(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Part III: Review of Selected Provisions of ASCE 7 and CBC

Farzad Naeim, Ph.D., S.E., Esq.
Vice President and General Counsel

John A. Martin & Associates, Inc.

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ASCE 7-05: Bring Your Copy to the Lecture

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

We will review and highlight some important provisions of the following chapters:
Chapter 11: Section 11.4.7 and state amendments to it in CBC 1614A.1.2 Chapter 12: Sections 12.7 and 12.9 Chapter 21: Site-Specific Ground Motion SiteProcedures Chapter 16: Seismic Response History Procedures Chapter 17: Seismic Design Requirements for Seismically Isolated Structures Chapter 18: Seismic Design Requirements for Structures with Damping Systems

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Elastic vs. Inelastic Response

The red line shows the force and displacement that would be reached if the structure responded elastically. The green line shows the actual force vs. displacement response of the structure The pink line indicates the minimum strength required to hold everything together during inelastic behavior The blue line is the force level that we design for. We rely on the ductility of the system to prevent collapse. from Dr. T. Bart Quimby Lecture Notes Structural Dynamics for Practicing Engineers Farzad Naeim

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

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IBC, CBC ASCE-7 Analysis Procedure

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

1. Determine building occupancy category (I-IV) 2. Determine basic ground motion parameters (SS, S1) 3. Determine site classification (A-F) 4. Determine site coefficient adjustment factors (Fa, Fv) 5. Determine design ground motion parameters (SdS, Sd1) 6. Determine seismic design category (A-F) 7. Determine importance factor 8. Select structural system and system parameters (R, Cd, o)

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IBC, CBC ASCE-7 Analysis Procedure

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

9. Examine system for configuration irregularities 10. Determine diaphragm flexibility (flexible, semi-rigid, rigid) 11. Determine redundancy factor () 12. Determine lateral force analysis procedure 13. Compute lateral loads 14. Add torsional loads, as applicable 15. Add orthogonal loads, as applicable 16. Perform analysis 17. Combine results 18. Check strength, deflection, stability

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IBC / CBC-2007/ ASCE 7 / ASCE-41 DESIGN SPECTRUM

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

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Methods of Analysis
(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

The equivalent lateral force method (ELF) is allowed for all buildings in SDC B and C. It is allowed in all SDC D, E, and F buildings EXCEPT: Any structure with T > 3.5 Ts Structures with T < 3.5 Ts and with Plan Irregularity 1a or 1b or Vertical Irregularity 1, 2 or 3. When the ELF procedure is not allowed, analysis must be performed by the response spectrum analysis procedure or by the linear (or nonlinear) response history analysis procedure.
Source: FEMA 451B

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Equivalent Lateral Force Procedure

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Source: FEMA 451B

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Transition Periods for Conterminous United States

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Source: FEMA 451B

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Approaches to Seismic Hazard Analysis

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Deterministic The earthquake hazard for the site is a peak ground acceleration of 0.35g resulting from an earthquake of magnitude 6.0 on the Whittier Fault at a distance of 12 miles from the site. Probabilistic The earthquake hazard for the site is a peak ground acceleration of 0.28g with a 2 percent probability of being exceeded in a 50-year period.

Source: FEMA 451B

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Steps in Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Source: FEMA 451B

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Ground Motion Attenuation

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Source: FEMA 451B

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Attenuation with Distance

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Source: FEMA 451B

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Example Deterministic Analysis (Kramer)

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Source: FEMA 451B

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Steps in Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Source: FEMA 451B

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Example Probabilistic Analysis (Kramer)

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Source: FEMA 451B

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Result of Probabilistic Hazard Analysis

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Source: FEMA 451B

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Relationship Between Return Period, Period of Interest, and Probability of Exceedance (Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Source: FEMA 451B

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Use of PGA Seismic Hazard Curve

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Source: FEMA 451B

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Use of 0.2 Sec. Seismic Hazard Curve

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Source: FEMA 451B

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10% in 50 Year Elastic Response Spectrum

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Source: FEMA 451B

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Uniform Hazard Spectrum

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Source: FEMA 451B

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Uniform Hazard Spectrum

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Developed from probabilistic analysis All ordinates have equal probability of exceedance Represents contributions from small local, large distant earthquakes May be overly conservative for modal response spectrum analysis May not be appropriate for artificial ground motion generation
Source: FEMA 451B

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Probabilistic vs Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

The probabilistic approach is capable of integrating a wide range of information and uncertainties into a flexible framework. Unfortunately, its highly integrated framework can obscure those elements which drive the results, and its highly quantitative nature can lead to false impressions of accuracy.
Source: FEMA 451B

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Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE)

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

The MCE ground motions are defined as the maximum level of earthquake shaking that is considered as reasonable to design normal structures to resist.

