1. Basic role of ESM system in EW scheme? Explain with its functions, POI and receiver sensitivity. Answer. 1. i. ii.

iii. 2. It is one of the three Components of EW Electronic Support (ES) *ESM Electronic Attack (EA) *ECM Electronic Protection (EP) *ECCM Basic role of ESM:To search for, intercept, identify, and locate sources of intentional and unintentional radiated electromagnetic energy. Immediate threat recognition and construction of an EOB. Produce operational intelligence, to provide steerage for EA, and to cue surveillance and target acquisition resources. ES functions as collectors and processors of tactical information about an adversary, are closely related to other intelligence functions. Bloack Diagram of ESM Sysem:

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Major sub divisions and their functions of ESM System SEARCH: Prior carrying out EW process, it is necessary to search for and classify electromagnetic signals of interest. INTERCEPT: Signals of interest, once identified in the search process, are examined for their technical characteristics, such as bandwidth and modulation type, as well as their content, which may be monitored and recorded either by an operator or electronically. DIRECTION FINDING (DF): The physical location of transmitters is identified by the DF process, based on steerage provided by the search process. ANALYSIS: Utilises the information gained from the other ES processes to construct an EOB(Electronic order of battle) of the adversary, and attempt to infer the adversary commander's intent. POI- Probablitlity Of Intercept Key performance feature of EW surveillance and reconnaissance system. Concept is well-summarized in a statement It tries to see and not be seen. This is a response to the increasing capability of modern intercept receivers to detect and locate radar emitters, possibly leading rapidly to an electronic attack or the physical destruction of the radar by guided munitions or AntiRadiation Missiles. Both Radar and Communication Signals are considered Low-probability of-Intercept(LPI) Signals. The LPI technique is based on the property of an emitter that due to its low power, wide bandwidth, frequency variability and other attributes makes radar difficult to intercept or identify by conventional passive intercept receiver devices. LPI signals are very broadly defined, including any feature that makes the signal harder to detect or emitter harder to locate. LPI Radars have some combinations of Narrow antenna beam Low effective radiated power Modulation which reduces the signals delectability

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 The simplest LPI feature is emission control Reducing the transmitter power to the minimum level that will allow the threat signal to provide an adequate SNR to the related receiver. The lower transmitting power reduces the range at which any particular hostile receiver can detect the transmitted signal. In the frequency domain, the POI is PBW = BR / BT { Where BR= RF BW & BT= BW covered at any instant is BT,} In the time domain, if Ta is the time during which the system fails to detect the signal, and the total time of observation is T; Pt = Ta / T

The overall probability of intercept is POI = P * PBW * Pt {where P = c / t= spatial POI c= spatial coverage in azimuth t= total coverage.}

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Receiver Sensitivity Receiver sensitivity defines the minimum signal strength a receiver can receive and still do the job it is intended to do. i.e. A lowest signal strength can receive and still provide the proper spcified output Sensitivity is a Power level and it can also stated interms of field strength. If the received power level is at least equal or greater than to the receiver sensitivity, the communication link takes place over the link. The sensitivity of receiving system defined at the output of the receiving antenna. Three components of the receceiver sensitivity: Thermal noise level(kTB) The receiverv system noise figure Signal to noise ratio

Receiver sensitivity = kTB+noise figure+required SNR kTB=144dBm/MHz K is Boltzmanns constant(1.38x10-23 J/0K)

T is the operating temparature in 0K(2900K) B is the effective receiver bandwidth(1MHz) Noise figure: The ratio of the noise present in the reciver bandwidth to that which would be present if only kTB were present is called the noise figure Signal to Noise ratio: Is dependent on The type of information carried by the signal The type of signal modulation that carries that information The type of processing that will be performed on the output of the reciver The ultimate use to which the signal information will be put