Review of Electromagnetic Waves & Waveguides1 PDF

Electromagnetic Fields
Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 1

Review: TimeDependent Maxwells Equations

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
D t E t
B t H t
G G
G G
=
=
( )
( )
0
D t
B t
G
G
=
=
( )
( )
( )
( )
B t
E t
t
D t
H t J
t
G
G
G
G G
= +
Electromagnetic quantities:

Vector
quantities
in space
Electric Field
Magnetic Field
Electric Flux (Displacement) Density
Magnetic Flux (Induction) Density
Current Density
Displacement Curren
E
H
D
B
J
D
t
G
G
G
G
G
G
t
Charge Density
Dielectric Permittivity
Magnetic Permeability
In free space:

In a material medium:

If the medium is anisotropic, the relative quantities are tensors:
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
12
0
7
0
8.854 10 As/Vm or F/m
4 10 Vs/Am or Henry/m
= =
= =
0 0
;
relative permittivity (dielectric constant)
relative permeability
r r
r
r
= =
=
=
;
xx xy xz xx xy xz
r yx yy yz r yx yy yz
zx zy zz zx zy zz

= =

In engineering it is very important to consider time-harmonic fields
with a sinusoidal time-variation. If we assume a steady-state
situation (after all transients have died out) most physical situations
may be investigated by considering one single frequency at a time.

This assumption leads to great simplifications in the algebra. It is
also realistic, because in practical electromagnetics applications
we often have a dominant frequency (carrier) to consider.

The time-harmonic fields have the form

We can use the complex phasor representation

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0
cos cos
E H
E t E t H t H t
G G G G
= + = +
( )
{ }
( )
{ } 0 0
Re Re
E H
j j j t j t
E t E e e H t H e e
G G G G

= =
We define

Maxwells equations can be rewritten for phasors, with the time-
derivatives transformed into linear terms

( )
( )
0
0
E phasor of
H phasor of
E
H
j
j
E e E t
H e H t
G G G
G G G
= =
= =
( )
( )
2
2
2
E phasor of
E phasor of
E t
j
t
E t
t
G
G
G
G
In phasor form, Maxwells equations become

where all electromagnetic quantities are phasors and functions only
of space coordinates.
E H
H J E
D
B 0
D E
B H
j
j
G G
G G G
G
G
G G
G G
=
= +
=
=
=
=
( )
F E B q v
G G G
G
= +
Lets consider first vacuum as a medium. The wave equations for
phasors become Helmholtz equations

The general solutions for these differential equations are waves
moving in 3-D space. Note, once again, that the two equations are
uncoupled.

This means that each equation contains all the necessary
information for the total electromagnetic field and one only needs to
solve the equation for one field to completely specify the problem.
The other field is obtained with a curl operation by invoking one of
the original Maxwell equations.

2 2
0 0
2 2
0 0
E E 0
H H 0
G G
G G
+ =
+ =
At this stage we assume that a wave exists, and we do not yet
concern ourselves with the way the wave is generated. So, for the
sake of understanding wave behavior, we can restrict the Helmhlotz
equations to a simple case:

We assume that the wave solution has an electric field which is
uniform on the { x , y }-plane and has a reference positive
orientation along the x-direction. Then, we verify that this is a
reasonable choice corresponding to an actual solution of the
Helmholtz wave equations. We recall that the Laplacian of a
scalar is a scalar
and that the Laplacian of a vector is a vector
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
f f f
f
x y z

= + +

2 2 2 2

E E E E
x x y y z z
i i i
G
= + +
The Helmholtz equation becomes:

Only the x-component of the electric field exists (due to the chosen
orientation) and only the z-derivative exists, because the field is
uniform on the { x , y }-plane.

We have now a one-dimensional wave propagation problem
described by the scalar differential equation

( )
2
2 2 2
0 0 0 0
2
E

E E E 0
x
x x x
i i
z
G G

+ = + =
2
2
0 0
2
E
E 0
x
x
z
+ =
This equation has a well known general solution

where the propagation constant is
The wave that we have assumed is a plane wave and we have
verified that it is a solution of Helmholtz equation. The general
solution above has two possible components

For the simple wave orientation chosen here, the problem is
mathematically identical to the one solved earlier for voltage
propagation in a homogeneous transmission line.
( ) ( )
exp exp A j z B j z +
0 0
c
= =
( )
exp z A j z Forward wave, moving along positive
( )
exp z B j z Backward wave, moving along negative
If a specific electromagnetic wave is established in an infinite
homogeneous medium, moving for instance along the positive
direction, only the forward wave should be considered.

A reflected wave exists when a discontinuity takes place along the
path of the forward wave (that is, the material medium changes
properties, either abruprtly or gradually).

We can also assume that the amplitude of the forward plane wave
solution is given and that it is in general a complex constant fixed
by the conditions that generated the wave

We can write at last the phasor electric field describing a simple
forward plane wave solution of Helmholtz equation as:
0
j
A E e

=
0

E ( )
j j z
x x
z E e e i
G

=
The corresponding time-dependent field is obtained by applying the
inverse phasor transformation

The phasor magnetic field is obtained directly from the Maxwell
equation for the electric field curl

( ) ( )
{ } { }
( )
0
0

, Re E Re
cos
j t j j z j t
x x x x
x
E z t z e i E e e e i
E t z i
G

= =
= +
( )
( )
0 0
0
0
E H
H
j j z
x
j j z
x
E e e i j
E e e i
j
G G
G

= =
We then develop the curl as

( )
( )
( ) ( )
0
0 0
0

det
E 0 0

x y z
j j z
x
x
j j j z j z
y z
j j z
y
i i i
E e e i
x y z
z
E e e E e e
i i
z y
j E e e i

= =

= =

=
= 0
( )
E
x
z
The final result for the phasor magnetic field is

We define

( )
( )
0
0 0
0
0
0 0
0
0 0

E
j j z
y y
j j z
y
j j z
y x y
j E e e
z i
j
E e e i
E e e i z i
G

= =

= =

= =

0
0
0
377 Intrinsic impedance of vacuum
= =
We have found that the fields of the electromagnetic wave are
perpendicular to each other, and that they are also perpendicular
(or transverse) to the direction of propagation.

x
z
y
E

H
Electromagnetic power flows with the wave along the direction of
propagation and it is also constant on the phase-planes. The
power density is described by the time-dependent Poynting vector

The Poynting vector is perpendicular to both field components, and
is parallel to the direction of wave propagation.

When the wave propagates on a general direction, which does not
coincide with one of the cartesian axes, the propagation constant
must be considered to be a vector with amplitude

and direction parallel to the Poynting vector.
( ) ( ) ( )
P t E t H t
G G G
=
| | =
G
The condition of mutual orthogonality between the field
components and the Poynting vector is general and it applies to
any plane wave with arbitrary direction of propagation. The mutual
orientation chosen for the reference directions of the fields follows
the right hand rule.

( , , ) E x y z
G
( , , ) H x y z
G
, P
G
G
x
y
z

So far, we have just verified that electromagnetic plane waves are
possible solutions of the Maxwell equations for time-varying fields.
One may wonder at this point if plane waves have practical physical
relevance.

