A. Digestive system 1. What is a digestive system?

The digestive system is a complex series of organs and glands that processes food. In order to use the food we eat, our body has to break the food down into smaller molecules that it can process; it also has to excrete waste. 2. Give & lable the parts of the digestive system and state the fuctions of each part. abdomen - the part of the body that contains the digestive organs. In human beings, this is between the diaphragm and the pelvis alimentary canal - the passage through which food passes, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and anus. anus - the opening at the end of the digestive system from which feces (waste) exits the body. appendix - a small sac located on the cecum. ascending colon - the part of the large intestine that run upwards; it is located after the cecum. bile - a digestive chemical that is produced in the liver, stored in the gall bladder, and secreted into the small intestine. cecum - the first part of the large intestine; the appendix is connected to the cecum. chyme - food in the stomach that is partly digested and mixed with stomach acids. Chyme goes on to the small intestine for further digestion. descending colon - the part of the large intestine that run downwards after the transverse colon and before the sigmoid colon. digestive system - (also called the gastrointestinal tract or GI tract) the system of the body that processes food and gets rid of waste. duodenum - the first part of the small intestine; it is C-shaped and runs from the stomach to the jejunum. epiglottis - the flap at the back of the tongue that keeps chewed food from going down the windpipe to the lungs. When you swallow, the epiglottis automatically closes. When you breathe, the epiglottis opens so that air can go in and out of the windpipe. esophagus - the long tube between the mouth and the stomach. It uses rhythmic muscle movements (called peristalsis) to force food from the throat into the stomach. gall bladder - a small, sac-like organ located by the duodenum. It stores and releases bile (a digestive chemical

which is produced in the liver) into the small intestine. gastrointestinal tract - (also called the GI tract or digestive system) the system of the body that processes food and gets rid of waste. ileum - the last part of the small intestine before the large intestine begins. intestines - the part of the alimentary canal located between the stomach and the anus. jejunum - the long, coiled mid-section of the small intestine; it is between the duodenum and the ileum. liver - a large organ located above and in front of the stomach. It filters toxins from the blood, and makes bile (which breaks down fats) and some blood proteins. mouth - the first part of the digestive system, where food enters the body. Chewing and salivary enzymes in the mouth are the beginning of the digestive process (breaking down the food). pancreas - an enzyme-producing gland located below the stomach and above the intestines. Enzymes from the pancreas help in the digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the small intestine. peristalsis - rhythmic muscle movements that force food in the esophagus from the throat into the stomach. Peristalsis is involuntary - you cannot control it. It is also what allows you to eat and drink while upsidedown. rectum - the lower part of the large intestine, where feces are stored before they are excreted. salivary glands - glands located in the mouth that produce saliva. Saliva contains enzymes that break down carbohydrates (starch) into smaller molecules. sigmoid colon - the part of the large intestine between the descending colon and the rectum. stomach - a sack-like, muscular organ that is attached to the esophagus. Both chemical and mechanical digestion takes place in the stomach. When food enters the stomach, it is churned in a bath of acids and enzymes. transverse colon - the part of the large intestine that runs horizontally across the abdomen. 3. Trace the food digestion from the mouth to the small intestine. 4. Give some diseases/ ailments associated in the digestive syatem? Abdominal Adhesions Anal and Rectal Problems Anatomic Problems of the Colon Appendicitis Autoimmune hepatitis Bleeding in the Digestive Tract B. Circulatory system 1. What is the circulatory system? Give the 3 major parts of the circulatory system. The Circulatory System is responsible for transporting materials throughout the entire body. It

transports nutrients, water, and oxygen to your billions of body cells and carries away wastes such as carbon dioxide that body cells produce. It is an amazing highway that travels through your entire body connecting all your body cells. The circulatory System is divided into three major parts: 1. The Heart 2. The Blood 3. The Blood Vessels 2. What are the 3 components of blood? Describe each. Red Blood Cells Red Blood Cells are responsible for carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide. Red Blood Cells pick up oxygen in the lungs and transport it to all the body cells. After delivering the oxygen to the cells it gathers up the carbon dioxide(a waste gas produced as our cells are working) and transports carbon dioxide back to the lungs where it is removed from the body when we exhale(breath out). There are about 5,000,000 Red Blood Cells in ONE drop of blood. White Blood Cells (Germinators) White Blood Cells help the body fight off germs. White Blood Cells attack and destroy germs when they enter the body. When you have an infection your body will produce more White Blood Cells to help fight an infection. Sometimes our White Blood Cells need a little help and the Doctor will prescribe an antibiotic to help our White Blood Cells fight a large scale infection. Platelets Platelets are blood cells that help stop bleeding. When we cut ourselves we have broken a blood vessel and the blood leaks out. In order to plug up the holes where the blood is leaking from the platelets start to stick to the opening of the damaged blood vessels. As the platelets stick to the opening of the damaged vessel they attract more platelets, fibers and other blood cells to help form a plug to seal the broken blood vessel. When the platelet plug is completely formed the wound stops bleeding. We call our platelet plugs scabs. 3. What are the types of of blood vessels? State there fuctions. Arteries Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen rich blood AWAY from the heart. Capillaries Capillaries are tiny blood vessels as thin or thinner than the hairs on your head. Capillaries connect arteries to veins. Food substances(nutrients), oxygen and wastes pass in and out of your blood through the capillary walls. Veins Veins carry blood back toward your heart. 4. Draw human heart label the parts and give the fuctions of each part.