Source: FEMA 451B

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ASCE 7 (USGS) Seismic Hazard for Design Maps

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

5% damped, 2% in 50 years, Site Class B (firm rock) 0.2 second and 1.0 second spectral ordinates provided On certain faults in California, Alaska, Hawaii, and CUS Provisions values are deterministic cap times 1.5. Outside deterministic areas, Provisions maps are the same as the USGS maps. USGS longitude/latitude and zip code values are probabilistic MCE. To avoid confusion, ALWAYS use Provisions (adopted by ASCE and IBC) maps for design purposes.
Source: FEMA 451B

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Location of Deterministic Areas

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Source: FEMA 451B

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Deterministic Cap
(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Applies only where probabilistic values exceed highest design values from old maps. The deterministic procedure for mapping applies:
For known active faults Uses characteristic largest earthquake on fault Uses 150% of value from median attenuation

Use deterministic value if lower than 2% in 50 year value

Source: FEMA 451B

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ASCE 7-05 Maps: 0.2 Second Spectral Response (SS)

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

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ASCE 7-05 Maps: 1.0 Second Spectral Response (S1)

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

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2% in 50 Year 5% Damped MCE Elastic Spectra Site Class B (Firm Rock)

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Source: FEMA 451B

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Site Amplification Effects

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Source: FEMA 451B

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Site Amplification Effects

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Amplification of ground motion Longer duration of motion Change in frequency content of motion Not the same as soil-structure interaction

Source: FEMA 451B

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ASCE 7-05 Section 11.4.7

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

11.4.7 Site-Specific Ground Motion Procedures. The site-specific ground motion procedures set forth in Chapter 21 are permitted to be used to determine ground motions for any structure. A site response analysis shall be performed in accordance with Section 21.1 for structures on Site Class F sites, unless the exception to Section 20.3.1 is applicable. For seismically isolated structures and for structures with damping systems on sites with S1 greater than or equal to 0.6, a ground motion hazard analysis shall be performed in accordance with Section 21.2.
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Section 20.3.1 Exception

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

20.3.1 Site Class F. Where any of the following conditions is satisfied, the site shall be classified as Site Class F and a site response analysis in accordance with Section 21.1 shall be performed. 1. Soils vulnerable to potential failure or collapse under seismic loading, such as liquefiable soils, quick and highly sensitive clays, and collapsible weakly cemented soils. EXCEPTION: For structures having fundamental periods of vibration equal to or less than 0.5 s, site-response analysis is not required to determine spectral accelerations for liquefiable soils. Rather, a site class is permitted to be determined in accordance with Section 20.3 and the corresponding values of Fa and Fv determined from Tables 11.4-1 and 11.4-2.
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Chapter 21 of ASCE 7-05

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

This Chapter describes requirements for site-specific ground motion siteprocedures Section 21.1 describes the requirements for Site Response Analyses Analyses Section 21.2 describes the requirements for construction of MCE design Spectrum using:
The probabilistic method and Application of the deterministic cap as described in previous slides. The slides. deterministic cap is 1.5 times mean deterministic values The deterministic cap is subjected to minimum values specified in Section in 21.2.3

Section 21.3 simply states that design values shall be taken as 2/3 of MCE values Section 21.4 places lower-bound limits obtained from site-specific lowersiteanalysis in comparison with values established in Chapter 11.

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CBC Amendments to Site Response Analysis Requirements of ASCE-7-05 (Section 11.4.7)

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Section 16.14A.1.2 of 2007 CBC amends Section 11.4.7 of ASCE 7-05 as follows: 7Site Response Analysis 1. Site response analysis shall be performed per ASCE 7 Section 21.1 and site specific ground motion developed per ASCE 7 Section 21.2 if
a) b) Site soil is Type E and mapped MCE Ss > 2.0g Site soil is Type F. F.
EXCEPTIONS: 1. 2. If Ss < 2.0g soil Type E may be used If Exception to ASCE 7 Section 20.3.1 is applicable and building is not base isolated.

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CBC Amendments to Site Response Analysis Requirements of ASCE-7-05 (Section 11.4.7)

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Section 16.14A.1.2 of 2007 CBC amends Section 11.4.7 of ASCE 7-05 as follows: 7Ground Motion Hazard Analysis (Site-Specific Hazard (SiteAnalysis) 2. Site specific ground motion developed per ASCE 7 Section 21.2 when
a) b) c) Time-history response analysis is being performed as part of Timethe design The building is located within 10 kilometers of an active fault For seismically isolated structures and for structures with damping systems.

