Polynomials Over Integers: Note Prints

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Polynomials over Integers

This chapter comes under Paper-I. From this chapter 5 mark question -1 (15=5m), 4marks questions - 2 (24=8m), 2 Mark Question - 1 (1 2=2M) and 1 Mark Question - 1 (11=1M) and 6 objective bits (61/2=3M) altogether 19 Marks easily can be scored. Even though this topic has many more models of problems, there are few problems which are often repeating in public exams. In this chapter problems on graphs are very essential to slow-learners to get good score. The related material given below will help alot to the students who are going to appear S.S.C. Public Exams Note Prints: ax2 + bx + c = 0, a 0, a, b, c R is called Quadratic equation. For ax2 + bx + c = 0, b2 4ac is called discriminent and it is denoted by D or D. i.e. D or D = b2 4ac. i) D = 0 Roots are Real and equal ii) D > 0 Roots are Real and inequal distinct iii) D < 0 Roots are Imaginary or Complex
For ax2 + bx + c = 0, roots are x = For ax2 + bx + c = 0
-b b2 - 4ac 2a
i) Sum of roots i.e. a + b= b/a ii) Product of roots i.e. ab = c/a A quadratic equation whose roots are a and b is x2 (a + b)x + ab = 0 x2 (a + b)x + ab = 0 Problems 1. State and prove Remainder theorem. 2M Sol: Remainder Thoerem: A rational Integral function say f(x) is divided by (xa), then the remainder is f(a). Proof: If f(x) is divided by (x a) Let us suppose the quotient is Q(x) and the remainder is R. By division algorithm, Dividend = (Quotient x divison) + Remainder f(x) = Q(x).(x a) + R put x = a f(a) = Q(a).(aa) + R f(a) = Q (a) 0 + R f(a) = 0 + R f(a) = R R = f(a) Hence Proved. Note: If f(x) is divided by (xa) and the remainder f(a) = 0 then (x a) is a factor. This is known as factors theorem.
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2. Find the value of 'm' inorder + 5 may be exactly divisible by x 3. 2M Sol: Let f(x) = x4 2x3 + 3x2 mx + 5 If f(x) is exactly divisible by (x3) then the remainder f(3) = 0 34 2(3)3 + 3(3)2 m(3) + 5 = 0 81 54 + 27 3m + 5 = 0 113 54 3m = 0 59 3m = 0 59 = 3m 59 =m 3
m= 59 3
www.sakshieducation.com that x4 2x3 + 3x2 mx
3. Find a quadratic function in 'x' such that when it is divided by x1, x2 and x3 leaves the remainder 1, 2 and 4 respectively. 4M Sol: Let the quadratic function in x be f(x) = ax2 + bx + c i) If f(x) is divided by (x 1), then the remainder f(1) = 1 a(1)2 + b(1) + c = 1 a + b + c = 1.....................(1) ii) If f(x) is divided by (x 2), then the remainder f(2) = 2 a(2)2 + b(2) + c = 2 4a + 2b + c = 2..............(2) iii) If f(x) is divided by (x3), then the remainder f(3) = 4 7(3) = 4 a(3)2 + b(3) + c = 4 9a + 3b + c = 4 ..............(3) From (1) & (2) a + b +c=1 4a + 2b + c = 2 _____________ 3a b = 1 3a + b = 1 .................... (4) From (2) & (3) 4a + 2b + c = 2 9a + 3b +c = 4 _____________ 5a b = 2 5a + b = 2 ..................... (5)
From (4) & (5) 3a + b = 1 5a + b = 2 __________ 2a = 1 a = 1/2 Substitute a value in (4) 3a + b = 1 3(1/2) + b = 1 b = 1 3/2 b = 1/2 Substitute a & b in (1) a+b+c=1
1 1 + - +c =1 2 2
c=1 \ Required quadratic function is

1 1 i.e. x 2 - x + 1 2 2
1 2 1 x + - x +1 2 2
4. If a and b are unequal and x2 + ax + b and x2 + bx + a have a common factor, show that a + b + 1 = 0 2M Sol: Let f(x) = x2 + ax + b, g(x) = x2 + bx + a and let the common factor be x k. If x k is a factor of f(x) then f(k) = 0 (k)2 + (k) + b = 0 ...........(1) If x k is a factor of g(x) then g (k) = 0 k2 + bk + a = 0.............(2) From (1) & (2)
k 2 + ak + b = k 2 + bk + a
ak bk = a b k (a b) = a b k=1 substitute a value in (1) 12 + a(1) + b = 0 a+b+1=0