First of all, we should notice that plane waves are mathematically
analogous to the exponential basis functions used in Fourier
analysis. This means that a general wave, with more than one
frequency component, can always be decomposed in terms of
plane waves.

For periodic signals, we have a discrete set of waves which are
harmonics of the fundamental frequency (analogy with Fourier
series).

For general signals, we must consider a continuum of
frequencies in order to decompose in terms of elementary plane
waves (analogy with Fourier transform).

From a physical point of view, however, the properties of a plane
wave may be somewhat puzzling.

Assume that a steady-state plane wave is established in an ideal
infinite homogeneous medium. On any plane perpendicular to the
direction of propagation (phase-planes), the electric and magnetic
fields have uniform magnitude and phase.

The electromagnetic power, flowing with a phase-plane of the wave,
is obtained by integrating the Poynting vector, which is also
uniform on each phase-plane. For a plane where the Poynting
vector is non-zero, the total power carried by the wave is infinite

In many practical cases, we approximate an actual wave with a
plane wave on a limited region of space, thus considering an
appropriate finite power.
( ) ( ) ( )
plane plane
P t E t H t =

G G G
Review of Boundary Conditions

Consider an electromagnetic field at the boundary between two
materials with different properties. The tangent and the normal
component of the fields must me examined separately, in order to
understand the effects of the boundary.

Medium 1
1
;
1
Medium 2

2
;
2
boundary
1 t
H
G
2 t
H
G
2 n
H
G
1 n
H
G
1
H
G
2
H
G
Tangential Magnetic Field

Ampres law for the boundary region in the figure can be written as

Medium 1
1
;
1
Medium 2

2
;
2
boundary
1
H
t
G
2
H
t
G
3
H
n
G
a
4
H
n
G
b
.
x
y
z
H
H
H E
y
x
z z
J j
x y

= +

G
In terms of finite differences approximation for the derivatives

If one lets the boundary region shrink, with a going to zero faster
than b,

4 3 1 2
H H H H
E
n n t t
z z
J j
b a

= +
t
t
z
t
t s
a
J a J
for perfect conducto
for materials wi
rs
(sur
th finite co
face cur
nducti
ren
v ty
)
i
t
2 1
0
2 1
H H lim

( )
H 0

H
= =
= Tangential components are conserved
3 4
2 1
0
H H
H H lim( E )
n n
t t z z
a
J a j a a
b

= + +
For a general boundary geometry

In the case of a perfect conductor, the electromagnetic fields go
immediately to zero inside the material, because the conductivity is
infinite and attenuates instantly the fields. The surface current is
confined to an infinitesimally thin skin, and it accounts for the
discontinuity of the tangential magnetic field, which becomes
immediately zero inside the perfect conductor.

For a real medium, with finite conductivity, the fields can penetrate
over a certain distance, and there is a current distributed on a thin,
but not infinitesimal, skin layer. The tangential field components on
the two sides of the interface are the same. Nonetheless, the
perfect conductor is often a good approximation for a real metal.
t t s
n J
1 2
(H H ) =
G G G
n unit vector normal to the su e rfac =
Tangential Electric Field

Faradays law for the same boundary region can be written as

Medium 1
1
;
1
Medium 2

2
;
2
boundary
1
E
t
G
2
E
t
G
3
E
n
G
a
4
E
n
G
b
.
x
y
z
E
E
E H
y
x
z
j
x y

=

G
In terms of finite differences approximation for the derivatives

If one lets the boundary region shrink, with a going to zero faster
than b,

For a general boundary geometry

4 3 1 2
E E E E
H
n n t t
z
j
b a

=
t t 2 1
E E 0 = Tangential components are conserved
3 4
2 1
0
E E
E E lim( H )
n n
t t z
a
j a a
b

= +
t t
n
1 2
(E E ) 0 =
G G
Normal components

Consider a small box that encloses a certain area of the interface
with
Medium 1
1
;
1
Medium 2

2
;
2
boundary
1 1
D B
n n
G G
2 2
D B
n n
G G
w
Area
.
x
y
z
+ + + + + +
s
s
interface charge density =
Integrate the divergence of the fields over the volume of the box:

Volu Volume
Surface
me
d d
ds
r r
Divergence theorem
Flux of D out of the box

D
D n
=
G
G
G
G
G
G
w
Volume
Surface
dr
ds
Divergence theorem
Flux of B out of the box

B 0
B n
=
G
G
G
G
G
w
If the thickness of the box tends to zero and the charge density is
assumed to be uniform over the area, we have the following fluxes

The resulting boundary conditions are

The discontinuity in the normal component of the displacement
field D is equal to the density of surface charge.

The normal components of the magnetic induction field B are
continuous across the interface.
n n
s
n n
Area
Area
Area
G
G
1 2
1 2
= (D D )
= T
D-Flux out of box
B-Flux out of bo
otal interface charge =
= (B ) 0 x B

=
=
n n s n n 1 2 1 2
D D B B 0 = =
For isotropic and uniform values of and in the two media

Even when the interface charge is zero, the normal components of
the electric field are discontinuous at the interface, if there is a
change of dielectric constant .

The normal components of the magnetic field have a similar
discontinuity at the interface due to the change in the magnetic
permeability. In many practical situations, the two media may have
the same permeability as vacuum,
0
, and in such cases the normal
component of the magnetic field is conserved across the interface.

n n n n s
n n n n
1 2 1 1 2 2
1 2 1 1 2 2
D D E E
B B H H 0

= =
= =
G G G G
G G G G
SUMMARY

If medium 2 is
perfect conductor

t
G
1
H
t
G
2
H
t
G
1
E
t
G
2
E
n
G
1
H
n
G
2
H
n
G
1
E
n
G
2
E
1
,
1
1
,
1
1
,
1
1
,
1
2
,
2
2
,
2
2
,
2
2
,
2
t t t s
t
n
1 2 1
2
H J

H H
H 0
=
=
=
G G
G
G G
t t t
t
1 2 1
2
E 0

E E

E 0
= =
=
G
G
G G
n n n
n
1 1
2
2
H 0

H H
1 2

H 0
= =
=
G
G G G
1 1 2
2
1
E

E E
1 2
E 0

s

+
n
n
n n s
= =
=
G
G
G G
Examples:
An infinite current sheet generates a plane wave (free space on
both sides)

The E.M. field is transmitted on both sides of the infinitesimally thin
sheet of current.
x
y
+ z
- z
J
s
H
s
( ) cos( )
Phasor J
s so x
so x
J t J t i
J i
=
=
G
G
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

1 2
(H H ) J
t t s
n =
G G G
1 2
1 2
1 0 1
1 2
1 2
H H
E E
E H
Symmetry H H
H H
2 2
t t so x
t t
t t
t t
so so
J i
J J
=
=
=
=
= =
G G
G G
G G
G G
A semi-infinite perfect conductor medium in contact with free space
has uniform surface current and generates a plane wave

The E.M. field is zero inside the perfect conductor. The wave is only
transmitted into free space.
x
y
+ z
- z
J
s
H
J cos( )
s so x
J t i =
G
Perfect
Conductor
Free Space
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

