Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers

Problems Resulting from Deregulation

With deregulation of the energy markets, the life span of electrical assets becomes critical.
o All

assets including all transformers have to be in service as long as possible. transformers this can mean continuous operation over the life span of the asset at full load or even more since redundant transformer assets are not available.

o For

Introduction
May 10 PAGE 2

Situation in Germany (and other countries)

Situation Today
Many of the transformers in Germany have an age of 25-30 years
100

A large percentage of transformers are in service for more than 25 years with the health of the transformers not often known. About 35% - 40 % of all transformer faults are caused by breakdowns in the aged insulation.

No. of transformers

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55

Betriebsalter der Transformatoren in Jahren

Age of transformers / years

Problem: faults happen more often with increasing age

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Generator Transformer 27/400kV

Causes of Ageing

o
HV Bushing Measuring Tap LV Bushing

Dielectric causes Electromagnetic causes Thermal causes Chemical causes

o o o

Diverter Switch Tap Selector Tapped Winding High Voltage Winding Low Voltage Winding
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Core

Michael Krger e Marcelo Paulino - So Paulo maio/2010

Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers

Dielectric Causes of Ageing

Electromagnetic Causes of Ageing High currents (e.g. due to short circuits nearby the transformer) produce high mechanical forces
o Deformation o Damage

Electrical stress particularly in areas with high electrical field strengths

Dielectric losses produce heat Decomposition of solid and liquid insulation by partial discharges Generation of gases Generation of acids and sludge Generation of X-wax

of the winding of the paper insulation (cracks) , particularly on aged of partial discharges of partial break-downs

parts
o Initiation o Initiation

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Thermal Causes of Ageing Hysteresis losses in the magnetic core

Shorted laminates Ohmic losses in the windings Dielectric losses in the insulation Load changes will cause warming up and cooling down - negative influence on the lifetime of the insulation The ageing of the insulation is accelerated by a factor 2, if the temperature is increased by 7C (valid for normal operation temperatures)

Chemical Causes of Ageing Organic acids are produced as a result of ageing

o In

particular, they affect the paper insulation -> accelerated ageing

o Metals

like Copper, Iron, Aluminium and Zinc are behaving like catalysts -> accelerated ageing

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Ageing of the Cellulose by Acids

Ageing in the Cellulose Ageing of Cellulose is caused by: the influence of oxygen Oxidation the influence of water Hydrolysis the influence of heat

Microstructure of paper with Neutralization Number [mg/kg] (from left to right) 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3

Pyrolysis

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Michael Krger e Marcelo Paulino - So Paulo maio/2010

Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers

Ageing of Paper As the cellulose ages, the glucose ring chains break (depolymerisation). The following substances are produced:
Water Gases (CO, CO2) Aldehyde Groups (Alkaline) Carboxyl Groups (organic acids)
H 2COOH C CH H OH C H
May 10

Water as Ageing Factor

Water accelerates the ageing of the Cellulose:
1000

relative speed of depolymerisation Relative Depolymerisationsgeschwindigkeit

80 C 100 C 100 120 C

H2 O
OH H C CH

10

1 0 1 2 Wassergehalt in paper water contentim Papier 3 [%] 4

O CH

H C OH

H OH CH H2COOH C H O

To extend the lifetime, the water has to be removed from the insulation!

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Insulation Oil Analysis

Measurements Dielectric measurements Physical measurements Chemical measurements Gas in oil-Analysis Furane analysis Conclusions Condition of the oil Electrical condition of the transformer Condition of the Cellulose

Dielectric, Physical and Chemical Analysis

Dielectric measurements Breakdown voltage Dielectric dissipation factor Physical properties Refraction number Density Kinematic viscosity Flash point Pour Point Interfacial tension Colour and Purity Chemical properties Water content in oil Neutralization number Saponification number Sulphur content Chloride content Inhibitor content (IR Meth.) Standard VDE 0370 T5 = IEC 60156 VDE 0380 T2 = IEC 60247 Standard DIN 51423 DIN 51757 DIN 51526-1 DIN EN 22719 DIN ISO 3016 ISO 6296 ISO 2049 / IEC 60296 Standard DIN IEC 814 = IEC 60814 DIN 51558 T2 IEC 60296 DIN 51559-2 DIN 51400-6 DIN 51577-3 IEC 666
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Recommended Limits according to IEC 60422

Gas-in-Oil Analysis (DGA)

Toepler pump for gas extraction

Power & Instrument Transformers 170 kV 420 kV Breakdown Voltage [kV] Dielectric Dissipation Factor @ 90 C Neutralization Number [mg KOH/g] Interfacial Tension [mN/m] Water Content [mg/kg]

Power Transformers 72.5 kV 170 kV

Instrument Transformers < 170 kV

Nitrogen N2 Oxygen O2 Water H2 Carbon monoxide CO Carbon dioxide CO2 Methane CH4 Ethane C2H6 Ethylene C2H4 Acetylene C2H2 Propane C3H8 Propene C3H6
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Michael Krger e Marcelo Paulino - So Paulo maio/2010

Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers

Key Gases

Interpretation of Gases and Gas Ratios

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DGA Diagnosis (Duval)

