TLC p01 NetworkServices 2012

University of Roma La Sapienza
Telecomunicazioni
Docente: Andrea Baiocchi
DIET - Stanza 35, 1 piano palazzina P. Piga Sede Facolt S. Pietro in Vincoli E-mail: andrea.baiocchi@uniroma1.it Corso di Laurea in Ingegneria Gestionale A.A. 2011/2012
Programma
1. SERVIZI E RETI DI TELECOMUNICAZIONE (KRCap. 1; GW-Cap. 1) 2. FONDAMENTI DI COMUNICAZIONI 3. ARCHITETTURE DI COMUNICAZIONE 4. SERVIZI DI RETE E MODI DI TRASFERIMENTO 5. STRATO DI COLLEGAMENTO E ACCESSO MULTIPLO 6. TECNOLOGIE DI STRATO DI COLLEGAMENTO 7. LO STRATO DI RETE IN INTERNET 8. LO STRATO DI TRASPORTO IN INTERNET 9. CENNI SUI PROTOCOLLI APPLICATIVI
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
Communication Networks and Services

Basic terminology and concepts
The big picture

Users
Communication Communication Network Network
Users run applications and interact via a communication network

Applications
Client-server
Few host (servers) have got information content, processing power or any needed facility and are ready to answer to service requests from a much larger number of hosts (clients)
Peer-to-peer
Many hosts (peers) cooperate to create service, with possibly small help from some centralized servers
Also:
Uni/bi-directional Interactive or not
Examples: client-server apps

Email FTP SSH, Telnet WWW E-commerce Audio & video streaming Web 2.0
Examples: p2p apps

Telephony, Voice/Telephony-over-Internet Instant messaging: messenger, SMS File sharing: eMule, BitTorrent, Real-time P2P: Skype, IPTV Network interactive games
What is a communication network?

Communication Network The equipment (hardware & software) and facilities that provide the basic communication service Virtually invisible to the user; represented by a cloud Equipment
Routers, servers, switches, multiplexers, hubs, modems,
Facilities
Copper wires, coaxial cables, optical fiber, radio Ducts, conduits, telephone poles
Analogies
A communication network provides services
This is like utilities, e.g. water supply, electric supply,
Flexible connectivity
This is like transportation systems
Goods / people information
Approaches to long-distance communications

Transfer of messages made up of
parseable sequence of symbols (digital information) continuously variable physical quantities (analog information)
10
Courier: physical transport of the message

Messenger pigeons, pony express, FedEx,
Messages can be transferred by means of transmission and reception of signals

Drums, beacons, mirrors, smoke, flags, semaphores, Electromagnetic field
We focus on electrical communications

11
Example of digital communications

Morse code converts text message into sequence of dots and dashes Use transmission system designed to convey dots and dashes
Morse Code A B C D E F G H I ! !!! !! !! ! !!! ! !!!! !! J K L M N O P Q R Morse Code ! ! !!! ! !! ! !! S T U V W X Y Z 1 Morse Code !!! !! !!! ! !! ! !! ! 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 Morse Code !! !!! !!!! !!!!! !!!! !!! !! !
12
Digital Transmission Evolution

Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Information transfer per second
1.0E+14 1.0E+12 1.0E+10 1.0E+08 1.0E+06 1.0E+04 1.0E+02 1.0E+00 1850 1875 1900 1925 1950
T-1 Carrier Baudot
SONET Optical Carrier
1975
2000
Morse
13
Multiplexing
Point-to-point communication systems:
tx + communication link + rx
Usually much more capacity available than useful/affordable for single user pair Natural approach: put multiple information flows of different user pairs onto the same shared communication system Generalizable to point-to-multipoint communications
14
The N2 Problem
For N users to be fully connected directly
Requires N(N 1)/2 connections, i.e. scales with square of number of users Requires too much communication resources, often underutilized: inefficient & costly
N 1
..
.
4 3
Basic idea to improve: resource sharing
N = 1000 N(N 1)/2 = 499500
15
Switching
Since information flows share same link, there is a need of intermediate dispatching
Analogous to railway or bus stations
A system where more links converge (input) and from which more links depart (output) is defined as a switching node if it has the task of deciding and actuating the correct output for each piece of information coming from an input
In Internet context known as router; in telephone circtui networks known as exchange; in LAN or ATM contexts known as switch.
16
Switching: telephony example

Patchcord panel switch invented in 1877 Operators connect users on demand
Establish circuit to allow electrical current to flow from inlet to outlet
Only N connections required to central office