1 2
(H H ) J
t t s
n =
G G G
1 2 1
2
1 2
1 2
H H H 0
E 0
Asymmetry H H
H H 0
t t t so x
t
t t
t so t
J i
J
= =
=

= =
G G G
G
G G
Electromagnetic Waves in Material Media

In a material medium free charges may be present, which generate
a current under the influence of the wave electric field. The current
J
c
is related to the electric field E through the conductivity as

The material may also have specific relative values of dielectric
permittivity and magnetic permeability

J E
c
=
r o r o
= =
Maxwells equations become

In phasor notation, it is as if the material conductivity introduces an
imaginary part for the dielectric constant . The wave equation for
the phasor electric field is given by

We have assumed that the net charge density is zero, even if a
conductivity is present, so that the electric field divergence is zero.
E H
H E E ( )E
j
j j j

=
= + =
2
c
2
E E E H
(J E)
E ( )E
j
j j
j j

= =
= +
= +
In 1-D the wave equation is simply

with general solution

These resemble the voltage and current solutions in lossy
transmission lines.
2
2
2
E
( )E E
x
x x
j j
z
= + =
( )
( )
E ( ) exp( ) exp( )
1
( ) exp( ) exp( )
1
exp( ) exp( )
x
x
y
z A z B z
E j
H z A z B z
j z j
A z B z
= +
+
= =

=
The intrinsic impedance of the medium is defined as

For the propagation constant, one can obtain the real and imaginary
parts as
j
j
e
j

= =
+
1/ 2
2
1/ 2
2
( )
1 1
2
1 1
2
j j j = + = +
(

| |
(
= +
|
( \ .

(

| |
(
= + +
|
( \ .

Phase velocity and wavelength are now functions of frequency
The intrinsic impedance of the medium is complex as long as the
conductivity is not zero. The phase angle of the intrinsic
impedance indicates that electric field and magnetic field are out of
phase. Considering only the forward wave solutions
( )
( )
1 / 2
2
1 / 2
2
2
1 1
2 2
1 1
p
v
f

= = + +

= = + +

(
(
(

(
(
(

E ( ) exp( ) exp( ) exp( )
1 1
H ( ) exp( ) exp( ) exp( )
x
y
z A z A z j z
z A z j A z j z j
= =
= =

In time-dependent form

where the integration constant has been assumed to be in general a
complex quantity as

{ }
{ }
1
( , ) Re exp( ) exp( ) exp( )
exp( ) cos( )
1
( , ) Re exp( ) exp( ) exp( )
exp( )
exp( )
exp( ) cos( )
x
y
E z t z j z j t
z t z
H z t A z j z j j t
A j
A
j
A z t z =
=
+
=
+
=
exp( ) A A j =
Classification of materials

Perfect dielectrics - For these materials = 0

Propagation constant
0
r o r o
=
=
Medium Impedance
=
r o
r o
j
j

=

Phase velocity
1
p
r o r o
v

= =

Wavelength
2 1
p
r o r o
v
f
f
= = =

Imperfect dielectrics For these materials 0 but (/)<<1

1
2
( ) 1
2
1 1
1
2
2
p
j j j j
j
v
f
j j
j
j j
= + =

+ +

= =

| |
= =
|
+

If (/)<<1, the errors made in the approximations for , , v
p

and are very small, since only terms of order (/)
2
or higher
appear in the expansions. The error is slightly higher fo the
medium impedance since the expansion contains a term of order
(/).

The simple rule of thumb is that approximations for imperfect
dielectric can be applied when

When the condition above is verified, the imperfect dielectric
behaves in all respects like a perfect dielectric, except for an
attenuation term in the fields.

The quantity / is called Loss Tangent.
0.1
Good conductors For these materials 0 but (/)>>1
( )
1 1
exp( ) (1 )
4
2 2
4 2 4
exp( )
4
1 1
2 2
(1 )
p
j j j j
j j f j
f
v
f
j j
j
f
f
j j
f
j
= + =
| |
= = + = +
\ .

= =

=

=
+
| |
= + =
\ .
The simple rule of thumb is that approximations for good conductor
can be applied when

Note that for a good conductor the attenuation constant and the
propagation constant are approximately equal.

The medium impedance has nearly equal real and imaginary
parts, therefore its phase angle is approximately 45.

This means that in a good conductor the electric and magnetic
fields have always a phase difference = 45 = /4.

10

Also, in a good conductor the fields attenuate very rapidly. The
distance over which fields are attenuated by a factor exp(1.0) is

A typical good conductor is copper, which has the following
parameters:

1 1
Skin depth
f
= = =

7
5.80 10 [S/m]
o
o
=

Copper remains a good conductor at extremely high frequencies.
Another good conductor example is sea water at relatively low
frequencies

At a frequency of 25 kHz

4.0 [S/m]
80
o
o

36, 000
Perfect conductor - For this ideal material

For this material, the attenuation is also infinite and the skin depth
goes to zero. This means that the electromagnetic field must go to
zero below the perfect conductor surface.

General medium - When a material is not covered by one of the limit
cases, the complete formulation must be used. We can classify a
material for which the conditions (/)<<1 or (/)>>10 are
invalid as a general medium.

The simple rule of thumb for general medium is

10 0.1
> >
Power Flow in Electromagnetic Waves

The time-dependent power flow density of an electromagnetic wave
is given by the instantaneous Poynting vector

For time-varying fields it is important to consider the time-average
power flow density

where T is the period of observation.

( ) ( ) ( )
P t E t H t
G G G
=
0 0
1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
T T
P t P t dt E t H t dt
T T
G G G G
= =

Consider time-harmonic fields represented in terms of their phasors

The time-dependent Poynting vector can be expressed as the sum
of the cross-products of the components

(Note that:
1
cos sin sin2
2
t t t = )

( )
2
2
( ) ( ) Re{E} Re{H} cos
Im{E} Im{H} sin
Re{E} Im{H} Im{E} Re{H} cos sin
E t H t t
t
t t
G G G G
G G
G G G G
=
+
+
{ }
{ }
( ) Re E exp( ) Re{E} cos Im{E} sin
( ) Re Hexp( ) Re{H} cos Im{H} sin
E t j t t t
H t j t t t

= =
= =
G G G G
G G G G
The time-average power flow density can be obtained by integrating
the previous result over a period of oscillation T . The pre-factors
containing field phasors do not depend on time, therefore we have
to solve for the following integrals:
2
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
1 1 sin2
cos
2 4
1 1 sin2
sin
2 4
1 1 sin
cos sin
2
1
1
2
0
2
T
T
T
T
T
T
t t
t dt
T T
t t
t dt
T T
t
t t dt
T T
(
= + =
(
(
= =
(
= =
(
The final result for the time-average power flow density is given by

Now, consider the following cross product of phasor vectors

( )
0
1
( ) ( ) ( )
1
Re{E} Re{H} Im{E} Im{H}
2
T
P t E t H t dt
T
G G G
G G G G
=
= +
( )
*
E H Re{E} Re{H} Im{E} Im{H}
Im{E} Re{H} Re{E} Im{H} j
G G G G G G
G G G G
= +
+
By combining the previous results, one can obtain the following
time average rule

We also call complex Poynting vector the quantity

NOTE: the complex Poynting vector is not the phasor of the time-
dependent power nor that of the time-average power density!