5. Using Remainder theorem, Sol: Let f(x) = 3x4 10x3 + 5x2 + 10x 8 put x = 1 f(1) = 3(1)4 10(1)3 + 5(1)2 + 10(1) 8 f(1) = 3 10 + 5 + 10 8 =0 \ f(1) = 0 (x 1) is a factor of f (x) put x = 1
www.sakshieducation.com find the factors of 3x4
10x3 + 5x2 + 10x 8
4M
f(1) = 3(1)4 10(1)3 + 5(1)2 + 10(1) 8 = 3 + 10 + 5 10 8 =0 f(1) = 0 (x + 1) is a factor of f(x)

x =1 3 -10 5 10 -8 0 3 -7 -2 8 0 3 -7 -2 8 0 -3 10 -8 0
x = -1
3 -10 8 x2
(x ) (c )
Consider 3x2 10x + 8 3x2 6x 4x + 8 = 3x(x2) 4(x2) = (3x 4) (x 2) \ Factors of given expression are (x 1) (x + 1) (3x 4) (x 2) 6. Find the number which exceeds it's reciprocal by 2 Sol: Let the number be 'x' 1 it's reciprocal is x Given that x =
1 8 + x 3
2 3
2M
x= x=
1 8 + x 3 3 + 8x 3x
3x2 = 3 + 8x 3x2 8x 3 = 0 3x2 9x + x 3 = 0 3x (x3) + 1 (x 3) = 0 (x 3) (3x + 1) = 0 x3=0 x=3 3x+1 = 0 3x = 1 x = 1/3
\ Required number is 3 or 1/3 7. A play field is 100 m by 60 m, has a footpath allround it on the out side. What is the width of the path, if it's area be 3/5 of the area of the play field? 4M Sol: Play field's Length (l) = 100 m, breadth (b) = 60m There is a width around the playfield. Let the width of the path be x m outer rectangle's Length L = l + 2x L = 100 + 2x Breadth B = b + 2x = 60 + 2x Area of the palyfield = lb = 100 60 = 6000 m2 Area of outer rectangle = L B = (100 + 2x) (60 + 2x) = 6000 + 200x + 120x + 4x2 = 6000 + 320x + 4x2 Area of the path = Area of outer rectangle area of playfield.
= 6000 + 320 x + 4x 2 - 6000
60 m x 100 m x
= 4x2 + 320 x Given that Area of the path =

3 areaof play field 5
1200 3 4 x + 320 x = 6000 5
4x2 + 320x = 3600 = x2 + 80x = 900 x2 + 80x 900 = 0 x2 + 90x 10x 900 = 0 x (x + 90) 10 (x + 90) = 0 (x + 90) (x 10) = 0 x + 90 = 0 x = 90 x 10 = 0 x = 10
Width can't b negative. \ Width of the path = 10m Note: 1. (x a) (x b) < 0 x lies between a and b 2. (x a) (x + b) < 0 x lies between a and b 3. (x + a) (x b) < 0 x lies between a and b 4. (x + a) (x b) < 0 x lies between a and b 5. (x a) (x b) > 0 x doesn't lies between a and b 6. (x a) (x + b) > 0 x doesn't lies between a and b 7. (x + a) (x b) > 0 x doesn't lies between a and b 8. (x + a) (x + b) > 0 x doesn't lies between a and b 8. Solve x2 + 10x + 21 < 0 Sol: x2 + 10x + 21 < 0 x2 + 3x + 7x + 21 < 0 x(x+3) + 7 (x+3) < 0 x lies between 3 and 7.
7 3 0
2M
Solution = {x/ 7 < x < 3} 9. x2 + 9x 22 > 0 Sol: x2 + 9x 22 > 0 x2 + 11x 2x 22 > 0 x (x + 11) 2x (x + 11) > 0 (x + 11) (x 2) > 0 x doesn't lies between 11 and 2
11 0 2
2M
Solution set = {x/x < 11} {x/x > 2}

