in:

(i) (ii)

High speed ultra- long haul (ULH) backbone networks. High bandwidth coarse wavelength multiplexed (CWDM) metro networks and

(iii) Very high bandwidth access networks like fiber to the home (FTTH) networks based upon Ethernet passive optical networks (EPON) or gigabits passive optical networks (GPON) or broadband passive optical networks (BPON) or wavelength division multiplexed passive optical networks (WDMPON). For ultra-long haul high speed, high power networks, there are issues of fiber nonlinearities which are self- phase modulation (SPM) ,cross phase modulation (XPM),Four wave mixing (FWM) ,stimulated Brillion scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman Scattering(SRS). These nonlinearities represent the fundamental limiting mechanism to the amount of data that can be transmitted on single optical fibers. One of the methods to counteract these nonlinearities is by increasing the effective areas of the optical fiber. With photonic band gap microstructure fibers it is possible to construct very large effective area and low loss fibers which can carry high optical power to large distances without nonlinear interactions or optical damage. Also, Air core fibers represents a revolutionary advance in the optical fiber Nano technology since the theoretical predicted attenuation is less than 0.001 db/km. Additionally, with air as core nonlinear impairments such as four wave mixing (FWM), cross phase modulation (XPM), and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) would no longer be inhibitor to high speed, high channel count, high power transmission optical fiber communications systems. In case of fiber to the home access networks where bending loss insensitive fibers are required, Holey fibers with 10mm bending diameter are most suitable in comparison to with 20 mm strong bend fibers or 60 mm bend SM fibers. Due to bending insensitivity, it is possible to have space reduction in MDFs and terminal boxes. The bending losses are as low as 0.01 to 0.07 dB/turn at 1550 nm.[17-23] The microstructure fibers are utilized for making optical switch, Raman amplifiers, solition generation, gratings, broad band devices, dispersion compensation, dispersion controlled devices, high power fibers, low loss propagation, nonlinear devices, pulse compression, WDM devices and solition lasers etc. 6. SLOW SPEED OF LIGHT TO IMPROVE OPTICAL NETWORKING: Scientists at U C Berkeley University managed to slow down the speed of light traveling through a semiconductor to 6 miles a second or 31,000 times slower than the 186,000 miles per second that light normally travels in a vacuum. Slowing the light pulses could lead a more orderly traffic flow in the networks, which in turn could lead to faster transmission of more or longer files. Potentially, this could mean high resolution video conferencing without jitter and it will be possible to send 600 two hours long feature films in one second. Practically, it will become possible to send100 tera bits of information or roughly 20 billion one page e mails. One application could lie in the elimination of the optical to electrical conversion that takes place in fiber optic communication system. Electrical signals are much slower, creating networks bottlenecks. By slowing down light and developing chips that can handle semi slow light impulses, data would not have to undergo the conversion process. There is a possibility that slow speed of light will lead to significant advances in communications ten years from now. [24, 25]

7. SOME MORE FUTURE NANO PHOTONIC DEVICES FOR CLOUD ENABLE OPTICAL NETWORKS (i) On chip nano photonic To cater for cloud computing requirements Nano photonics is going to play a major role in the future by providing Nano photonics devices for cloud enabled optical networks. One example of photonic integrated circuit is JDSUs integrated laser Mach Zehnder device. This allows higher performance & more cost effective solution that support faster network speeds. Tuneable lasers are key elements required for deployment of agile optical networks (AON). Such networks are cloud enabled networks deployed by service providers to scale infrastructures and replace slow, manual operations with simplified, dynamic network solutions that can quickly respond to fluctuating traffic traveling over fiber optic networks as demanded by cloud computing environment. The chip includes a widely tuneable laser and Mach Zehnder modulator on a single chip that is small enough to fit on the tip of a finger as shown in the figure 11. [27]This combination can support transmission speeds greater than 11.3 Gbit/s and is scalable to support 40 Gbit/s

Figure 11: example of a photonic integerated circuit

On March 3, 2010, IBM has announced that they have replaced electrical signals on a chip with tiny silicon circuits that communicate using pulses of light. The outcome is the development of ultra-high speed, ultra-low power avalanche photo detector. Its the worlds fastest device capable of receiving optical information signals at 40 Gbps while simultaneous multiply them ten folds as shown in figure 12.[29] The device just operates with 1.5 volt supply only.

