Environmental Monitoring and Assessment (2006) 118: 423–433

DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-1506-6 
c Springer 2006

EVALUATION OF NOISE POLLUTION IN URBAN PARKS

PAULO HENRIQUE TROMBETTA ZANNIN∗ , ANDRESSA MARIA COELHO

FERREIRA and BANI SZEREMETTA
Universidade Federal do Paraná, Laboratório de Acústica Ambiental, Departamento de Engenharia
Mecânica, Centro Politécnico, Bairro Jardim das Américas, CEP: 81531-990, Curitiba,
Paraná, Brazil
(∗ author for correspondence, e-mail: zannin@demec.ufpr.br)

(Received 19 May 2005; accepted 29 July 2005)

Abstract. The present study provides an evaluation of noise pollution in six Urban Parks located
in the city of Curitiba, Brazil. Equivalent noise levels (Leq ) were measured in 303 points (each
point measured during 3 min) spread throughout the Parks. Measured values were confronted with
local legislation (Law 10625) allowed limits, and the Parks were thus classified as “acoustically
polluted or unpolluted”. Measured values were also evaluated according to international legisla-
tion: Decree no. 12 of the City Council of Rome, DIN 18005 for German cities, the World Health
Organization, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Urban parks in the down-
town area of Curitiba, surrounded by roads of heavy traffic and in the midst of intense commer-
cial activities, do not satisfy any of the standards used. The most noise-polluted parks in Curitiba
were the Public Walk Park and the Botanical Garden Park, with measured Leq of 64.8 dB(A) and
67 dB(A).

Keywords: environmental noise, health, noise, noise pollution, open public spaces, public urban
parks, US EPA, WHO

1. Introduction

According to the World Health Organization, noise pollution is nowadays the third
most hazardous environmental type of pollution, preceded only by air (gas emis-
sion) and water pollution (Khilman, 2004). Pollution in large cities is an ever-
growing problem due to the fact that the urban environment is becoming increas-
ingly crowded, busy and noisy. Since the seventies, “noise” has been largely con-
sidered as a major problem of annoyance in cities. Many field surveys have been
conducted to evaluate the outdoor noise environment in several countries (Canelli,
1974; Langdon, 1976; Sadan et al., 1986; Brown and Lam, 1987; Brown, 1994;
Recuero et al., 1987; Ramalingeswara and Seshagiri, 1992; Chakrabarty et al.,
1997; Arana and Garcia, 1998; Abdel-Raziq et al., 2000; Pandya, 2001; Zannin
et al., 2001, 2002, 2003; Morillas et al., 2002; Korfali and Massoud, 2003; Diniz
and Zannin, 2004, 2005; Brambilla, 2004).
Urban parks are one of the typical subjects of urban open space, with some
environmental elements such as green area, water front, sports facilities, agreeable
landscape. People come to urban parks for various purposes, such as rest, sports,
424 P. H. TROMBETTA ZANNIN ET AL.

relaxation, games, cultural events, sightseeing. Our goal here was to evaluate the
degree of noise pollution in urban parks located inside a large and crowded South
American city. The city chosen is Curitiba, with its around 1.6 million inhabitants
(IBGE, 2000), located in southern Brazil (25◦ 25 40 S and 49◦ 16 23 W), approx-
imately 400 km south from São Paulo, and 800 km south from Rio de Janeiro.
Curitiba is known in Brazil as its “ecological capital”, and has in the preserva-
tion of green urban areas one of the main instruments of municipal strategies
in environmental policies (Zannin and Szeremetta, 2003). The city has 81 mil-
lion m2 of green areas within its urban perimeter, made into urban parks. This
turned Curitiba into a city with one of the highest ratios of green area per inhab-
itant in the world, and the one with the highest ratio in Brazil: 50 m2 of green
area per inhabitant. This value is much higher than the one recommended by
the United Nations Organization, which recommends 16 m2 of green area per
inhabitant (Mendonça, 1992). The parks of Curitiba, in their majority, are lo-
cated in watersheds, many of them with water courses (rivers and lakes) (Zan-
nin and Szeremetta, 2003), in strictly urban regions, surrounded by roads with
heavy traffic flow, rendering them exposed to another type of pollution, noise
pollution.
The administration of the city of Curitiba, in its environmental protection policy,
has created in 1995 the Law 8583, dividing the city in urban zones with defined noise
emission limits. The legislation has been revised in 2002 into Law 10625 (EPA,
2002). Urban public Parks are classified into “green areas”, for which the diurnal
(7 P.M. to 10 P.M.) allowed limits are of Leq = 55 dB(A). In order to evaluate whether
these limits are actually met, this investigation has been conducted examining the
six largest city Parks of Curitiba: 1. Public Walk Park, 2. Barigui Park, 3. São
Lourenço Park, 4. Botanical Garden Park, 5. Tingui Park, and 6. Tanguá Park.