Possible Faults

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Cellulose
Possible Reasons Structure of Cellulose

Decomposition products of Cellulose

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Michael Krger e Marcelo Paulino - So Paulo maio/2010

Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers

Furan Analysis

Furan Analysis
Cigr Proceedings WG D1.01.03 (formerly WG 15-01):

Furane derivates
5-hydroxylmethyl-2-furfural (5HMF) furfuryl alcohol (2FOL) 2-furfural (2FAL) 2-acetyl furan (2ACF) 5-methyl-2-furfural (5MEF)

Correlation to the Degree of PolymerizationWert

o Averaged

Polymerization (Length of the molecule chains of the Cellulose) o New paper: about 1000-1200 o Complete Degradation: <200
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degree of polymerisation, count of the molecular links furan count in ppm

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Furan Analysis

Furan Analysis (FKH)

Example: aged transformer

Furan derivative 5-hydroxylmethyl-2-furfuran 2-furfural 2-acetyl furan 5-methyl-2-furfural furfuryl alcohol Total

Concentration [mg / kg] (ppm) 0.03 3.44 0.02 0.11 0.48 4.1

DP value in accordance with Cigr Proceedings = 289

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Electrical Measurement Methods I

Measurement Method Application Indicated by High internal temperatures, e.g. indicated by DGA results or Buchholz Relay DGA, Buchholz Relay High through-fault currents High internal temperatures, e.g. indicated by DGA results High internal temperatures, e.g. indicated by DGA results High internal temperatures, e.g. indicated by DGA results Kind of on-/offline Test*

Electrical Measurement Methods II

Measurement Method Turns ratio Application After Buchholz Relay tripping Winding deformation, winding displacement, core faults, faulty screen or core connections Insulation problems Indicated by Buchholz Relay has tripped High through-fault currents, transportation Breakdowns, Buchholz Relay tripping Kind of on-/offline Test* T off

Winding resistance (static)

Contact problems, broken or loose connections, broken conductors Contact problems at the Winding resistance (dynamic) diverter switch, broken transition resistors Leakage reactance (stray Winding deformation reactance) Shorted parallel strands Core problems, shorted turns Core problems, shorted turns

FRT

off
Frequency Response Analysis (FRA)

F(R)T

off

FRT FRT FT

off
Insulation resistance

FRT

off

off off
Capacitance and Dielectric Dissipation Factor Dielectric Response Measurement (FDS and PDC) Partial Discharge

Frequency Response of the Stray Losses (FRSL) No-load impedance

Main insulation: ageing, moisture - Bushings: DGA ageing, partial breakdowns Main insulation: ageing, high water content in oil / moisture - Bushings: high dielectric losses ageing, partial breakdowns Insulation problems DGA

FRT

on/off

FT

off

FRT T

off on/off

No-load current

FT

off

F=Fingerprint, R=Routine, T=Troubleshooting, S=Special

F=Fingerprint, R=Routine, T=Troubleshooting, S=Special

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Michael Krger e Marcelo Paulino - So Paulo maio/2010

Diagnostic Measurements on Power Transformers

Electrical Measurements According to IEC

IEC IEC 60076-1 Title Power Transformers Part 1: General Power Transformers Part 3: Insulation levels, dielectric tests and external clearance in air High-voltage test techniques Partial discharge measurement Topic General Tests on liquid-immersed power transformers Insulation levels, dielectric tests and external clearance in air

Electrical Measurements According to IEEE

IEEE/ANSI IEEE Std C57.12.90-1999 Title IEEE Standard Test Code for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers IEEE Guide for Diagnostic Field Testing of Electric Power ApparatusPart 1: Fluid Filled Power Transformers, Regulators, and Reactors IEEE Guide for Diagnostic Field Testing of Electric Power ApparatusPart 1: Fluid Filled Power Transformers, Regulators, and Reactors C57.152 Draft IEEE Standard General Requirements and Test Procedures for Power Apparatus Bushings IEEE Draft Recommended Practice for Partial Discharge Measurement in Liquid-Filled Power Transformers and Shunt Reactors IEEE Draft Guide for Short Circuit Testing of Distribution and Power Transformers Topic General Tests (mainly factory tests) on liquid-immersed power transformers Field testing of Fluid filled power transformers, regulators, and reactors Also includes proposals for FRA and SFRA and oil pressure measurements

IEC 60076-3

IEEE Std C62-1995

IEC 60270

Partial discharge measurement

IEEE Std C57.152 Draft

IEC60060-3

Definitions and requirements for on-site testing Mineral oil-impregnated equipment in service Guide to the the interpretation of dissolved and free gases analysis Insulated bushings for alternating voltages above 1000V

On-site testing

IEEE Std. C57.19.00-2004

Standard for bushings

IEC 60599

Interpretation of dissolved and free gases analysis

IEEE PC57.113/D01 Draft

Measurement of RIV and of pC

IEC 60137

High voltage Bushings IEEE PC57.133/D06 Draft

Also includes proposals for FRA and SFRA and oil pressure measurements

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End

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Michael Krger e Marcelo Paulino - So Paulo maio/2010