Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
refer to overview of kingdoms chart on page 117 in lab manual for general characteristics of plants
Plants
Autotrophic (photosynthetic, green) Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell walls made of cellulose
Evolution of Plants
Flowering plants Cone-bearing plants Ferns and their relatives Mosses and their relatives Seeds
Diversity of Plants
Cone-bearing plants 760 species
Nonvascular Plants
Bryophytes
examples-mosses, hornworts, liverworts
Characteristics: -low-growing -found in moist and shaded areas -can tolerate harsh environments
Bryophytes
Instead of true roots, bryophytes have rhizoids. - rhizoids anchor plants to ground AND absorb water and minerals from soil by osmosis no transport system for moving water and minerals
Vascular Plants
ferns, conifers, and flowering plants
All have specialized organs: Leaves, roots, and stems
Vascular Tissue
Vascular plants have specialized vascular tissues to transport water, minerals, and nutrients Two Types Phloem: transport sugars throughout the plant Xylem: transport water and minerals from roots to other parts of plant
Leaf
Structure that carries out most photosynthesis Contains vascular tissue in the form of veins Contains several specialized structures that allow the plant to function
Structure of a Leaf
Cuticle-waxy protective covering on leaves and stems that prevents water loss
cuticle
veins
Stomata- openings in cuticle that allow for gas exchange and transpiration (evaporation of water)
Guard cells- border each stomate and control its size by expanding and contracting at proper times.
Guard Cells
Open Stomata
Closed Stomata
Root
-absorb water and minerals from soil -transport them to stem -anchor plant in ground -store food reserves
Actively growing portion of root is covered by a root cap Root hairs-increase the surface area for water and nutrient uptake
Stem
-Structural support for upright growth and transport of materials; supports leaves and reproductive structures Types of stems 1. Herbaceous-flexible, soft, usually green 2. Woody-stiff, nongreen, contain layers of wood.
All ferns, and relatives have highly divided leaves called fronds
Reproduction
Reproduce asexually by forming spores on underside of leaves --spores formed in sporangia Next generation must have water to
Frond
Fiddlehead
Seed Plants
Adaptations that allow plants to reproduce without water 1. Flowers or cones -gametes produced and grow within these 2. Transfer of sperm by pollination 3. Seeds that house embryo
Seed-contains: -zygote/embryo -food supply (endosperm) and -protective coat (seed coat) to prevent drying out
Seed coat embryo
Food supply
Seeds Continued
Allow offspring of plants to be dispersed to new locations-by wind, water, animals dormant stage of plant life cycle
germination-early growth stage of plant embryo--occurs when conditions are right for growth: moisture temperature
Pollen is the male gamete (sperm) Pollination-transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure. Pollen can be carried by: 1. Wind 2. Water 3. Animals
Pollen Grains
Gymnosperms
most gymnosperms are conifersseeds are produced in cones -ex-cedar, cypress, pine, & spruce
Needle-like leaves --shape is an adaptation to reduce surface area over which water is lost to evaporation Female and male conesmost are wind pollinated -pollen is carried by wind from male cone to female cone
Angiosperms
Angiosperms
Flower-reproductive structure - brightly colored or heavily scented to attract pollinators that carry pollen from one flower to another More direct than wind pollination
Flower Parts
-male flower part-Stamen stigma Carpel-female flower part style
Stamen - male structure 1. Anther - pollen-containing sac 2. Filament - stalk of stamen Pistil/Carpel - female structure 1. Style - stalk of pistil 2. Stigma - sticky tip of style 3. Ovary - swollen lower portion -ovules- inside ovary
that contains one or more seeds adaptation for seed dispersal -when animals eat fruit and then defecate, seeds are passed THIS IS THE REASON FRUITS EXIST The fruit DOES NOT feed the seed many vegetables are actually fruits
Leaves
Parallel veins Floral parts often in multiples of 3 Vascular bundles scattered throughout stem
Branched veins Floral parts often in multiples of 4 or 5 Vascular bundles arranged in a ring
Flowers
Stems
Roots
Fibrous roots
Taproot
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