Phasor notation cannot be applied to the product of two time-
harmonic functions (e.g., P( t )), even if they have same frequency.
{ }
*
0
1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) Re E H
2
T
P t E t H t dt
T
G G G G G
= =
*
1
P E H
2
G G G
=
{ } { }
( ) Re P ( ) Re P exp( ) P t P t j t don't t ( ) ry
G G G G
= =
Consider a 1-D electro-magnetic wave moving along the z-direction,
with a specified electric field amplitude E
o

The time-average power flow density is

Power in a lossy medium decays as exp(-2 z)!
E ( ) exp( ) exp( )
H ( ) exp( ) exp( ) exp( )
x o
o
y
z E z j z
E
z z j z j
=
=
{ }
{ }
*
*
2 2
2 2
1 1
( ) Re E H Re
2 2
1 1
Re cos
2 2
z j z z j z j
o
o
z z
j
o o
E
P t E e e e e e
e e
E e E
G G G

= =
`

)
= =

Consider the same wave, with a specified amplitude for the
magnetic field

The time-average power flow density is expressed as

If is the attenuation constant for the electromagnetic fields
2 is the attenuation constant for power flow.

H ( ) exp( ) exp( )
E ( ) exp( ) exp( ) exp( )
y o
x o
z H z j z
z H z j z j
=
=
{ }
*
2
2
1
( ) Re
2
1
cos
2
z j z z j z j
o o
z
o
P t H e e H e e e
H e
G

=
=
If the wave is generated by an infinitesimally thin sheet of uniform
current J
so
(embedded in an infinite material with conductivity )
we have for propagation along the positive z-direction (normal to
the plane of the current sheet):I

For this ideal case, an identical wave exists, propagating along the
negative z-direction and carrying the same amount of power.
2
2
2 2
( ) cos
8
so so
o o
z
so
J J
H E
J
P t e
G

= =
=
Poynting Theorem

Consider the divergence of the time-dependent power flow density

The curls can be expressed by using Maxwells equations

This is the differential form of Poynting Theorem.
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) P t E t H t H t E t E t H t
G G G G G G G
= =
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
H E
P t H t E t E t E t
t t
E t E t H t
t t
G G
G G G G G

=

| | | |
=
| |

\ . \ .
Density of
dissipated
power
Rate of change
of stored electric
energy density
Rate of change
of stored magnetic
energy density
Now, integrate the divergence of the time-dependent power over a
specified volume V to obtain the integral form of Poynting theorem

2 2 2
Power Flux through S ( ) ( )
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
V S
V V V
P t dV P t ds
E t dV E t dV H t dV
t t
G G
w
= =

=

Power dissipated
in volume
Rate of change
of electric energy
stored in volume
Rate of change
of magnetic energy
stored in volume
Typical applications

L
in
P t ( )
G
out
P t ( )
G
= ?
1 m
2
2
Watts
( ) ( ) exp( 2 )
m
( )
1 Nepers
ln
2 ( ) m
out
in
out in
P t P t
P t
L P t
L
G
G G
G
| |
(
=
(
=
(
|
(
\ .

Example:

Pay attention to the logarithms:

2 2
Watts Watts
( ) 30 ; ( ) 5 ; 20 m
m m
Nepers
= 0.0448
m
in out
P t P t L
G G
( (
= = =
( (

(

(

( ) ( )
ln ln
( ) ( )
out in
in out
P t P t
P t P t
G G
G G
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .

Area = Area(A) = Area(B)
Power IN ( ) ( ) Area
Power OUT ( ) ( ) Area
( ) ( ) exp( 2 )
= Power IN Power OU Power dissipated T
A A
A
B B
B
B A
P t dS P t
P t dS P t
P t P t L
G G
G G
G G
= =
= =
=
L
out
B
P t ( ) Power OUT =
G
SURFACE A SURFACE B
in
A
P t ( ) Power IN =
G
Power dissipated
between A and B?
Example
2
Area = 5 m
2
8.2244637 General Lossy medium
130.88 0.725rad 130.88 41.5
; 1.0 cm; 1.0 GHz; 10 V/m
; ; 0.45755 S/m
34
40.0 Ne/m; ( ) 0.286 W/m ;
( ) ( ) exp( 2 )
in
out i
o
n
B A
o o
P t
P t P t L
L f E
D
G
G G
= =
= = =
= = =
= =
= =
2
Power IN Area ( )
Power OUT Area ( )
= Power IN Power Power dissipat T e OU d
0.12845 W/m ;
1.43 W
0.6423 W
0.7876 W
in
B
P t
P t
G
G
=
=
=
=
=
Incidence on Perfect Conductor

Consider first normal incidence at an interface between a dielectric
and a perfect conductor. Total reflection occurs, as in a short-
circuited transmission line.

Medium 1
1
=
r1
1
=
r1
o

Medium 2
Perfect
Conductor
2

Incident wave
Reflected wave
z
0
x
y
Interface
{x,y}-plane
0
E
H
0
=
=
G
G
E
1.0 =
Because of interference between incident and reflected wave, there
is a standing wave in medium 1.

Medium 1
1
=
r1
1
=
r1
o
Medium 2
Perfect
Conductor
2

z
0
x
y
0
E
H
0
=
=
G
G
E
G
H
G
o
E 2
o
E 2
/ 2 /
Consider now incidence at an angle. We choose an electric field
perpendicular to the plane of incidence.

Medium 1
1
=
r1
1
=
r1
o
Medium 2
Perfect
Conductor
2

z
0
x
y
0
E
H
0
=
=
G
G
E
G
H
G
G
x
E
G
H
G
Only the normal component, corresponding to
z
is reflected.

Note:
z z
< >
Medium 1
1
=
r1
1
=
r1
o
Medium 2
Perfect
Conductor
2

z
0
x
y
0
E
H
0
=
=
G
G
E
G
H
G
o
E 2
o
E 2
z z
/ / 2 = 2 /
z z
=

max
max
max
m
max
in
First minimum
First maximum
4 4 cos
45 0.35
15 0.259
2 2 co
2 2
s
2
; cos
Exa
0 0.25
mples:
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
z
D
D
D

=

= = =
= =
=
=
=
=
Medium 2
Perfect
Conductor
2

z
0
x
y
0
E
H
0
=
=
G
G
E
G
H
G
G
x
E
G
H
G
If we place a second perfect conductor interface, parallel to the
previous one, the wave is guided along the x-direction by reflection.

z
0
x
y
0
E
H
0
=
=
G
G
E
G
H
G
E
G
H
G
Perfect
Conductor
2

Perfect
Conductor
2

0
E
H
0
=
=
G
G
Parallel Plate Waveguide

Assume uniform waves along the y-direction
( )
y
0

=

Assume no fringing effects w a >>

Propagation along the z-direction
0
a
x
y
z
w
a

Maxwells equations

E E H

det E
(1)
(2 E H
E E E
E ( E
)
E
3)
H
H
z y x
x y z
x z y
x y z
y x z
j
i i i
j
y z
j
x y z z x
j
x y

=
(

(

(
=
(

(

(

=
=

H (4)
(5
H E

det H H )
(6)
E
E
E
H
H H H
H H
z y x
x y z
x z y
x y z
y x z
j
i i i
y z
j
x y z z x
j
y
j
x

=
(

(

(
=
(

(

(

=
=

From (1) & (2) & (5)

Wave equation for Transverse Electric (TE) modes
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
E H
E H
E E E

(1)
(3)

(5)
H
From
H
E
y x
y z
y y y x z
y
j
z z
z
j
x x
x
j
z x
z x
j

=

| |
+ = =
|
\ .