Atria and Ventricles In the labeled diagram of the human heart, one can observe that the heart comprises four chambers. The two upper chambers are called the left and the right atria, and the two lower chambers are known as the left and the right ventricles. The two atria and ventricles are separated from each other by a muscle wall called 'Septum'. The septum separating the ventricles from each other is clearly visible in the labeled diagram of the heart. The right atrium is larger than the left one, and has thinner walls as compared to the left atrium. This can also be observed in the diagram of the heart. The left ventricle on the other hand is the strongest and largest chamber in the heart. Its walls are only half-inch thick, however, they possess the strength to push the blood. Valves The heart features four types of valves which regulate the flow of blood through the heart. These valves have been clearly shown in the labeled diagram of the heart. These valves permit blood flow only in one direction, and prevent back flow of blood. The four types of valves are: Tricuspid Valve - As observed in the labeled diagram of the human heart, this valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle, and regulates the blood flow between them. Tricuspid valves allow blood to flow from the right atrium into the right ventricle, and prevent back flow of the same. Pulmonary Valve - In the human heart anatomy diagram, one can observe that this valve separates the right ventricle from the left pulmonary artery. These valves prevent the control the flow of blood from the right ventricle into the left pulmonary artery. Mitral Valve - Bicuspid valve or Mitral valve as observed in human heart diagram separates the left ventricle from the left atrium. Aortic Valve - As seen in the labeled diagram of the heart, this valve separates the left ventricle from the aorta, and controls the blood flow from the ventricle into the rest of the body. Blood Vessels Arteries Arteries are smooth on the inside and tough on the outside. Their muscular wall helps the heart to pump blood. When the heart beats, the arteries expand and get filled with blood. When the heart relaxes, contraction of the arteries takes place, which exert enough force to push the blood along the blood vessels. It is this rhythmic

movement between the heart and arteries which result in an efficient circulation system. Arteries transport oxygen-rich blood to the capillaries, where actual exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen takes place. The arteries of the heart are: Pulmonary Artery: Usually arteries are characterized with the transport of oxygenated blood, however, the pulmonary artery is an exception. It carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs for purification. The pulmonary artery divides into the right and left branch, which take the blood to the right and left lung respectively. Aorta: This is the main artery of the heart, which carries oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to the rest of the body. This main artery branches into several smaller arteries, which then supply fresh oxygenated blood to the body. Coronary Arteries: The coronary arteries are attached to the heart and supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscles. Veins Veins are like arteries, however, are not as strong as arteries as they do not have to transport blood at high pressure. After the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen takes place between the arteries and capillaries, the blood containing waste products is received by the veins. The major veins of the heart are: Pulmonary Vein: The veins are generally characterized as blood vessels, which carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs, however, the pulmonary vein is an exception. It carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart. The pulmonary vein has four branches: two right pulmonary veins and two left pulmonary veins. All four branches pour oxygenated blood into the left atrium of the heart. Venae Cavae: These are two large veins carrying deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart. The superior vena cava brings deoxygenated blood from the parts of the body located above the heart, such as chest, arms, neck and head regions into the right atrium. The inferior vena cava on the other hand collects blood from the parts of the body located below the heart into the right atrium. In the labeled diagram of the human heart, both the superior as well as the inferior vena cava is clearly shown. 5. How powerful is your heart? The heart beats about 3 billion times an average lifetime. 6. Give the 5 routes of blood circulation in the human body. The Circulatory System Coronary Circulation Pulmonary Circulation Systemic Circulation 7. Give some ailments/ diseases associated in the circulatory system.

Rheumatic Fever Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) High Blood Pressure Coronary Artery Diseases Anemia Hemophilia Heart Attack C. Nervous System 1. What are the major part of the nervous system. The major parts of the nervous system are the brain and spinal cord. 2. give the 2 main divisions of the nervous system & describe each. The human nervous system is often divided into two subcategories, the Central nervous system (CNS) is that part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord and the Peripheral nervous system (PNS) is made up the nerves that connects the CNS to other parts of the body. 3. Give the subdivisions of the 2 main divisions of the NS & describe each. The subdivisions of Central nervous system (CNS) are: The brain is a primary organ of the central nervous system contained within the skull. It receives and interprets the countless signals that are sent to it from other parts of the body and fromthe external environment. The spinal cord extents from the brain stem down to the buttock region. A bony vertebra that comprises the vertebral column protects it. It allows signals to be sent from the brain to other parts of the body. The subdivisions of Peripheral nervous system (PNS)are: The somatic nervous system is includes all nerves controlling the muscular system and external sensory receptors. It regulates the activities that are under cotrol. The autonomatic nervous ssystem is a part of PNS consisting of motor neurons that control internal organs. It regulates activities that are automatic or involuntary. 4. What are the 4 lobes of the brain? Describe each. 1. The frontal lobe is located at the front part of the brain. It is concerned with reasoning, planning, speech, movemen, emotions, and problem sollving. It controls muscular movements and rhythmical of the head and throt such as swallowing. 2. The parietal lobe is located behind the central sulcus. It is concerned with the perception of stimuli related to touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. It is control center for processing impulses related to touch like temperature, texture, size, shape, and weight. 3. Temporal lobe is located below the lateral fissure. It is concerned with the proception and recognition of auditory stimuli (hearing) and memory (hippocampus). The temporal lobe receives auditory signals, processing language, and the meaning of words.

4. The occipital lobe is located at the very back part of the brain. The visual cortex is located in this lobe. It is concerned with the many aspects of vision. It receives and processes visual information.