Soil Investigation Report

Orderer: Joint Venture Fichtner Heinrich Consult Ltd. 70 Sht. Salahi Sevket Sok. Arabahmet Nicosia / Cyprus 26-10-2008 Replacement of asbestos cement pipelines of the drinking water supply in Kyrenia 85.08.13

Order of: Building:

Project number:

Date of the report:

28-01-2009

The investigation report comprises 76 pages including appendixes. It is not allowed to copy the investigation report without written agreement of author

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Content
1. 2. 3. 4. 4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 5. 6. 6.1. 6.2. 6.3. 6.4. 6.5. 7. Proceedings / Cause Documents Building and Building Area Subsoil - Conditions Geology Soil exploration Kinds of Soil, Soil Characteristics, Sequence of Bedding Hydrogeological Conditions Soil Parameters Geotechnical Consequences Preface Pipe Bedding Pipe Trench The Fill Trenchless Construction Final Remarks 3 3 4 4 4 4 6 7 7 9 9 9 9 10 11 12

Appendix list
1 2 .1.1 2.1.3 2.2.1 - 2.2.8 3.1 - 3.20 4.1 - 4.20 5.1 - 5.10 6 7 General Map Map with Exploration Spots Location of Exploration Spots Borehole Logs Documentation of Drilling Cores Grain-size Distribution Curves Water Contents Atterberg Consistency Limit

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1.

Proceedings / Cause

The Joint Venture Fichtner Heinrich Consult Ltd., office Nicosia charged Heinrich Consult Ltd. by the paper of 26-10-2008 with the geotechnical investigations and the geotechnical report about the Replacement of parts of the drinking water supply of Kyrenia, which were made by asbestos cement. The geotechnical report gives a basic assessment for the risks of the pipeline. It comprises an evaluation and compilation of the soil-mechanical investigations including the necessary data for the planning of the pipeline. Furthermore, there are given advices to the geotechnical construction.

2.
/1/

Documents
Offer: Proposal for Drilling & Sampling and Geotechnical Laboratory Test incl. Geotechnical Report; Dr.-Ing. Heinrich GmbH, Germany / Heinrich Consult Ltd., Cyprus, Freiberg, 18-10-2008

/2/

Order: Drilling & Sampling and Geotechnical Laboratory Test incl. Geotechnical Report; Joint venture Fichtner - Heinrich; 26-10-2008

/3/

DIN 18 300 German construction contract procedures Part C: General technical specifications for building works - Earthworks

/4/

DIN 1055 Design loads for buildings; soil properties; unitweight, angle of friction, cohesion, wall friction

/5/

DIN 4123 Protection of buildings in the range of excavations, foundations an underpinnings

/6/

DIN 4124 excavations and trenches; slopes, breadth of working spaces, planking and strutting

/7/

EN 805 Water supply - Requirements for systems and components outside buildings; German version EN 805:2000

/8/

DIN 4022 Subsoil and groundwater; designation and description of soil and rock

/9/

DIN 18196 Earthworks and foundations; soil classification system for civil engineering purposes

/10/

USCS - Unified Soil Classification System

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DIN 18130 Soil - investigation and testing; Determination of the coefficient of water permeability

3.

Building and Building Area

Kyrenia is situated at the north-coast of Cyprus. The investigation area runs from the coast in the north-east of the town to the beginning of the Kyrenia Range (Pentadaktylos). For further details we refer to Appendix 2.1. It is planned to install a new drinking - water supply by replacement of the existing asbestos - cement pipelines. The base of the new drinking - water - pipeline is planned approx. 1,5 m under the top ground surface.

4.

Subsoil - Conditions

4.1. Geology
The investigation area is situated in the north of the Kyrenia Range which consists of an East - West running series of hills and mountains parallel to the northern coast of Cyprus. The Kyrenia Range contains a series of rocks, formed from the Permian to the early Tertiary. The hills are of sedimentary origin with Permian olistostromes. That are sedimentary deposits, composed of a chaotic mass of heterogeneous material, such as blocks and mud, that accumulates as a semifluid body by submarine gravity sliding or slumping of the unconsolidated sediments. Further we can find the rocks of the Kantara Limestone Formation and in the western Kyrenia Range steeply dipping shallow water Carbonates. The rocks often mantled with a more or less thick cover of alteration - soils. These layers are partially covered by topsoil and filling.