2. Methodology

Field work involved measuring noise levels in several points inside each of the
6 parks. The points have been chosen using a non-regular grid (Brown and Lam,
1987; Zannin et al., 2002, Zannin and Szeremetta, 2003). The points have been
preferentially located along the pathways mostly used by the park visitors. The
total number of measured points was of 303. Table I displays the distribution of
these 303 points among the six parks. All measurements were carried out during
working days (Monday to Friday), under ideal meteorological conditions: no wind
and no rain, and between 5 and 7 P.M. This time of the day represents the peak in
number of visitors, as well as the peak in traffic intensity in the roads surrounding
the parks. The duration of each measurement was of 3 min. The software Evaluator
BK 7820 has been used to generate an average value of the measured noise levels
for each park, thus allowing comparison with local and international legislations
and standards (Table II).
 EVALUATION OF NOISE POLLUTION IN URBAN PARKS 425

TABLE I
Number of measured points in each park

Number of
Urban park measured points

Public Walk Park 39

São Lourenço Park 47
Barigüi Park 70
Botanical Garden Park 57
Tingui Park 47
Tanguá Park 43
Total number of measured points 303

TABLE II
Noise emission limits the according to land use of the area
Law 10625 Curitiba Decree no. 12 Rome DIN 18005

Leq dB(A) Leq dB(A) Leq dB(A) Leq dB(A) Leq dB(A) Leq dB(A)
Land use of the area 7 am–10 pm 10 am–7 am 6 am–10 pm 10 pm–6 am 6 am–10 pm 10 pm–6 am

Acoustically sensitive: 50 40
school, park, hospital
Prevailing residential 50 40
Cemeteries, parks 55 55
Residential and green 55 45
areas (parks)
Mixed areas 60 55
Mixed: commercial/ 60 50 60 50
residential
Downtown 65 55 65 55 65 55
Industrial 70 60 70 60 65 55

Noise levels measured in the parks of Curitiba have been compared with the
limits of outdoor ambient noise set for: 1. urban zones of Curitiba, by Law 10625
(EPA, 2002); 2. urban zones in Rome, by the Decree no. 12 of the City Council of
Rome (2004); 3. several urban zones in Germany, by DIN 18005 (1987); 4. out-
door living areas, by the World Health Organization, WHO (1999); and 5. outdoor
living areas by the United States Environment Protection Agency, US EPA (1974).
The noise limits established by the documents cited in this study can be found in
Table II. All three urban legislations (from Curitiba, Rome and Germany) establish
specific limits for public parks. Several standards have been used in order to put the
local noise pollution within a broader global context of care about this worldwide
pollution problem.
426 P. H. TROMBETTA ZANNIN ET AL.

2.1. E QUIPMENT USED

Noise levels were measured using Brüel & Kjaer Mediator 2238 type 1 integrating
and logging sound level meter, and Brüel and Kjaer Investigator 2260 type 1, with
BZ 7203 software for data logging. Values measured were treated with software
Evaluator, BK 7820 (Brüel and Kjaer, 2004).

2.2. DEFINITIONS

In this section some of the terms used in this survey will be explained:

1) Sound pressure: It is the pressure that reaches the eardrum of human and ani-
mal ears, caused by the oscillating movement of the molecules in the medium
(generally the air). It is given in Pascal (Pa).
2) Sound pressure level: It is given by the formula below, where the reference
sound pressure is the minimum sound pressure that can be perceived by the
human ear. Its value is equivalent to 20 μPa (20×10−6 Pa)
 
SPL = 10 log p 2 / p02

where: p: sound pressure; p0 : reference sound pressure = 20 μPa (20×10−6 Pa).