From (4) & (6) & (2)

Wave equation for Transverse Magnetic (TM) modes
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
E E
H E
H E
H H H

Fro
(4)
(6)
(2) m H
y x
y z
y x y z y
y
j
z z
z
j
x
z x
j
x
x
j
z x

=

| |
+ = =

|
\ .


Transverse Electric (TE) modes

This solution satisfies the boundary conditions:

E

y
x
x a
0
E 0
=
=

=
Boundary Conditions
( )
( )
E sin
2
z z
x x
j z j z
j x j x
o
y o x
E
E x e j e e e

= =
x
z
H

We have

and from boundary conditions at the conductor plates
2
2 2 2 2
2
4
x z
= = + =
( )
0
sin 0

0
1,
)
2, 3
)
y
x x
x E
a a m
m
x a
=
= =
=
=
=
1/ 2
2 2
2
cos
sin 1
2
x
z
m
a
m m
a a
= =
| |

| | | |
= = =
|
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .

For each possible index m we have a mode of propagation. Modes
are labeled TE
10
, TE
20
, TE
30
, .

The first index gives the periodicity (number of half sinusoidal
oscillations) between the plates, along the x-direction. The second
index is zero to indicate uniform solution along the y-direction.

Note that the solution m = 0 (or mode TE
00
) is not acceptable,
because it would require a field configuration with uniform electric
field tangent to the metal plates. This is an unphysical boundary
condition, which is possible only for the case of trivial solution of
zero field everywhere.

E
x z
m
00
TE 0
0
Unphysical !!!
& = =
=

A mode can propagate only if the frequency is sufficiently high, so
that
z
> 0.

We have the cut-off condition when

Exactly at cut-off the wave would bounce between the plates,
without propagation along the wave guide axis.
1
2 2
2
2
2 2
1 0
2
2
x c
c
z
p
c
c
m a
a m
m m
a a
f m
v
m
a
Cut - off frequency for mode

= = = =
| |

| | | |
= = =
|
| |
|
\ . \ .
\ .
= =
When the frequency is below the cut-off value

The mode attenuates entering the guide as an evanescent wave.
1
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
( )
1
1
2
1
2
2
j j
z
z
c
z
c
z
a
f
j e
f
m
m
a
m
j
a
m
a
e

>
| |
|
| |
= =
|
|
\ .
|
|
\ .
| |
=
| |
=
< > =
| |
|

|
|
|
\
.
.
=
\
\ .
Transverse Magnetic (TM) modes

The magnetic field can be tangent to the conductor plates. In fact, it
is maximum at the plates, since the reflection coefficient is
H
= 1.

The solution is of the form:

( )
( )
H cos
2
z z
x x
j z j z
j x j x
o
y o x
H
H x e e e e

= = +
x
z
E
At the metal plates

Modes are labeled TM
00
, TM
10
, TM
20
, TM
30
,

Note that the solution m = 0 (or mode TM
00
) is acceptable, because
the magnetic field can be uniform and tangent to the metal plates.

( )
H H
cos 1

0)
)
0, 1, 2, 3
y o
x x
x
x a a a m
m
= =
= =
=
=
E
x z
m
00
TM 0
0
Physical !!!
& = =
=
The TM
00
mode is like a portion of a uniform plane wave sliding
between the plates of the waveguide.

Both the electric and the magnetic field are transverse (normal to
the guide axis) therefore this mode is usually known as Transverse
Electro Magnetic mode (TEM). For this mode we have

The TEM mode is the fundamental mode. It can propagate at any
frequency.

All other TM modes have the same cut-off frequency condition as
the TE modes with identical indices.

2 2
0
0
z x c
c
p
c
c
v
f Cut - off frequency for TEM mode

= = = =

= =
The apparent wavelength along the guide axis is also called the
guide wavelength

( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 2
sin
2
cos
cos sin
1 /
1
2
1 /
g z
z
x
c c
c
c
g
c c
c
f f
m
a
f
f
Since :

= = =

= = = =

| |
= = =
|

=
.
=

\
There is a corresponding apparent velocity along the guide axis, or
guide phase velocity

The expressions for guide wavelength and guide velocity are also
identical for TE and TM modes.

( ) ( )
2 2
s
1 / /
n
1
i
p
p
p
z
pz
c c
z
v v
v
v
f f

= =

= =

Consider a TE wave with electric field amplitude E
o
. The total
amplitude of the magnetic field is
The magnetic field has two components with amplitude

o
o
E
H =
2
sin sin
H sin sin
H cos cos
2
cos
o o
x o
g
o o
z
g
o
c
c
E E
m
E E
H
a
H
since :
since :

= = =

= = =

= =

= =

Consider a TM wave with magnetic field amplitude H
o
. The total
amplitude of the electric field is

The electric field has two components with amplitude

o o
E H =
0
2
sin sin
E sin sin
E co
2
s c
os
o
c
s
x o o
g
z o o o
g
c
c
E H H
E
a
H H
m
since :
since :

= = =
=

= =

=
=
=
=
The xcomponent of the magnetic field for the TE wave is
associated with the wave moving along the zdirection (axis of the
waveguide). The guide impedance for the TE modes is defined as

The xcomponent of the electric field for the TM wave is associated
with the wave moving along the zdirection (axis of the waveguide).
The guide impedance for the TM modes is defined as

( ) ( )
2 2
g
1 / 1 /
c c
TM
g
f f

= = =
( ) ( )
g
2 2
1 1
1 / 1 /
g
TE
c c
f f

= = =

If there is a discontinuity along the guide axis (e.g., a change in
dielectric medium), one can use transmission line theory to analyze
the mode behavior individually in terms of transmission and
reflection. Sections of the guide can be replaced by a transmission
line, with the guide impedance as the characteristic impedance.

Note that the guide impedance is a function of frequency for all
modes, except for the fundamental TEM mode
The reflection coefficient at a discontinuity is of the usual form

The power reflection coefficient is again ||
2
and the power
transmission coefficient is 1||
2
.
( )
2
g
1 0 ( ) 0 /
TEM
c
f TEM f

= = =
2 1
2 1
g g
g g

=
+
The phasor fields for TE modes are summarized as follows

Electric Field: a single transverse component

Magnetic Field: two components, obtained from Faradays law:

( )

E sin sin
z z
j z j z
o x y o y
m
E x e i E x e i
a
| |
= =
|
\ .