4.2. Soil exploration

Alltogether 20 boreholes (BH-1 to BH-20) were drilled to investigate the underground in the area of the planned replacement of the asbestos cement pipelines. The explored kinds of soil are displayed in Appendix 3.

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The borehole-points were measured in terms of there horizontal position. The position of the exploration spots as well as an impression of the area you can find in Appendix 2.2. The description of the soils was made according to DIN 4022 /8/. Grain-size Distribution Curves, Water Contents and Atterberg Liquity Limits were determined of representative soil samples (Appendix 5 to 7). The laboratory programm was chosen according to the soils found here and to the bedding conditions. Table 1: Soilmechanical Analysis
Borehole Depth [m u. Surface] BH-1 BH-3 BH-4 BH-5 BH-6 BH-7 BH-8 BH-9 BH-11 BH-10 BH-11 BH_13 BH-13 BH-15 BH-16 1,0 1,8 0,8 1,0 0,8 1,0 1,5 1,2 1,0 1,2 1,2 1,5 1,0 1,4 1,2 1,5 1,0 1,0 1,2 1,5 BH-19
Shortcuts: WCt GzD ATT

Bed No. 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 Name Alteration - Soil Alteration - Soil Alteration - Soil Alteration - Soil Alteration - Soil Alteration - Soil Alteration - Soil Alteration - Soil Alteration - Soil Alteration - Soil Alteration - Soil Alteration - Soil Filling Alteration - Soil Alteration - Soil Alteration - Soil Alteration - Soil Filling Filling Alteration - Soil Alteration - Soil Filling

Analysis

1,2 1,0

GzD, WCt ATT GzD WCt WCt ATT GzD GzD WCt GzD WCt WCt GzD GzD ATT WCt GzD WCt GzD WCt GzD WCt, ATT

- Water Content DIN 18 121 - Grain-size Distribution Curves DIN 18 123 - Atterberg Liquity Limits DIN 18 122

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4.3. Kinds of Soil, Soil Characteristics, Sequence of Bedding

The investigated soils can be subdevided into the following beds, according to: their genesis, their constants which were insitu estimated and the laboratory analysis 0. Road - Structure (0,2 to 1,0 m thick) Asphalt-covering byroads: approx. 5 - 15 cm Asphalt-covering mainroads: approx. 15 - 25 cm Base-course: gravel, sandy, partially stony compact with high dense; approx. 25 - 50 cm GW, GI, GX, SW, SI (DIN 18196) /9/ GW, SW (USCS) /10/ class of workability: 3, partially 5 (DIN 18 300) /3/ silty and sandy clay, half-solid sandy to strong sandy silt, partially clayey half-solid silty and sandy gravel, partially clayey loose - midconsolidated TL, UL, GU*, GT* (DIN 18196) /9/ ML, CL, MH, CH, GM, GC (USCS) /10/ class of workability: 4 (DIN 18 300) /3/ silty clay, partially sandy or gravely sandy and clayey silt, gravely or stony stiff to half-solid, solid silty and sandy gravel, partially clayey, stony half-solid / midconsolidated silty sand, midconsolidated stones with sand and clay TL, UL, GU*, GT*, SU* (DIN 18196) /9/ CL, ML, GP, SP (USCS) /10/ class of workability: 4, 5, 6 (DIN 18 300) /3/

kind of soils:

1. Filling (Holocene): (0,6 to 1,5 m thick)

kind of Soils:

2. Alteration - Soil: (> 4,0 m thick)

kind of Soils:

3. Sandstone / Limestone: (base)

weathered to low weathered rock stones, blocks class of workability: 6, 7 (DIN 18 300) /3/

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Table 2: Classes of Workability DIN 18300

