Problem 6.

2 :
A block diagram of a binary PSK receiver that employs match ltering is given in the following
gure :

Carrier phase
recovery
Symbol
synchronization
Matched lter
h(t) = g(T t)
X
Sampler and
Detector
Output data
Received signal
cos(2f
c
t +

)

As we note, the received signal is, rst, multiplied with cos(2f

c
t +

) and then fed the matched
lter. This allows us to have the lter matched to the baseband pulse g(t) and not to the
passband signal.
If we want to have the lter matched to the passband signal, then the carrier phase estimate is
fed into the matched lter, which should have an impulse response:
h(t) = s(T t) = g(T t)cos(2f
c
(T t) +

)
= g(T t)[cos(2f
c
T)cos(2f
c
t +

) +sin(2f
c
T)sin(2f
c
t +

)
= g(T t)cos(2f
c
t +

) = g(T t)cos(2f
c
t

)
where we have assumed that f
c
T is an integer so that : cos(2f
c
T) = 1, sin(2f
c
T) = 0. As we
note, in this case the impulse response of the lter should change according to the carrier phase
estimate, something that is dicult to implement in practise. Hence, the initial realization
(shown in the gure) is preferable.
Problem 6.8 :
An on-o keying signal is represented as :
s
1
(t) = Acos(2f
c
t +
c
), 0 t T (binary 1)
s
2
(t) = 0, 0 t T (binary 0)
Let r(t) be the received signal, that is r(t) = s(t;
c
) + n(t) where s(t;
c
) is either s
1
(t) or
s
2
(t) and n(t) is white Gaussian noise with variance
N
0
2
. The likelihood function, that is to be
maximized with respect to
c
over the inteval [0, T], is proportional to :
(
c
) = exp
_

2
N
0
_
T
0
[r(t) s(t;
c
)]
2
dt
_
Maximization of (
c
) is equivalent to the maximization of the log-likelihood function :

L
(
c
) =
2
N
0
_
T
0
[r(t) s(t;
c
)]
2
dt
=
2
N
0
_
T
0
r
2
(t)dt +
4
N
0
_
T
0
r(t)s(t;
c
)dt
2
N
0
_
T
0
s
2
(t;
c
)dt
Since the rst term does not involve the parameter of interest
c
and the last term is simply a
constant equal to the signal energy of the signal over [0, T] which is independent of the carrier
phase, we can carry the maximization over the function :
V (
c
) =
_
T
0
r(t)s(t;
c
)dt
Note that s(t;
c
) can take two dierent values, s
1
(t) and s
2
(t), depending on the transmission
of a binary 1 or 0. Thus, a more appropriate function to maximize is the average log-likelihood

V (
c
) =
1
2
_
T
0
r(t)s
1
(t)dt +
1
2
_
T
0
r(t)s
2
(t)dt
Since s
2
(t) = 0, the function

V (
c
) takes the form :

V (
c
) =
1
2
_
T
0
r(t)Acos(2f
c
t +
c
)dt
Setting the derivative of

V (
c
) with respect to
c
equal to zero, we obtain :

V (
c
)

c
= 0 =
1
2
_
T
0
r(t)Asin(2f
c
t +
c
)dt
= cos
c
1
2
_
T
0
r(t)Asin(2f
c
t)dt + sin
c
1
2
_
T
0
r(t)Acos(2f
c
t)dt
Thus, the maximum likelihood estimate of the carrier phase is :

c,ML
= arctan
_ _
T
0
r(t) sin(2f
c
t)dt
_
T
0
r(t) cos(2f
c
t)dt
_
Problem 6.9 :
(a) The wavelength is :
=
3 10
8
10
9
m =
3
10
m
Hence, the Doppler frequency shift is :
f
D
=
u