Figure 12

(ii)

All optical routers

Cloud Computing and all IP based services like IPTV, VOIP and HDTV are causing internet traffic to double every year. Electronic core routers have deficiencies since they are slow and consume considerable space/electrical power which these systems require and large quantity of heat they generate. One example is routing system with 40 Gbit/s line cards and a 640 Gbit/s of switching capacity per chassis. The system occupies 213x60x91cm3, consumes 10.92 KW of power and weight 723 Kg. On the other hand optical routers (photonic routers) have advantage of low power consumption. Smaller device foot print, ultra high speed serial operation and data format transparency, this design is based on the optical routing of high speed data electronic processing of low rate optical labels therefore also referred as optically switched routers. Such router require Nano photonic devices like integrated optical switches, all optical random access memories capable of storing and retrieving the label values and integrated array waveguide gratings (AWG) and optical logic gates capable of high speed processing.[28] 8. ROLE OF NANO PHOTONICS IN OFFERING HIGH SPEED CLOUD SERVICES BY ENHANCING THE EFFICIENCY OF OPTICAL FIBER NETWORKS: Cloud computing can be defined as a new style of computing in which dynamically, scalable and often virtualized resources are provided as a service over the internet. Cloud computing is a flexible, cost effective and proven delivery platform for providing business or consumer IT services over the internet. Cloud services can be rapidly deployed and easily scaled with all processes, applications and services provisioned on demand regardless of user location or device. With the cloud computing technology users use a variety of devices, including PCs, Laptops, Smart phones, and PDAs to access programs, storage and application development platform over the internet, via services offered by cloud computing providers.

Advantages of cloud computing technology include cost savings, high availability and easy scalability. Cloud computing can be viewed as a collection of services which can be presented as a layered cloud computing architecture. The services offered through cloud computing usually include IT services referred as SaaS (Software as a service).In this service, SaaS allow users to run applications remotely from the cloud. Infrastructure as a service, (IaaS) refers to Computing resources as a service, this include virtualized computers with guaranteed processing power and reserved bandwidth for storage and internet access. Networking is also the part of IaaS. Platform as a service (PaaS) is similar to IaaS, but also includes operating systems and required services for a particular application. The three layers of cloud computing are illustrated in figure 13.

Figure 13 As a result, cloud computing gives organizations the opportunity to increase their service delivery, efficiency, streamlining IT management and better align IT services with dynamic business requirements. These cloud services can be delivered in three principle ways (i) (ii) (iii) Public cloud Private cloud Hybrid cloud

Public cloud is available to anyone with internet access whereas private clouds are owned and used by single organization. In hybrid clouds organization provides cloud services and manages some supporting resources in house and has others provided externally. These cloud services have following major requirements from optical networks: (i) High availability for mission critical applications

(ii) (iii)

High performance and scalability Unified computing system

New architecture to unite network, computing, storage ,access and virtualization (iv) (v) (vi) Lower cost Fewer servers, switches, adapters, cables etc. Low latency

To cater for the above mentioned requirements of cloud computing optical networks must have following attributes: (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) Very high speed Very high bit rate/ Very high Transmission bandwidth systems Dynamic Scalable Reconfigurable Flexible Shared

(viii) Less costly (ix) (x) (xi) (xii) Low Power consumption Low latency Fast switching and routing of traffic High network throughput

(xiii) Optimum resource utilization (xiv) (xv) Guaranteed quality of service Networking features

To cater for above mentioned requirements in optical networks, there is a need to exploit the cutting edge Nano photonic technologies such as Photonic crystals, Nano particles, surface plasmonics, Quantum dots, Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs), integrated optics technology etc. These technologies have already demonstrated various device performances surpassing those of conventional photonic devices based on ordinary materials. Most of these technologies are

enabling ultra-small photonic devices that can be densely integrated in a chip and consume a very small amount of energy per bit operation. These devices holds the promise to introduce large scale photonics into a chip, such as MPU (micro processing unit), there by having an impact on future telecommunications networks. For integrated optical devices Nano photonics goes well beyond the diffraction limit of light hence it is possible to perform optical packet or label recoginazation and manufacture compact size integrated optical components similarly on the lines of integrated circuits.

9. COLCLUSION Photonic technologies have already revolutionized communications and have the potential to do the same for the field of cloud computing applications. One of the most exciting applications of Nano photonics is in to transport quantum bits and teleport quantum information over optical fibers. To do this, two new Nano photonics devices are needed: Single photon sources and low loss optical fibers like Photonic band gap fibers(PCFs) whose theoretical predicted loss is only 0.001 dB/km. Photonic crystal and photonic crystal fibers have infinite usages in optical communications for very efficient optical networking. Also, on chip photonic integrated circuits will going to revolutionized optical communications in near future. Also , control of light i.e., slow speed of light will result in efficient switches, routers and improved optical networking by exploiting the optical fiber bandwidth which is about 200 THz (Theoretical Bandwidth).[14,24-26]. Also Nano photonics devices will open up a new era in the field of optical networking by providing cloud enabled all optical components based on photonic crystal, micro structure optical fibers and all optical integrated optics devices. Finally, Photonic technology road map (Figure 14) shows that Nano photonics is also maturing with the advances in cloud computing technology.

Figure 14 photonic technology roadmap

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