E E
H si

E ( )
n
cos
z
z
y x x z y x y z
j z
o x
j
z
z
z
o
x
z
j H i i
z x
m
E x e i
a
m
jE x e
i H i
i
a

= +

+ =

| |
=
|
\ .
| |
+
|
\ .
The following relationships are useful to introduce the medium
impedance in the TE field expressions above

Note once again that there is no allowed solution for m = 0 in the
case of TE modes. The first allowed TE mode is the TE
10
.

g
sin
cos
1
x
c c
z
TE
g g

= = =

= = =
The phasor fields for TM modes are summarized as follows

Magnetic Field: a single transverse component

Electric Field: two components, obtained from Amperes law:

( )

H cos cos
z z
j z j z
y o x y o y
m
H x e i H x e i
a
| |
= =
|
\ .

H H
E c

H ( )
os
sin
z
z
y x x z y x y z
j z
o x
x
z
j z
o z
z
i i
z x
m
H x e i
a
m
jH x
j E E
e i
a
i i

+ =

| |
=
|
\ .
| |
+
|
\
= +
The following relationships are useful to introduce the medium
impedance in the TM field expressions above

The field expressions simplified for the TEM mode resemble a
uniform plane wave propagating along the axis of the guide

Remember, the TM
00
or TEM mode is the fundamental mode.
g
sin
cos
z
T
g
c
M
g
x
c

= = =

= = =

H

E
z
z z
j z
y o y
j z j z
x o x o x
H e i
H e i E e i

=
= =
Wave Dispersion
A plane wave by itself does not carry information. For transmission
of information it is necessary to have a frequency spectrum of finite
size, as obtained by modulation of a wave, for instance.
Information does not travel at the guide phase velocity, but it
propagates according to the group velocity

To illustrate the nature of the group velocity, consider the simple
case of an amplitude modulated signal (assume >> )

pz
z
g
z
v
d
v
d
group ve
guide phase veloc
lo
ity
city
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) 1 cos cos
y o o
E t E m t t = +

This signal has three components

( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
cos
co
( )
cos
2
cos cos cos
s
2
o
o
y o
o
o o o
o
o o
E t
m
E
m
E t t
t t
E t t
E
m
t
E t
= +
=
+
+
o
+
o

The line at angular frequency
o
is the carrier. The modulation
information is contained in the two side frequency lines at
o

and
o
+.

Now, consider an amplitude modulated wave propagating in a
parallel plate wave guide. The zcomponents of the propagation
factor depend on frequency and are different for the two side
frequencies. In general, we have

2 1 z z m m z z z z
= = +
z1
zm
z2
z

z

o
+
The dispersion relation ( ) is approximately linear when <<
o

Under this assumption, we can write
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
cos
2
cos
(
2
, cos )
o o z
o o z z
z y o
z
o
m
E t
E z t E t
z
z
m
E t z
(
+ +
=
+
(

z1
zm o z
( )
z2
z

z

o
+
m

o


The modulation envelope travels at the group velocity
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( , )
cos
cos cos
1 cos cos
cos
2
2
s
cos
co
o o
y
o o
o o
z
o o
o o
z z
o z o z
z z
z
z z
E z t
E t z
m
E
mE
m
E t
t z t z
E m t z
t z t z
z
z
z
E
t
t
t
z
modulated amplitude
=
+
+
=
+
= +

+ (

(
/
g z
v =

4.00 0.00 0.50 1.50
2.00
3.00
-10.0
-5.0
0.0
5.0
15.0
-15.0
10.0
g
z
v

pz
z
v

=
CARRIER
MODULATION ENVELOPE
For the parallel plate wave guide
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1/
2
2
1/ 2
2
2
2 2
2 2
1 1
1 / 1 /
1 / 1 /
c
z
c
p p
pz
z
c c
g p c p c
z
pz g p
pz p g p
f
f
v v
v
f f
d
v v
v v
v f f
d
v
v v v v Since

| |
| |
| | | |
|
| = =
| |
|
|
\ .
\ .
\ .
\ .
= = =
= = =
=

Information travels at the group velocity, which is always less than
the corresponding phase velocity in the given medium.

The group and phase velocities for each mode propagating in the
wave guide are frequencydependent. This means that frequency
components of a broadband signal travel at different speed and
change their phase relationship as they propagate along the wave
guide. The group and phase velocities of the modes are also
modedependent. This means that if a signal is distributed over a
number of different modes, the components spread out over time
during propagation.

This phenomenon is called dispersion. Wave guides are in general
dispersive media.

Note: For the fundamental TEM mode in parallel plate wave guide

0
c pz p g
f v v v no dispersion = = =

Dispersion diagram

z1
z2
c

z
2

g
pz
v
v
0

at cutoff
p
v
1
=
Slope
pz
v
Slope
g
v
Slope
The power flow follows the Poynting vector, with the same direction
as the propagation vector. The group velocity accounts for the
effective motion of the power flow in the direction parallel to the
axis of the wave guide.

g
L v t 2 sin =
L L
p
L v t 2 =
2 2 si
si
n
n
p
p
g
g
L
v
t v
v
L
v = = =

The guide phase velocity corresponds to the apparent motion
illustrated by the following diagrams

L
p
L v t / 2 =
pz
L v t / sin / 2 =
pz
L v t / sin / 2 =

p
L v t / 2 =
Therefore, we obtain for the guide phase velocity

From the results above, we have again

2
s n
2
si in
p
p
pz
pz
v
L
v
t
v
L
v = = =

2
sin
sin
p
p
p
p p
pz
g
pz g
v
v
v v
v
v
v
v v
= =
Rectangular Wave Guide

Assume perfectly conducting walls and perfect dielectric filling the
wave guide.
a wi Con der ventio is always the side of the wave gu n: ide.
a
b
x
z
y
It is useful to consider the parallel plate wave guide as a starting
point. The rectangular wave guide has the same TE modes
corresponding to the two parallel plate wave guides obtained by
considering opposite metal walls

TE
m0

E
TE
0n

E
a
b
The TE modes of a parallel plate wave guide are preserved if
perfectly conducting walls are added perpendicularly to the electric
field.

On the other hand, TM modes of a parallel plate wave guide
disappear if perfectly conducting walls are added perpendicularly to
the magnetic field.
E
The added metal plate does
not disturb normal electric
field and tangent magnetic
field.
H
H
The magnetic field cannot
be normal and the electric
field cannot be tangent to a
perfectly conducting plate.
E

The remaining modes are TE and TM modes bouncing off each wall,
all with non-zero indices.