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ASCE 7-05 Modeling Criteria (Section 12.7)

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

12.7 MODELING CRITERIA 12.7.1 Foundation Modeling. For purposes of determining seismic loads, it is permitted to consider the structure to be fixed at the base. Alternatively, where foundation flexibility is considered, it shall be in accordance with Section 12.13.3 or Chapter 19. 12.7.2 Effective SeismicWeight. The effective seismic weight, W, of a structure shall include the total dead load and other loads listed below: 1. 2. In areas used for storage, a minimum of 25 percent of the floor live load (floor live load in public garages and open parking structures need not be included). Where provision for partitions is required by Section 4.2.2 in the floor load design, the actual partition weight or a minimum weight of 10 psf (0.48 kN/m2) of floor area, whichever is greater. Total operating weight of permanent equipment. Where the flat roof snow load, Pf, exceeds 30 psf (1.44 kN/m2), 20 percent of the uniform design snow load, regardless of actual roof slope.
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3. 4.

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ASCE 7-05 Modeling Criteria (Section 12.7)

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

12.7 MODELING CRITERIA 12.7.3 Structural Modeling. A mathematical model of the structure shall be constructed for the purpose of determining member forces and structure displacements resulting from applied loads and any imposed displacements or P-Delta effects. The model shall include the stiffness and strength of elements that are significant to the distribution of forces and deformations in the structure and represent the spatial distribution of mass and stiffness throughout the structure. Structures that have horizontal structural irregularity Type 1a, 1b, 4, or 5 of Table 12.3-1 shall be analyzed using a 3-D representation. Where a 3-D model is used, a minimum of three dynamic degrees of freedom consisting of translation in two orthogonal plan directions and torsional rotation about the vertical axis shall be included at each level of the structure. Where the diaphragms have not been classified as rigid or flexible in accordance with Section 12.3.1, the model shall include representation of the diaphragms stiffness characteristics and such additional dynamic degrees of freedom as are required to account for the participation of the diaphragm in the structures dynamic response.
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ASCE 7-05 Modeling Criteria (Section 12.7)

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

12.7 MODELING CRITERIA 12.7.3 Structural Modeling (continued). In addition, the model shall comply with the following: a. Stiffness properties of concrete and masonry elements shall consider the effects of cracked sections. For steel moment frame systems, the contribution of panel zone deformations to overall story drift shall be included.

b.

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ASCE 7-05 Modal Response Analysis (Section 12.9)

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

1.

Compute modal properties for each mode

a) b) c) d) Periods Mode shapes Modal participation factors Effective modal masses

2.

3. 4. 5.
Source: FEMA 451B

Determine number of modes to use in analysis. Use a sufficient number of modes to capture at least 90% of total mass in each direction Using the spectrum curve or table compute spectral accelerations for each contributing mode Multiply spectral accelerations by modal participation factor and by (I/R) (I/R) Compute modal displacements for each mode
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ASCE 7-05 Modal Response Analysis (Section 12.9)

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Compute element forces in each mode Statistically combine (SRSS or CQC) modal displacements to determine system displacements 8. Statistically combine (SRSS or CQC) component forces to determine design forces 9. If the design base shear based on modal analysis is less than 85% of the base shear computed using ELF (and T = TaCu), the member forces resulting from the modal analysis and combination of modes must be scaled such that the base shear equals 0.85 times the ELF base shear. 10. Add accidental torsion as a static loading and amplify if necessary 11. For determining drift, multiply the results of the modal analysis analysis (including the I/R scaling but not the 85% scaling) by Cd / I. I.
Source: FEMA 451B

6. 7.

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(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Chapter 16: Seismic Response History Procedures

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(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Use a minimum of 3 earthquake ground motions (pairs) If you use 3 you need to use the maximum response parameters obtained. If you use 7 or more you can use the average values of response parameters obtained. Ground motions must be scaled such that the average value of the 5% damped response spectra of the suite of motions is not less than the design response spectrum in the period range 0.2T to 1.5T, 1.5T, where T is the fundamental period of the structure.

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Scaling for 2-D Analysis

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Source: FEMA 451B

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Scaling for 2-D Analysis

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Source: FEMA 451B

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Scaling for 3-D Analysis

(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

The square root of the sum of the squares of the 5% damped spectra of each motion pair (N-S and E-W (NEcomponents) is constructed Each pair of motions should be scaled such that the average of the SRSS spectra of all component pairs is not less than 1.3 times the the 5% damped design spectrum in the period range 0.2 to 1.5 T.

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(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Chapter 17: Seismic Design Requirements for Seismically Isolated Structures

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(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Chapter 18: Seismic Design Requirements for Structures with Damping Systems

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(Last Revision Date: 5-26-2009)

Let us go home!

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