Binomial Theorem: 'Pascal Triangle' Concept is used to determine the coefficients of variables in the expansions of binomials. Pascal triangle is also called as "Arithmetic triangle" The arrangement of Coefficient in the form a diagram "Meruprastana" is provided by Pingala. In the Pascal triangle, each row of coefficients is bounded both sides by 1 Newton gave a formula to find the coefficient of (x+y)n. Newton gave a formula for the expansion of binomial in the form of a polynomial when the exponent is a positive integer. Binomial theorem: (x+y)n = nC0xn + nC1xn1 .y + nC2 xn2.y2+.........+ nCr xnr. yr +.........+ nCn yn Here nC0, nC1, nC2,......nCr , .....nCn are called coefficients. Note: 1. nCr xnr. yr is called 'general term' \ The general term Tr+1 = nCr xnryr 2. 3.
nC = nC = 1 0 n nC = nC 1 n-1 = n nC n n r = Cr
4. 5. 0! = 1
1 10.Find the middle term(s) in the expansion of 3x - 2x
2M
Sol: Here exponent n = 7, hence we get 8 terms in it's expansion. Therefore we find 2 middle T T terms in it. They are 7 +1 and 7 +3
2
2
i.e. T4 and T5 Tr+1 = nCr xnr . yr

T4 = T3+1 = C3 (3x )
7 7 -3
-1 . 2x
C3 . 3 x
7
(-1) .
23. x 3
C3 (81)(-1)x 8
7
=-
C3 (81)x 8
T5 = T4 +1 = C4 (3x )
7
7 -4
1 . - 2x
= 7 C4 33 x3
7
( -1)4 24 x 4
=
7
C4 . (27 )(1) 16 x C4 . (27 ) 16 x

7 x
7
C3 (81) \ Required middle terms are = 8
and =
C4 . (27 ) 16 x
11.Find the coefficient of independent term or constant term or term not containing
5 variable in the expansion of 3x - x2
9
4M
Sol:
5 3x - x 2
9
General term = nCr xnr.yr Let the general term be constant term \ General term = Cr (3x )
9 9 -r
-5 . 2 x
= Cr 3 .x
9
9 -r
9 -r
(-5 ) .
x 2r
= 9Cr 39r . x9r. (5)r. x
2r
= 9Cr . 39r . x9r2r. (5)r = 9Cr .39r. ( 5)r.x93r ..............(1) to find independent term, variable power should be equated to zero. 9 3r = 0
9 = 3r
3 1
r=3 \ Tr+1 = T3+1 = T4 is the constant term. substitute r value in (1) The coefficient of independent term = 9C3 .393. ( 5)3.x933 = 9C3 .(3)6. ( 5)3. x0 = 9C3 .36. ( 5)3
Parabola
l y = mx2, x = my2, y = ax2+bx+c, x = ay2 + by + c all represents parabolas.
Condition
figure
others 1. Passes through origin 2. lies in Q1 & Q2 3. Symmetric about +ve y-axis
i. y =
mx2,
m>0
ii. y = mx2, m < 0
1. Passes through origin 2. lies in Q3 & Q4 3. Symmetric about ve y-axis.
iii. x = my2, m > 0
1. Passes through origin 2. lies in Q1 & Q4 3. Symmetric about +ve x-axis
iv. x = my2, m < 0
1. Passes through origin 2. lies in Q2 & Q3 3. Symmetric about ve x-axis
Note (1): i. If the straight line intersects the graph of parabola in 2 points then the quadratic equation will have 2 roots. ii. If the straight line touches the graph of parabola at one point, then the quadratic equation will have one root. iii. If the straight line doesn't touch or intersects the graph of parabola then the quadratic equation has no real roots. Note (2): i. If y = ax2 + bx + c intersects x-axis at (x1, 0) and (x2, 0) then x1 and x2 are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 ii. If y = ax2 + bx + c touches x-axis at (x1, 0) then x1 is the root of ax2 + bx + c = 0 iii. If y = ax2 + bx + c doesn't touch or intersects x-axis then ax2 + bx + c = 0 has no real roots. These problems are related to graphs.
12.Using y = x2, Solve x2 x 2 = 0 x y 0 0 1 1 2 4 3 9 4 16 1 1 2 4 3 9 4 16 y = x2
= {(0, 0); (1, 1); (2, 4); (3, 9); (4, 16); (1, 1); ( 2, 4); ( 3, 9); ( 4, 16)} x2 x 2 = 0 yx2=0 y=x+2 x 0 1 put x = 0 y = 0 + 2 y = 2 put x = 1 y = 1 + 2 y = 1 y 0 1
= {(0, 2); ( 1, 1); Algebraic Method x2 x 2 = 0 x2 2x + x 2 = 0 x (x 2) + 1 (x 2) = 0 (x 2) (x + 1) = 0 x 2 = 0 (or) x + 1 = 0 x=2 (or) x = 1 \ Solution set = {2, 1}
13.Draw the graph of y = x2 + 5x + 6 Sol: y = x2 + 5x + 6