N
N1 3 2
17
Circuit switching
0 1 2 2 0 1 0 1 62 A1 A2 62
A3
0 1
31
31
B B1 C1 C2 B2
B3
0 1
0 1
0 1
0 1
0 1
31
62
61 62
C2
62
31
C3
0 1
0 1
0 1
0 1
31
62
61 62
31 31
18
Hierarchical Network Structure

Toll
CO = central office
Tandem Tandem CO CO CO CO CO
Telephone subscribers connected to local CO (central office) Tandem & Toll switches connect COs
19
Packet switching
Input lines
1 2
Routing
3
Store&Forward
Output lines
20
Communications modes
With connection
Two or more parties Stateful Three phases: Set up, Data transfer, Tear down
Connectionless
Two or more parties Stateless Single phase: Data transfer
Example: telephone call

1.
Telephone network
Pick up phone
2. Connection set up
Dial tone.
Telephone network
Dial number
3.
Telephone network
Network selects route;

4.
Telephone network
Sets up connection; Called party alerted
Information transfer
5.
Telephone network
Exchange voice signals
Connection release
6.
Telephone network
Hang up.
22
Communication Network Architecture

Network architecture: the plan that specifies how the network is built and operated
Architecture is driven by network services and relies on available technology
Overall communication process is complex: therefore network architecture partitions overall communication process into separate functional areas called layers
E.g. physical layer, end-to-end layer,
23
Architecture layer view

Given a layer of the network architecture, the communication network can be modeled by a graph
Vertices are nodes that cooperate with neighboring nodes to support upper layer service Edges define (logical) direct communication links used by nodes to cooperate
Network topology Interface (node-to-node) Protocol (layer)
24
Network topology
Refers to a given architecture layer view of the system Specifies connectivity, i.e. capability of direct interaction between peer entities Topology model: a graph
Connections of all Internet sub-networks in the world
25
26
What is an interface?
Contact point between two entities at a given level of abstraction (layer)
In the graph model of the layer, an edge between two nodes corresponds to an interface
Entity: piece of sw/hw able to perform a task by cooperating with other remote, peer entities An interface is defined by specification of the following aspects:
Mechanical (only for physical interfaces) Electrical (only for physical interfaces) Functional (role played by any part of the interface) Procedural (sequence of events that involve one or more functions of the i/f: protocol)
27
Example: ITU-T V.24

47.17 mm
13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
DTE
(Terminale)
Composizione numero telefonico
Interfaccia DTE/DCE
Linea telefonica commutata
DCE
(Modem)
DCE
(Modem)
Interfaccia DTE/DCE
DTE
(Terminale)
25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14
Cifre di selezione
DTR ON RI ON
Modalit Dati
Tono Audio DTR ON DSR ON Toni Audio (Dati) RxD
Breve Ritardo CTS ON TxD
DTE
RI DTR CD SIG DSR CTS RTS RxD TxD SHG 22 20 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Connettore 25 pin ISO 2110
DCE
Ring Indication Data Terminal Ready Carrier Detect Signal Ground Data Set Ready Clear To Send Request To Send Receive Data Transmit Data Shield Ground
CD OFF RTS ON Toni Audio (OFF) Breve Ritardo
RTS OFF CTS OFF
CTS ON TxD
Toni Audio (Dati)
RxD
RTS OFF CTS OFF CD OFF
RTS OFF CTS OFF CD OFF
Spia luminosa accesa
Spia luminosa spenta
Example: Ethernet
Specification of electrical quantities (current, voltage) and waveforms (sync pulse trains, pulse shape) Specification of access procedures: Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol
Fase di abbattimento
Toni Audio (OFF)
Fase di trasferimento dati
Fase di Instaurazione
CD ON
RTS ON
28
29
Whats a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:
Hi Hi
Got the time?
TCP connection request TCP connection response

Get http://net.infocom.uniroma1.it
2:00 time
<file>
30
Protocol elements
A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or more parties communicating over an interface are to interact Examples
Internet Protocol (IP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
Key elements of a protocol Syntax Semanthics Timing

31
Protocols
A protocol can be described by means of state machines State is the set of variables whose value is sufficient to decide next transition given input and internal events
E.g. message receipts, timer expiration
Given state at time t, X(t)=a, any event occurring in the interface at a subsequent time t+h makes the state evolve to b Actions are associated to transition a->b.
Protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on msg send/rcv

Internet at large
33
Packet Switching
Internet is but one example of a packet switched network Basic ideas:
Information is segmented into small, self-contained chunks (smaller than typical amount of information to be transferred) -> PACKETS Packets hop from one node to another until they find their way to the destination -> STORE & FORWARD Hop can be realized by ANY underlying communication technology -> INTERNETWORKING Improvement of QoS demanded to end-to-end protocols (e.g. error recovery, flow/congestion control)
34
High-level view of Internet