Class No. 1 2 3 4 Description Top Soil liquid soil easy to excavate; sand and gravel with < 15 % of silt and clay medium hard to excavate; clay, silt, sand and gravel with > 15 % of silt and clay, plasticised to halfsolid, less than 30 % of stones hard to excavate; soil of class no. 3 and 4 with more than 30 % stones; high plastic clay (TA / GC), plasticised to halfsolid rock which is easy to excavate and similar soils; more than 30 % stones with each 0,01 to 0,1 m3; solid clay and silt rock which is hard to excavate

6 7

4.4. Hydrogeological Conditions

In December 2008 there was no groundwater level measured in the bore holes up to a depth of 2,5 m. After rainfalls groundwater along layers or along fissures is possible. Near the sea, the groundwater level is dominated by the seawater level. Table 3: Permeability
bed no. 1 2 Filling Alteration Soil Clay and Silt Sand and Gravel 3 Sandstone / Limestone 5 x 10-7 - 1 x 10-9 1 x 10 - 1 x 10 1 x 10
-6 -4 -4 -6

soil

permeability [m/s] 5 x 10 - 5 x 10
-6 -7

permeability DIN 18 130 permeable to low permeable low permeable to very low permeable permeable to low permeable permeable (along fissures)

(1 x 10 )

5.

Soil Parameters

According to the soil exploration, the laboratory analyses and the geological state the investigated soils are classified into several groups. The identifications of soil determined in the laboratory were completed by results and values of experiences of similar or equal soil. The most important identification values of soil are specified in Table 4.

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Table 4: Soil-mechanical Values

Bed No. Kind of Soil Short Sign DIN 18196 / USCS Specific Shear - Cohesion Modulus of Compactness Gravity, moist Angle compressibility / Consistency cal c cal Es cal cal cal [kN / m3] Road-Structure GW, GI, GX / G, s, x GW, SW SW, SI / S, g SW Filling T, u, s TL U, s-s*, UL / ML (t) G, s, u, GU*, GT* / (t), x' GM, GC Alteration Soil T, u, (s), (g) 2 U, t, s, x, (g) S, u X, s, t TL / CL UL / ML SU* / SM dense dense half-solid half-solid loose - midconsolidated stiff - halfsolid solid half-solid midconsolidated midconsolidated dense 20,0 18,0 20,5 20,5 20,0 12,0 10,0 10,5 10,5 10,0 [] 32,5 30,0 22,5 27,5 30,0 [kN/m2] 0 0 5 7 0-2 [MN/m2] 55 45 8 10 10

20,5 21,0 20,5 21,0 20,0

10,5 11,0 10,5 11,0 12,0

27,5 27,5 27,5 30,0 35,0

5 10 8 0-2 0-2

5 15 8 15 25

Sandstone / Limestone weathered low-weathered

24,0 24,0

35,0 40,0

0 - 20 0 - 50

120 150

Shortcuts according DIN 4022: G = gravel; S = sand; U = silt; T = clay g' = low graveley, g = graveley; g* = strongly graveley; s' = low sandy; s = sandy, s* = strongly sandy; u' = low silty; u = silty; u* = strongly silty; t' = low clayey; t = clayey; t* = strongly clayey

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6.

Geotechnical Consequences

6.1. Preface
The drinking-water pipeline is planned in a depth of approx. 1,5 m under surface. Greater depths according to the physiography are possible. If the depth of the planned pipeline changes, than the following data have to be verified by additional investigations. We advice to use the presetting of EN 805 /7/.

6.2. Pipe Bedding

According to the investigated subsoil, described in capture 4.3. The bedding conditions are very variable. Silty and sandy gravel, partially with clay and stones are situated above sandstone and limestone. The depth of the hard rock vary from some centimetres to more than 2 m. That means, that for the whole investigation area the following Classes of Workability (Table 2) has to be calculated. Filling and alteration soil: 4, 5, partially 6 because of stones or blocks inside; Sandstone and limestone: 7

The rock is not possible to excavate with usual excavators. There is a need of special methods respectivily machines like chisel or trench-cutter, developed for rock. A high wearing because of the high parts of quartz has to be considered. According to EN 805 /7/ the pipes have to be bedded along their complete length. Filling with a low bearing capacity has to be replaced with a soil described in Table 5. We advice to use a bedding- layer of a sand with a minimum thickness of 100 mm under the pipe and a with maximum grain size of 6 mm. In areas with solid clay or rock in the bedding zone the minimum thickness under the pipe should be 150 mm.