x x2 5x 6 y 0 0 0 6 6 1 1 5 6 12 2 4 10 6 20 3 9 15 6 30 4 16 20 6 42 5 25 25 6 56 1 1 5 6 2 2 4 10 6 0 3 9 15 6 0 4 16 20 6 2 5 25 25 6 6
= {(0, 6);(1, 12); (2, 20); (3, 30); (4, 42);(5, 56); ( 1, 2); ( 2, 0); ( 3, 0); ( 4, 2);( 5, 6)} Algebraic Method: x2 + 5x + 3x + 6 = 0 x2 + 2x + 3x + 6 = 0 x (x + 2) + 3 (x + 2) = 0 (x + 2) (x + 3) = 0 x + 2 = 0 (or) x + 3 = 0 x = 2 (or) x = 3 \ Solution set = { 2, 3}
Objective bits 1. Sum of the coefficient in the expansion of i) (x+y)n is ____ ii) (x y)n is ______ 2. If nCr = nCs then _______ or ________ 3. The quadratic inequation formed with the solution set {x/11 < x < 2} is ________ 4. The quadratic inequation formed with the solution set {x/x > 7} {x/x < 2} is ________ 5. For 6x2 + 1 = 0 sum of roots is ________, product of roots is ________ 6. If the sum of the coefficients of even powers of x is equals to the sum of the coefficients of the odd powers of x then ________ is a factor of f(x) 7. The nature of roots of 3x2 7x + 2 = 0 are ________ 8. If x4 4x3 + 4x2 23 is divided by x 3 then the remainder is ________ 9. ________ introduced the principle of mathematical induction. 10. y = x2 represents ________ Answers: 1. 2n, 0 2. n = r + c, r = s 3. x2 + 9x 22 < 0 4. x2 5x 14 > 0 5. 0, 1/6 6. x + 1 7. real and distinct 8. 7 9. Piano 10. Parabola Assignment: 2M 1. Find the value of 'k' so that x3 3x2 + 4x + k is exactly divisible by x 3. 2M 2. Given that (x2)2 is a factor of x3 x2 8x + 12. Find the other factors. 3. Find the number which is less than it's square by 132. 2M 4. The area of a rectangular room is 80m2. If the length and breadths are increased by 2m, the area would be increased by 40m2. Find the original dimensions of the room. 5. Using y = x2, solve x2 3x + 2 = 0 6. Find the coefficient of x3 in the expansion of (3x + 4)6

Polynomials Over Integers: Note Prints

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Polynomials over Integers

www.sakshieducation.com that x4 2x3 + 3x2 mx

c=1 \ Required quadratic function is

ak bk = a b k (a b) = a b k=1 substitute a value in (1) 12 + a(1) + b = 0 a+b+1=0

www.sakshieducation.com find the factors of 3x4

10x3 + 5x2 + 10x 8

f(1) = 3(1)4 10(1)3 + 5(1)2 + 10(1) 8 = 3 + 10 + 5 10 8 =0 f(1) = 0 (x + 1) is a factor of f(x)

3x2 = 3 + 8x 3x2 8x 3 = 0 3x2 9x + x 3 = 0 3x (x3) + 1 (x 3) = 0 (x 3) (3x + 1) = 0 x3=0 x=3 3x+1 = 0 3x = 1 x = 1/3

= 4x2 + 320 x Given that Area of the path =

Solution set = {x/x < 11} {x/x > 2}

1 10.Find the middle term(s) in the expansion of 3x - 2x

i.e. T4 and T5 Tr+1 = nCr xnr . yr

C4 . (27 )(1) 16 x C4 . (27 ) 16 x

C3 (81) \ Required middle terms are = 8

= 9Cr 39r . x9r. (5)r. x

ii. y = mx2, m < 0

1. Passes through origin 2. lies in Q3 & Q4 3. Symmetric about ve y-axis.

iii. x = my2, m > 0

1. Passes through origin 2. lies in Q1 & Q4 3. Symmetric about +ve x-axis

iv. x = my2, m < 0

1. Passes through origin 2. lies in Q2 & Q3 3. Symmetric about ve x-axis

12.Using y = x2, Solve x2 x 2 = 0 x y 0 0 1 1 2 4 3 9 4 16 1 1 2 4 3 9 4 16 y = x2

13.Draw the graph of y = x2 + 5x + 6 Sol: y = x2 + 5x + 6

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