Hosts, routers and inter-networking
H
H Net 1 G H Net 2 G Net 4 G G Net 3 G G Net 5 H
First packet switching ideas Paul Baran, 1964
35
36
A closer look at network structure:

network edge
applications and hosts
access networks
wired/wireless communication links large number of small routers
network core
interconnected routers network of networks
37
Access networks
Q: How to connect end systems to edge router? residential access nets institutional access networks (school, company) mobile access networks xDSL - Digital Subscriber Line wireless laptops
Dialup modem
to/from CO
modem
router/ firewall
wireless access point
38
Access networks
Q: How to connect end systems to edge router? residential access nets institutional access networks (school, company) mobile access networks LAN - Local Area Network Wireless router base station mobile hosts
39
Internet structure: network of networks

roughly hierarchical at center: tier-1 ISPs (e.g., Verizon, Sprint, AT&T, Cable and Wireless), national/international coverage treat each other as equals
Tier-1 providers interconnect (peer) privately
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
40
Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint

POP: point-of-presence
to/from backbone
peering
to/from customers
41

Tier-2 ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs
Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs
Tier-2 ISP pays tier-1 ISP for connectivity to rest of Internet ! tier-2 ISP is customer of tier-1 provider
Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP

Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISPs also peer privately with each other.
Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP
42

Tier-3 ISPs and local ISPs
last hop (access) network (closest to end systems)
local ISP Local and tier3 ISPs are customers of higher tier ISPs connecting them to rest of Internet
Tier 3 ISP Tier-2 ISP
local ISP
local ISP Tier-2 ISP
local ISP

Tier-2 ISP local ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP local local ISP ISP

43

a packet passes through many networks!
local ISP
Tier 3 ISP Tier-2 ISP
local ISP
local ISP Tier-2 ISP
local ISP

Tier 1 ISP
Tier-2 ISP local local ISP ISP
44
Hourglass model (H. Schulzrinne)

Outlook
46
Trends in Network Evolution

Its all about services
Building networks involves huge investment Services that generate revenues drive the network architecture
Current trends and issues

Multimedia applications Info-centric communications End of trust Legal issues (laws are local, network is global) Overlay networks Nano-networks E-government, e-business, e-commerce
47
Declination on Internet
Internet of Communities: organization of people activities through the Internet, on the basis of common interests and likings. Internet of Services: interconnection of providers and consumers of any type of service that can be accessed through the Internet. Internet of Media: network supporting media search, delivery, and integration, regardless their format, providing suitable storage and quick access. Internet of Things: pervasive network, capable of connecting all devices that can generate, transmit, or receive contents, including sensors, cameras, wearable devices.
48
Evolution of services
Yesterday, call switching today, call center
Network models: intelligent vs dumb
49
Source: M. Dcina, 2006 Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
50
Network models: flat

Mesh, ad hoc networks
IEEE 802.11 e 802.16
Pervasive and ubiquitous computing

Domotics, embedded/wearable computing event-driven, contextaware, communicating, networked smart objects
Wireless sensor networks

ZigBee, RFID
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi Source: M. Dcina, 2006
51
End of Trust
Security Attacks
Spam, Phishing, Pharming Denial of Service, DDoS Viruses Impersonators
Firewalls & Filtering

Control flow of traffic/data from/to Internet
Confidentiality, integrity and authentication; authorization; traffic monitoring Anonymity, privacy
52
ICT security attributes
53
TCP/IP stack & security
Operations, Administration, Maintenance, and Billing

Communication like transportation networks
Traffic flows need to be monitored and controlled, QoS and security must be guaranteed, possibly at different levels Tolls have to be collected Roads have to be maintained Need to forecast traffic and plan network growth
54
Highly-developed in telephone network

Entire organizations address OAM & Billing Becoming automated for flexibility & reduced cost
Under development for IP networks

55
Success Factors for New Services

Technology not only factor in success of a new service Three factors considered in new telecom services
Market
Can there be demand for the service?
New Service
Technology
Can it be implemented costeffectively?
Regulation
Is the service allowed/somehow constrained?
56
Role of regulation
Public regulation is fundamental as communication services become a commodity Minimum service access to be guaranteed
Universal service
Digital divide Also fundamental for

unique resources (radio spectrum) protection of public interests (e.g. health)
57
Standards
New technologies very costly and risky Standards allow players to share risk and benefits of a new market
Reduced cost of entry Interoperability and network effect Compete on innovation Completing the value chain
Chips, systems, equipment vendors, service providers
Example
802.11 wireless LAN products
58
Standards Bodies
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
Internet standards development Request for Comments (RFCs): www.ietf.org
International Telecommunications Union (ITU)