6.3. Pipe Trench

The demands of DIN 4124 /6/ should be observed by the construction of the pipe trenches. If the trench is more than 1,25 m in depth, then a shear wall / pit lining is

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necessary. Without a shear wall in cohesive soils with stiff to semi-solid consistence, it is necessary to calculate a slope angle of 60. If the soil is not cohesive or cohesive and soft, the slope angle of the pit must be < 45. In rock (sandstone or limestone), a slope angle of 80 is possible to use. According to the location of the pipe line along streets and in developed areas a pit lining ist recommmended. We strongly recommend a pit lining (for instance as "Berlin Type Pit Lining" or sometimes along trenches with greater depth as bored pile wall / injection piles) near buildings, in the area of the load distribution of foundations. If the trench is situated in the area of the load distribution of foundations without sufficient prevention, damages of the buildings are possible.

6.4. The Fill

As filling material which will be refilled above the bedding zone stoneless soil, that can be compacted in a good way, must be used. The material must be compacted to a degree of compaction of Dpr > 97 %. Cohesive soils with high plasticity and soils with stones > 100 mm are not suitable for refilling. On the surface of the filling the bearing capacity must reach at least the modulus of deformation of Ev2 > 45 MN/m2 .We advice to use a material with the following criteria. Table 5: Minimum Criteria of Filling / Replacement Soil
Soil Group acc. to DIN 18196: Finest Grains (d0,063 mm): Stones (d63mm): Biggest Grain size dmax: Ignition Loss Vgl.: Proctor-Density DPr: Input and Compaction: Dumping Height according to the Compactor : Gravity moist cal : Shear angle cal ': Cohesion : non-cohesive to low cohesive, coarse- and mixed grained soils GW, GI, GE, SW, SI, SE, GU, GT, SU, ST 15 weight-% 10 weight-% 100 mm in dependence of the thickness of the bed 3 weight-% 1,8 t/m3 in layers 0,20 m to 0,40 m 19 - 20 kN/m3 35 0 - 2 kN/m2

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We advice to use liner elements (across the trench-line) to avoid that the trench acts as a drainage in case of rainfalls or groundwater. That avoids the washout of fine grain and the danger of settlements on the surface. Excavated Roads has to be rebuilt in the way that they are equivalent to the primary situation. According to this, there are demanded moduli of deformation from Ev2 100 MN/m2 to Ev2 120 MN/m2 and degrees of compaction from Dpr 100 % to Dpr 103 % (dependent of construction class of the road).

6.5. Trenchless Construction

Trenchless construction refers to such construction methods as tunneling, microtunneling (MTM), horizontal directional drilling (HDD) also known as directional boring, pipe ramming (PR), pipe Jacking (PJ), moling, horizontal auger boring (HAB) and other methods for the installation of pipelines and cables below the ground with minimal excavation. Such methods can be used for instance to cross main roads without disturbing the traffic. If trenchless constructions are planned, special investigations of subsoil at the precise locality are necessary. We advice to use an assessable construction method.

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7.

Final Remarks

Soil-investigations and laboratory tests have been made for the construction of a drinking water pipeline in Kyrenia. This report is based on the above mentioned investigation results. The report gives first information about the planned building area. If further detailed information is needed for the planning, supplementary exploration will be necessary. If other subsurface conditions were found as in the report considered, we have to be informed to investigate the causes and effects regarding to the recommendations of the report and if needed, to supplement the report. If there are new questions please consult our company. The soil investigation report is binding in the whole only.

Freiberg, 28 January 2009 Zuger Strae 9 09599 Freiberg Dr. Ing. Heinrich GmbH Heinrich consult Ltd.

Dr. Ibrahim General manager

Dipl.-Ing. Schleuner Project-manager