=
100 Km/hr
3
10
m
=
100 10
3
10
3 3600
Hz = 92.5926 Hz
The plus sign holds when the vehicle travels towards the transmitter whereas the minus sign
holds when the vehicle moves away from the transmitter.
(b) The maximum dierence in the Doppler frequency shift, when the vehicle travels at speed
100 km/hr and f = 1 GHz, is :
f
D
max
= 2f
D
= 185.1852 Hz
This should be the bandwith of the Doppler frequency tracking loop.
(c) The maximum Doppler frequency shift is obtained when f = 1 GHz + 1 MHz and the
vehicle moves towards the transmitter. In this case :

min
=
3 10
8
10
9
+ 10
6
m = 0.2997 m
and therefore :
f
D
max
=
100 10
3
0.2997 3600
= 92.6853 Hz
Thus, the Doppler frequency spread is B
d
= 2f
D
max
= 185.3706 Hz.
Problem 6.10 :
The maximum likelihood phase estimate given by (6-2-38) is :

ML
= tan
1
Im
_

K1
n=0
I

n
y
n
_
Re
_

K1
n=0
I

n
y
n
_
where y
n
=
_
(n+1)T
nT
r(t)g

(t nT)dt. The Re(y

n
), Im(y
n
) are statistically independent compo-
nents of y
n
. Since r(t) = e
j

n
I
n
g(t nT) + z(t) it follows that y
n
= I
n
e
j
+z
n
, where the
pulse energy is normalized to unity. Then :
K1

n=0
I

n
y
n
=
K1

n=0
_
|I
n
|
2
e
j
+I

n
z
n
_
Hence :
E
_
Im
_
K1

n=0
_
|I
n
|
2
e
j
+I

n
z
n
_
__
= K

I
n

2
sin
and
E
_
Re
_
K1

n=0
_
|I
n
|
2
e
j
+I

n
z
n
_
__
= K

I
n

2
cos
Consequently : E
_

ML
_
= tan
1 sin
cos
= , and hence,

ML
is an unbiased estimate of the
true phase .
Problem 6.13 :
Assume that the signal u
m
(t) is the input to the Costas loop. Then u
m
(t) is multiplied by
cos(2f
c
t +

) and sin(2f
c
t +

), where cos(2f
c
t +

) is the output of the VCO. Hence :
u
mc
(t)
= A
m
g
T
(t) cos(2f
c
t) cos(2f
c
t +

) A
m
g
T
(t) sin(2f
c
t) cos(2f
c
t +

)
=
A
m
g
T
(t)
2
_
cos(22f
c
t +

) + cos(

)
_

A
m
g
T
(t)
2
_
sin(22f
c
t +

) sin(

)
_
u
ms
(t)
= A
m
g
T
(t) cos(2f
c
t) sin(2f
c
t +

) A
m
g
T
(t) sin(2f
c
t) sin(2f
c
t +

)
=
A
m
g
T
(t)
2
_
sin(22f
c
t +

) + sin(

)
_

A
m
g
T
(t)
2
_
cos(

) cos(22f
c
t +

)
_
The lowpass lters of the Costas loop will reject the double frequency components, so that :
y
mc
(t) =
A
m
g
T
(t)
2
cos(

) +
A
m
g
T
(t)
2
sin(

)
y
ms
(t) =
A
m
g
T
(t)
2
sin(

)
A
m
g
T
(t)
2
cos(

)
Note that when the carrier phase has been extracted correctly,

= 0 and therefore :
y
mc
(t) =
A
m
g
T
(t)
2
, y
ms
(t) =
A
m
g
T
(t)
2
If the second signal, y
ms
(t) is passed through a Hilbert transformer, then :
y
ms
(t) =
A
m

g
T
(t)
2
=
A
m
g
T
(t)
2
and by adding this signal to y
mc
(t) we obtain the original unmodulated signal.
Problem 6.16 :
The PDF of the carrier phase error
e
, is given by :
p(
e
) =
1

2
e
2
2

Thus the average probability of error is :

P
2
=
_

P
2
(
e
)p(
e
)d
e
=
_

Q
_

2E
b
N
0
cos
2

e
_
p(
e
)d
e
=
1
2

_

_
2E
b
N
0
cos
2
e
exp
_

1
2
_
x
2
+

2
e

__
dxd
e