International telecom standards
International Standardization Organization (ISO) IEEE 802 Committee

Local area and metropolitan area network standards
Regional bodies (ETSI, ANSI) Industry Organizations and Fora

3GPP, MPLS Forum, WiFi Alliance, World Wide Web Consortium, Bluetooth

History
60
Computer Network Evolution Overview

1950s: Telegraph technology adapted to computers 1960s: Dumb terminals access shared host computer
SABRE airline reservation system
1970s & 1980s: Computers connect directly to each other

ARPANET packet switching network TCP/IP based internetworking Ethernet local area network
1990s & 2000s: New applications and Internet growth

Commercialization of Internet E-mail, file transfer, web, P2P, streaming . . . Internet traffic surpasses voice traffic
61
Internet History (1/5)

1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
1961: Kleinrock - queueing theory shows effectiveness of packet-switching 1964: Baran - packet-switching in military nets 1967: ARPAnet conceived by Advanced Research Projects Agency 1969: first ARPAnet node operational 1972: ARPAnet public demonstration NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-host protocol first e-mail program ARPAnet has 15 nodes
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ARPANET - September 1971
63

1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets
1970: ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii 1974: Cerf and Kahn - architecture for interconnecting nets 1976: Ethernet at Xerox PARC Late 70s: proprietary architectures: DECnet, SNA, XNA Late 70s: switching fixed length packets (ATM precursor) 1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes
Cerf and Kahns internetworking principles: minimalism, autonomy - no internal changes required to interconnect nets best effort service model stateless routers decentralized control
64

1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks
1983: deployment of TCP/IP 1982: smtp e-mail protocol defined 1983: DNS defined for name-to-IP-address translation 1985: ftp protocol defined 1988: TCP congestion control new national networks: Csnet, BITnet, NSFnet, Minitel 100,000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
65

1990, 2000s: commercialization, the Web, new apps
Early 1990s: ARPAnet decommissioned 1991: NSF lifts restrictions on commercial use of NSFnet (decommissioned, 1995) Early 1990s: Web hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson 1960s] HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee, 1989 1993: Mosaic, later Netscape Late 1990s commercialization of the Web network security to forefront estimated 50 million host, 100 million+ users backbone links running at Gbps
66

2000s
more killer apps:
instant messaging P2P applications (BitTorrent - file sharing; Skype - VoIP; PPLive - video) YouTube Gaming E-commerce
wireless, mobility tens/hundreds Gbps backbone
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The Internet gotha
68
Internet statistics
~769 million hosts (July 2010) ~2 billion users As of Feb. 27rd, 2012: 138,143,921 Top Level Domains As of Feb. 1st, 2012: 3,479,770,880 IP addresses assigned in 246 countries
End of 2009:
234 million websites 247 billion emails sent daily on the average Facebook serves 260 billion page views per month (6 millions per min) YouTube serves 1 billion videos per day
69
Host count

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University of Roma La Sapienza

Communication Networks and Services

The big picture

Communication Communication Network Network

Users run applications and interact via a communication network

Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi

Examples: client-server apps

Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi

Examples: p2p apps

Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi

What is a communication network?

Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi

Goods / people information

Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi

Approaches to long-distance communications

Courier: physical transport of the message

Messages can be transferred by means of transmission and reception of signals

We focus on electrical communications

Example of digital communications

Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi

Digital Transmission Evolution

Information transfer per second

T-1 Carrier Baudot

SONET Optical Carrier

Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi

Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi

Basic idea to improve: resource sharing

N = 1000 N(N 1)/2 = 499500

Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi

Switching: telephony example

Only N connections required to central office

Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi

Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi

Hierarchical Network Structure

Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi

Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi

Example: telephone call

Network selects route;

Sets up connection; Called party alerted

Exchange voice signals

Communication Network Architecture

Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi

Architecture layer view

Network topology Interface (node-to-node) Protocol (layer)

Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi

Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi

Connections of all Internet sub-networks in the world

Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi

Example: ITU-T V.24

Linea telefonica commutata

Tono Audio DTR ON DSR ON Toni Audio (Dati) RxD

Breve Ritardo CTS ON TxD

CD OFF RTS ON Toni Audio (OFF) Breve Ritardo

RTS OFF CTS OFF

Toni Audio (Dati)

RTS OFF CTS OFF CD OFF

RTS OFF CTS OFF CD OFF

Spia luminosa accesa

Spia luminosa spenta

Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi

Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi

Toni Audio (OFF)

Fase di trasferimento dati