3) dB(A): The ear sensitivity to sound is dependent on the frequency of the sound
being detected. Frequencies at the extremes of the hearing frequency range are
not as well detected as frequencies in the middle of the range. To account for
this when measuring sound, a weighing curve is used to place more emphasis on
frequencies to which human ears are more sensitive. The “A” weighing curve is
generally used for the purpose of measuring sound levels. The sound weighed
by the “A” curve approaches the perception of the human ear and its value is
given in dB(A).
Some typical values:

Leq ≤ 30 dB(A) – bedrooms

Leq ≤ 35 dB(A) – classrooms, libraries, medical premises
Leq ≈ 65 dB(A) – business offices with normal conversation
Leq ≈ 75 dB(A) – street with intense traffic measured at the curb
Leq ≈ 85 dB(A) – street with heavy lorries passing at 6 m of distance

4) Equivalent sound level (Leq ): Noise levels are extremely variable over time,
going up and down continuously, making it difficult to be evaluated. In order
to make things easier, the equivalent level was defined as a continuous sound
level that would produce the same effect on the human ear if compared to the
actual noise observed during the measurement, with all the variations embedded.
So, Leq can substitute all variations with a single value of the noise level. The
equivalent sound level is also given in dB(A).
 EVALUATION OF NOISE POLLUTION IN URBAN PARKS 427

3. Description of the Parks

Table III displays data on the parks surveyed in this study, listed chronologically
according to their date of inauguration. Table III provides the area occupied by each
park as well as their distances with respect to downtown Curitiba. Figure 1 shows
a map of the city with the parks locations.

3.1. A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PARKS IS

PROVIDED BELOW

a) Public Walk Park: Its vegetation is composed of fragments of small-medium

sized native trees with maximum average height of 12 m, as well as ornamental
species, with the highest coverage by Eucalyptus sp. and Tabebuia chrysotricha,
and cinammon Ocotea pulchella and Ocotea puberula. The park is intensely
visited and has a very high degree of urbanization.
b) São Lourenço Park: Localized in the city zone of São Lourenço, northern region
of Curitiba. Though this park occupies a large area, its vegetation does not
include any representative species of its original vegetation. It displays only
fragmented areas of small sized native trees, which, along with other exotic
species, reach an average maximum height of 13 m. The park is intensely visited,
also with a high degree of urbanization.
c) Barigüi Park: The name “Barigüi” is of indian origin, meaning “spiny fruit
river”, referring to the pines of native pine trees Araucaria angustifolia, still
present and characteristic of this region of Brazil. The park is also the largest
area of preservation in the central region of the city. Its vegetation is basically
composed of a mixed forest with Araucaria, occupying an area of 500,000 m2
of native primary and secondary forests. It is very intensely visited, and has a
median degree of urbanization.
d) Botanical Garden of Curitiba: Localized in eastern Curitiba, it has a 270,000 m2
area with a reduced coverage by a mixed forest, divided into three strata. The

TABLE III
The 6 Parks evaluated and listed according to the year of foundation

Year of Distance to
Urban Park foundation Area (m2 ) downtown (km)

Public Walk Park 1886 69,285 1.00

São Lourenço Park 1972 203,000 3.50
Barigüi Park 1972 1,400,000 5.00
Botanical Garden Park 1991 270,000 2.50
Tingüi Park 1991 380,000 7.00
Tanguá Park 1996 235,000 6.00
428 P. H. TROMBETTA ZANNIN ET AL.

Figure 1. Urban parks in the city of Curitiba.

highest stratum has 15 m-high trees and displays 60% of coverage; the interme-
diate (inferior arboreal stratum) has trees of up to 8 m of average height, and
coverage of 50%, and the third, lowest stratum, of bushy-herbaceous nature, has
an average height of 1.5 m, and coverage of 30%.
 EVALUATION OF NOISE POLLUTION IN URBAN PARKS 429

e) Tingui Park: Such as Barigüi, and like Tanguá Park, the vegetation of Tingui
Park is also composed basically of mixed forest with Araucaria, with small
fragments of native primary forest, and secondary forests. These three parks
are contiguous forming the largest linear urban park in Brazil. It receives a
median degree of public visitation, and displays an intermediate degree of
alteration.
f) Parque Tanguá: The vegetation coverage of Tanguá Park is similar to that of
Tingui mentioned above. The park also displays cultivated species, with an area
covered by Pinus sp. next to the native forest. It has a median degree of visitation,
and an intermediate degree of alteration.