TE
mn

TM
mn
We have the following propagation vector components for the
modes in a rectangular waveguide
At cut-off we have
x y z
x y
z x y
z g
m n
a b
m n
a b
2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2
;
2 2

= = + +
= =
| |
| |
= = =
| |
\ .
\ .
| | | |
=
\ . \ .
( )
z c
m n
f
a b
2 2
2
2
0 2

| | | |
= =
\ . \ .
The cut-off frequencies for all modes are

with cut-off wavelengths

with indices
c
m n
f
a b
2 2
1
2
| | | |
= +
\ . \ .
T m TE M
m
m
n
n
n
0, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3,
0, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3,
(but
m mode
not allowed)
o s
0
s de
=
= =
= =
=

c
m n
a b
2 2
2
=
| | | |
+
\ . \ .
The guide wavelengths and guide phase velocities are

pz
z
c
c
v
f
f
2 2
1 1 1 1
1
1
= = =
| | | |
|
|
\ .
\ .
g z
z
c
c
m n
a b
f
f
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
1
1

= = = =
| | | |

\ . \ .
= =
| | | |
|
|
\ .
\ .
The fundamental mode is the TE
10
with cut-off frequency

The TE
10
electric field has only the y-component. From Amperes
law
( )
c
m
f TE
a
10
2
=
z
x y z
x y z
y
i i i
x y
j
z
E

det
E = 0 E E = 0
E H
=
(
(
(
(
(

, ,
y x
x
j
z
z
E H
E

z
x
E
y
y x
j
x y
H 0
E E
= =

z
j H =
The complete field components for the TE
10
mode are then

with

H sin
H cos
E sin
E
1
E
E 1
z
z
z
j z
z
x o
j z
z o
z
y o
y
z
y
x
j
x j
j
E e
a
j x
E
x
E
z j
a
a j z
e
a
e

= = =
=
| |
|
\ .
| |
| |
|
\ .
|
\ .
=
2
2
z
a

| |
=
|
\ .
The time-average power density is given by the Poynting vector

{ }
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
*
* *
1 1
Re Re
2 2
E
H
2 2
1
2
Re
2
sin co
*
( ) E H {
( )}
sin s
si
n
n
i c
s
os
z
z z
y
x
j z
o
j z
z
j
o z o
z
z
z
o o
x j x
E e E e
a a
P t i
i i
E E x x x
i j
a a a
x
E e
a
a
a

= =
,
,
, , ,
,
, ,
,
_
_
( )
2
2
sin
2
x
o z
z
i
E x
i
a

=

`

)
,
,
The resulting time-average power density flow is space-dependent
on the cross-section (varying along x, uniform along y)

The total transmitted power for the TE
10
mode is obtained by
integrating over the cross-section of the rectangular wave guide

2
2
( ) sin
2
o
E
x
z
P t i
z
a
| |
=
|
\ .
,
,
( )
( )
2 2
2
2 2
( ) sin
0 0 0
2 2
1 1
sin 2
2 2 4
sin
o o
b
o
E E
x a a b
z z
P t b
tot
a
E
ab
z
b u u
dx dy u du

=
= = =
=

2
2
2
0
area
average
1
|E( , )|
1
4 2 2
TE
o
o z
x y
E
E
z
ab ab

= =
(
(

The rectangular waveguide has a high-pass behavior, since signals
can propagate only if they have frequency higher than the cut-off
for the TE
10
mode.

For mono-mode (or single-mode) operation, only the fundamental
TE
10
mode should be propagating over the frequency band of
interest.

The mono-mode bandwith depends on the cut-off frequency of the
second propagating mode. We have two possible modes to
consider, TE
01
and TE
20

( )
( ) ( )
01
20 10
1
2
1
2
c
c c
f TE
b
f TE f TE
a
=
= =

( ) ( ) ( )
c c c
f TE f TE
a
a
b f TE
01 20 10
2
2
1
= = = = If
Mono-mode bandwidth
0
( )
c
f TE
10
( )
c
f TE
20
( )
c
f TE
01
f
( ) ( ) ( )
c c c
f TE f TE f
a
b TE a
10 01 20
2
< < > > If
Mono-mode bandwidth
0
( )
c
f TE
10
( )
c
f TE
20
( )
c
f TE
01
f

In practice, a safety margin of about 20% is considered, so that the
useful bandwidth is less than the maximum mono-mode bandwidth.
This is necessary to make sure that the first mode (TE
10
) is well
above cut-off, and the second mode (TE
01
or TE
20
) is strongly
evanescent.
Mono-mode bandwidth
( ) ( )
c c
a
b f TE f TE
20 01
2
< < If
0
f
( )
c
f TE
10
( )
c
f TE
01
( )
c
f TE
20
Useful bandwidth
0
f
( )
c
f TE
10
( )
c
f TE
01
( )
c
f TE
20
Safety margin

In the case of perfectly square wave guide, TE
m0
and TE
0n
modes
with m=n are degenerate with the same cut-off frequency.

Except for orthogonal field orientation, all other properties of
degenerate modes are the same.
( ) ( )
10 01 c c
f TE f TE a b = = (square wave guide) If
0
( )
c
f TE
10
( )
c
f TE
20
( )
c
f TE
01
f
( )
02 c
f TE
Example - Design an air-filled rectangular waveguide for the
following operation conditions:
a) 10 GHz is the middle of the frequency band (single-mode
operation)
b) b = a/2
The fundamental mode is the TE
10
with cut-off frequency

For b=a/2, TE
01
and TE
20
have the same cut-off frequency.
c
o o
c
f TE
a a
a
8
10
1 3 10
( ) Hz
2 2
2

= =
c
o o
c
o o
c c c
f TE
b a a a
b
c
f TE
a a
a
8
01
8
20
1 2 3 10
( ) Hz
2 2
2
1 3 10
( ) Hz

= = = =
= =
The operation frequency can be expressed in terms of the cut-off
frequencies

01 10
10
10 01
8 8
9
2 2
( ) ( )
( )
2
( ) ( )
10.0
2
1 3 10 3 10
10.
2.25 10 1.125 1
0
0
2
10
2 2
c c
c
c c
a
a
f TE f TE
f f TE
f TE f TE
GHz
m b
a a
m

= +
+
= =
(

= +
(
(

= = =
Maxwells equations for TE modes

Since the electric field must be transverse to the direction of
propagation for a TE mode, we assume

In addition, we assume that the wave has the following behavior
along the direction of propagation

In the general case of TE
mn
modes it is more convenient to start
from an assumed intensity of the z-component of the magnetic field
z
j z
e

( )
( )
H cos cos
cos cos
z
z
j z
z o x y
j z
o
H x y e
m n
H x y e
a b

=
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
E 0
z
=
Faradays law for a TE mode, under the previous assumptions, is

E E H

det E E H
E E
(1)
(2)
0
E E H (3
E H
)
y z y x
x y z
x z x y
x y
y x z
j j
i i i
z
j j
x y z z
j
x y
j

= =
(

(

(
= =
(

(

(

=

=
, ,
Amperes law for a TE mode, under the previous assumptions, is

(4)
(
H H E

det H H E
H H H
H H E 0
5
H E
)
(6)
z z y x
x y z
z x z y
x y z
y x z
j j
i i i
y
j j
x y z x
j
x
j
y

+ =
(

(

(
=
(

(

(

= =

=
, ,

From (1) and (2) we obtain the characteristic wave impedance for
the TE modes

At cut-off

E
E
H H
y
x
TE
y x z
= = =
2 2
2 2
2
0 2
1
c
p
c
c
c
z
c
m n
f
a b
v
f
m n
a b
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .
= = =
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .
=
In general,

and we obtain an alternative expression for the characteristic wave
impedance of TE modes as

( )
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2 4
1
1
2
z
c
z
c
m n
a b

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
| |
=
|
\ .
1 2
2
1
TE o
z c

| |
| |
|
= =
|
|
\ .
\ .
From (4) and (5) we obtain

2
2 2
2
2 2
H H E
H H
H
2
H H
H
H
1 H 1 H
H
2
H
H H E
z z y x TE y
z z
y
TE z
z
z
z x z y T
c z z z
y z
z
E x
c z z z
x z
z
j
j
j j j
y
j j y y
j j
j j
y y
j
x
j
x
j
x