4. Results and Discussion

The evaluation of noise levels in Urban Parks of the city of Curitiba has shown
that the Public Walk, Botanical Garden, and São Lourenço Parks are acousti-
cally polluted. The average sound levels measured in these parks – Public Walk,
Leq = 64.8 dB(A); Botanical Garden, Leq = 67 dB(A); São Lourenço, Leq =
59.1 dB(A) – are well above the limits established for parks by the municipal
Law 10625 of the city of Curitiba. These levels are also above the limits set by the
Decree no. 12 of the city of Rome, and by the German standard DIN 18005 (see
Tables IV and V).
It can be argued that the municipal legislation in Curitiba may be setting a non-
realistic limit for noise levels that is difficult to be met – 55 dB(A) during the day
– considering:

– The bad conditions, in general, of the urban streets;

– The poor maintenance of some circulating vehicles: cars, buses, motorcycles.
It is not rare to find circulating vehicles with damaged exhaust system or even
without it;

TABLE IV
Average sound level measured in each park, with its respective distance to downtown

Number of Distance to
Urban park measured points downtown [km] Leq dB(A)

Botanical Garden Park 57 2.50 67.0

Public Walk Park 39 1.00 64.8
São Lourenço Park 47 3.50 59.1
Tanguá Park 43 6.00 50.3
Barigüi Park 70 5.00 50.6
Tingui Park 47 7.00 50.5
430 P. H. TROMBETTA ZANNIN ET AL.

TABLE V
Noise emission limits for national and international legislations, and the result whether
each park does or does not meet the standards established by each legislation

Law 10625 Decree no.◦ 12 DIN 18005

Curitiba Rome Germany
55 dB(A) 50 dB(A) 55 dB(A)

Public Walk Does not meet Does not meet Does not meet
São Lourenço Park Does not meet Does not meet Does not meet
Botanical Garden Does not meet Does not meet Does not meet
Barigüi Park Does meet Does meet Does meet
Tingui Park Does meet Does meet Does meet
Tanguá Park Does meet Does meet Does meet

TABLE VI
Recommended sound levels for community noise – WHO (1999) and US EPA (1974)

Sound level limit for each agency Effect of levels above the limit Definition of the area

USEPA Leq (24 h)  55 dB(A)
WHO Leq (24 h) = 55 dB(A)
Outdoor activity interference
and annoyance
Moderate to serious annoyance
Outdoor areas where
people spend limited
amounts of time, such
as school yards,
playgrounds, parks, etc.
Outdoor living area

– The average age of the Brazilian vehicles, of 14 years;

– The bad habits, in general, of Brazilian drivers: using the horn for any purpose,
with or without apparent reason to do so, accelerating the vehicle during traffic
jams or while waiting for green traffic light, high speed driving inside urban
regions. It is not rare to find people driving over the speed limit of 40–60 km/h
for downtown. It is not, however, the intention of the present study to discuss
the applicability of the current legislation of noise emission levels in Curitiba.
Certainly, the subject is worthy of further research.

The absence of legislation for the control of noise emission levels is certainly
a problem, but the existence of a legislation inconsistent with the local conditions
that affect noise emission creates a false impression of action of the state. The
population and the environment suffer the consequences. On the other hand, instead
of speaking about a standard impossible to be met, the focus can be on the lack of
urban planning, which should adequate the noise sources (urban traffic, commercial
and services areas), so that the limit established by the local legislation could be
met in urban parks, that is, Leq = 55 dB(A) during daytime period.
 EVALUATION OF NOISE POLLUTION IN URBAN PARKS 431

An example of the lack of urban planning for Curitiba is in the fact that the
Public Walk Park is located downtown, bordering mixed areas of services, very
acoustically polluted. The level of noise emission measured in 1000 sites spread
through diverse urban zones of the city has shown the following scenario: 1. Leq
= 73.4 dB(A) for downtown areas; 2. Leq = 74 dB(A) for services zones; 3. Leq
= 76.4 dB(A) for mixed zones; 4. Leq = 75.6 dB(A) for residential areas, and
5. Leq = 78.1 dB(A) for industrial areas (Zannin et al., 2002). Again, the limits
established by Law 10625 are not met, of 65 dB(A) for downtown and services
areas, and of 60 dB(A) for mixed areas (see Table II). Thus, the levels measured
in the downtown Public Walk Park are not an isolated situation. It is the second
most noise polluted urban park of Curitiba, with the average recorded value of 64.8
dB(A).
The elevated levels measured in the Botanical Garden can also be easily ex-
plained. This park is surrounded by roads of very intense traffic, also being located
next to a railroad. One of the roads that run next to this Park is the highway that
links Curitiba to the coast of the State of Paraná, where one of the main Brazilian
harbours is located (Paranaguá Harbour). This highway thus receives heavy vehi-
cles in high frequency, transporting the agricultural production of the state to the
harbour. Noise levels measured by Zannin and Szeremetta (2003) next to this road
in the rush hour have revealed values of 72 dB(A). The same study has shown that
when the train is passing and emitting its alert signal, the level measured inside the
park, ∼70 m away from the railroad, reaches 70 dB(A) (Zannin and Szeremetta,
2003). This park is also bordered by services and areas of mixed activities, and had
an average noise emission level of 67 dB(A), thus also well above the limit.
On the other hand, Tingüi, Tanguá, and Barigüi Parks were devoid of sig-
nificant noise pollution, according to the limits established by the legislations
(Tables IV and V). The levels measured in these three parks were of the
50.3 dB(A) in Tanguá, 50.6 dB(A) in Barigüi, and 50.5 dB(A) in Tingüi, thus all
below the limit established by the local and German legislations, of 55 dB(A),
and also meeting the standards set by the legislation for the city of Rome, of
50 dB(A). The acoustically unpolluted parks share the characteristic of being lo-
cated away from the downtown area, and also having large mansions among their
neighbours.
All sound emission levels measured at all locations inside the Public Walk
Park, Botanical Garden, and São Lourenço Park varied within a narrow range
of ∼4 dB(A); all measurements were above the limits set by the municipal law
of Curitiba. Even those measurement sites located well inside the parks were still
influenced by the high level of noise from road traffic coming from nearby roads. In
the unpolluted Tingüi, Tanguá, and Barigüi Parks, the variation detected in the sound
pressure levels measured was of ∼6 dB(A). In these last parks this larger variation
can be ascribed to the presence of elements such as fountains and waterfalls that
may produce noise internally to the park.
432 P. H. TROMBETTA ZANNIN ET AL.

5. Conclusions

Noise emission levels were here measured in six public urban parks of a large Latin-
American city, Curitiba, with 1.6 million inhabitants. Measurements of equivalent
sound levels in 303 points distributed in those six parks have shown that the parks
located in strictly urban areas, dominated by commercial activities and services,
and surrounded by roads of intense traffic, as could be expected, were acoustically
polluted. The Botanical Garden, though located inside an area of intense traffic, has
its localization supported by the need to preserve a remaining area of mixed Om-
brophilous Forest, typical of this region of Brazil, nowadays endangered. The most
serious cases are those of the Public Walk and the Botanical Garden, where noise
emission levels measured – 64.8 dB(A) and 67 dB(A) respectively – are well above
the limits established by local and international legislations. These levels exceed as
well the recommendations of Health and Environmental Protection Agencies, such
as WHO and US EPA.
Urban parks are one of the typical subjects of open space design, and play an
important role in the daily life of the citizens. However, it is detected that those
leisure places in the city of Curitiba are being a potential source of health problems,
thus not fulfilling its intended role. To reduce noise exposure of the population is
less of a scientific problem but primarily a policy problem, and this is not yet
understood in Curitiba as well as in Brazil.
From the results obtained here, it can be proposed:

a) That urban parks should be so planned as to exist sufficiently away from main
city roads of intense traffic of vehicles, as these are the main source of urban
noise for parks. There should be urban planning strategies preserving the areas
surrounding the parks from receiving undesirable noise sources.
b) That street signals indicating the proximity to green areas should be placed near
the parks, with indication of speed limits and not allowing the use of horns.
c) That the population visiting the parks should be informed about the sound limits
allowed in the parks, as well as about the meaning of measured sound levels and
the potential risk they represent to their health.

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