+ = =

= =

= =

| |
= =
|

\ .

| |
= =
|

\ .
We have used

The final expressions for the magnetic field components of TE
modes in rectangular waveguide are
2
2
H sin cos
2
H cos sin
2
H cos cos
z
z
z
j z
c
x z o
j z
c
y z o
j z
z o
m m n
j H x y e
a a b
n m n
j H x y e
b a b
m n
H x y e
a b

| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
2
c
z x y
m n
a b

| |
= = =
|
\ .
+
| | | |
+
| |
\ . \ .
The final electric field components for TE modes in rectangular
wave guide are

2
2
E H
cos sin
2
E H
sin cos
2
E 0
z
z
x TE y
j z
c
TE z o
y TE x
j z
c
TE z o
z
n m n
j H x y e
b a b
m m n
j H x y e
a a b

=
| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
=
| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
=
Maxwells equations for TM modes

Since the magnetic field must be transverse to the direction of
propagation for a TM mode, we assume

In addition, we assume that the wave has the following behavior
along the direction of propagation

In the general case of TM
mn
modes it is more convenient to start
from an assumed intensity of the z-component of the electric field
z
j z
e

( )
( )
E cos cos
cos cos
z
z
j z
z o x y
j z
o
E x y e
m n
E x y e
a b

=
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
H 0
z
=
Faradays law for a TM mode, under the previous assumptions, is

E E H

det E E H
E E
E H
(1)
(2
E
E H
)
(3) E
z z y x
x y z
z x z y
x y z
y x z
j j
i i i
y
j j
x y z x
j
x y
j

+ =
(

(

(
=
(

(

(

=

=
, ,
Amperes law for a TM mode, under the previous assumptions, is

H E
(4)
(5)
(6

H E
det H E
H H 0
H H E )
x y z
z y x
z x y
x y
y x z
i i i
j j
j j
x y z
j
x
j
y

(
=
(

(
=
(

(

=
(

=
, ,
From (4) and (5) we obtain the characteristic wave impedance for
the TM modes

We can finally express the characteristic wave impedance
alternatively as

Note once again that the same cut-off conditions, found earlier for
TE modes, also apply for TM modes.

E
E
H H
y
x z
TM
y x
= = =
2
1
z
TM o
c

| |
= =
|
\ .

From (1) and (2) we obtain
2
2 2
2
2 2
E
E E H
1 E 1 E
E
/
E
E
E E
E
2
E E
E H
E
2
y
z z y x
TM
z z
y
TM z
z
z
x
z x z y
c z z z
y z
z
T
c
M
z z z
x z
z
j
j
j j j
y
j j y y
j j
j j
y y
j
j
x
j
x
x

+ = =

= =

= =

| |
= =
|

\ .

| |
= =
|

\ .
The final expressions for the electric field components of TM modes
in rectangular waveguide are

2
2
E cos sin
2
E sin cos
2
E sin sin
z
z
z
j z
c
x z o
j z
c
y z o
j z
z o
m m n
j E x y e
a a b
n m n
j E x y e
b a b
m n
E x y e
a b

| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
| | | |
=
| |
\ . \ .
The final magnetic field components for TM modes in rectangular
wave guide are

Note: all the TM field components are zero if either
x
=0 or
y
=0.
This proves that TM
mo
or TM
on
modes cannot exist in the
rectangular wave guide.
2
2
H E /
sin cos
2
H E /
cos sin
2
H 0
z
z
x y TM
j z
c z
o
TM
y x TM
j z
c z
o
TM
z
n m n
j E x y e
b a b
m m n
j E x y e
a a b

=
| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
=
| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
=
Field patterns for the TE
10
mode in rectangular wave guide

Cross-section
y
x
E
,
H
,
y
z
Side view
x
z
Top view
E
,
H
,

The simple arrangement below can be used to excite the TE
10
in a
rectangular waveguide.

The inner conductor of the coaxial cable behaves like an antenna
and it creates a maximum electric field in the middle of the cross-
section.
Closed end
TE
10
Waveguide Cavity Resonator

The cavity resonator is obtained from a section of rectangular wave
guide, closed by two additional metal plates. We assume again
perfectly conducting walls and loss-less dielectric.
x
y
z
a
d
b
x
y
z
m
a
n
b
l
d
=
=
=
The addition of a new set of plates introduces a condition for
standing waves in the zdirection which leads to the definition of
oscillation frequencies

The high-pass behavior of the rectangular wave guide is modified
into a very narrow pass-band behavior, since cutoff frequencies of
the wave guide are transformed into oscillation frequencies of the
resonator.

2 2 2
1
2
c
m n l
f
a b d
| | | | | |
= + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
In the wave guide, each mode is
associated with a band of frequencies
larger than the cut-off frequency.
In the resonator, resonant modes can
only exist in correspondence of
discrete resonance frequencies.
0 0
f
f
1 c
f
2 c
f
1 r
f
2 r
f
The cavity resonator will have modes indicated as

The value of the index corresponds to periodicity (number of half
sine or cosine waves) in the three directions. Using z-direction as
the reference for the definition of transverse electric or magnetic
fields, the allowed indices are

The mode with lowest resonance frequency is called dominant
mode. In the case a d > b the dominant mode is the TE
101
.
m l mnl n
TM TE

0, 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3
0, 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3
1, 2, 3 0, 1, 2, 3

m n
m m
n n
l
M T T
l
E

= =
=
=

=
with only one zero index

or allowed

Note that for a TM cavity mode, with magnetic field transverse to
the z-direction, it is possible to have the third index equal to zero.
This is because the magnetic field is going to be parallel to the third
set of plates, and it can therefore be uniform in the third direction,
with no periodicity.

The electric field components will have the following form that
satisfies the boundary conditions for perfectly conducting walls

E cos sin sin
E sin cos sin
E sin sin cos
x ox
y oy
z oz
m n l
E x y z
a b d
m n l
E x y z
a b d
m n l
E x y z
a b d

| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
The magnetic field intensities are obtained from Amperes law

Similar considerations for modes and indices can be made if the
other axes are used as reference for transverse fields, leading to
analogous resonant field configurations.
H sin cos cos
H cos sin cos
H cos cos sin
z y y z
x
x z z x
y
y x x y
z
E E
m n l
x y z
j a b d
E E m n l
x y z
j a b d
E E
m n l
x y z
j a b d

| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
| | | | | |
=
| | |
\ . \ . \ .

A cavity resonator can be coupled to a wave guide through a small
opening. When the input frequency resonates with the cavity,
electromagnetic radiation enters the resonator and a lowering in the
output is detected. With carefully tuned cavities, this scheme can
be used for frequency measurements.
OUTPUT
INPUT
Movable piston changes
the resonance frequencies
Examples of resonant cavity excited by using coaxial cables.

The termination of the inner conductor of the cable acts like an
elementary dipole (left) or an elementary loop (right) antenna.

E
H
E
H

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Electromagnetic Fields

Amanogawa, 2006 Digital Maestro Series 1

with only one zero index

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