NAD: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; a crucial coenzyme of numerous dehydroge NADP: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in intermediary metabolism.

NADH: The reduced form an important rolemajor component of reducing to NAD nase enzymes. NAD playsof NAD. NADH is aphosphate; a coenzyme similarpower. but NonpolarThe A poisonous substance Neurotoxin: fundamental cell of which is toxic to Neuron:The reducedAform of NADP.the nervous system.the nervous system. NADPH:acts in different reactions.thatnonpolar substances (substances lacking el that Solvent: liquid into ectrical dipoles) are freely soluble. Kerosene is an example of a nonpolar solve Nosocomial Infection: An infection directly acquired as a result of a stay in th nt. Nucleoside Triphosphate: A of chromosomal DNA found in consists Nucleoid: and caused massmonomer of nucleic acid that bacteria. e hospitalAn aggregateby pathogens that exist in the hospital. of a ribose sug Obligate phosphates, Parasite: An organism ar, threeIntracellularand a nitrogenous base.that requires the environment of a Oligotrophic Bacterium: A living cell to replicate. bacterium that is able to grow in a habitat in which n Osmoprotectant: A chemical Organic A substance that promotes phagocytosis. Opsonin: are in low chemical ion that aids in the osmoregulation of an organism utrientsCompound: A supply.orstructure that contains carbon and hydrogen. Osmotic Strength:osmotic strength of the cytoplasm.from its solute content. The by altering the A property of a solution arising greater the osmotic strength of a solution, the more easily it can absorb water Oxidizer: An agent Oxidase: An enzyme that catalyses an oxidation-reduction reaction. The oxidizer across a membrane from another solution by osmosis. can accept electrons from another molecule. Peptide Bond:organismthe other molecule becomes oxidized. Pathogen:reducedconnecting causes disease. chain formed between the amino grou becomes An A and that bond in a protein Periplasm: The region between the outer membrane of p of one amino acid and the carboxylic acid groupand the other. cytoplasmic membrane of pH:Gram-negative logarithm to be effective hydrogen the surface of the a liqu Permeability: Thebacterial cell. penetrated by gases ion concentration pores. Peritrichous: Having flagella distributed evenly overor liquids throughofcell. Perisporal Crystals: Protein crystals found next to the spores of some bacteria. a The negative capacity of the Phagosome: A membrane-bound vacuole formed by an bacteriophage. Phage: A used that infects bacteria; also calledinvagination of id. pH isvirus to express the acidity or alkalinity of a liquid. the cytoplasmic Photometer:The sum of an producedmeasure lightcharacteristics. Phenotype: Phagosomes areorganism'sin cells thatintensity, usuallyphagocytosis. membrane. An instrument used to observable have carried out the amount of Phylogenetic: Based on through a solution orrelationships rather than general si light that has passed natural evolutionary suspension. Phytoplankton: Photosynthetic milarity of characteristics. microorganisms (primarily algae and cyanobacteria) Plasmid: A in the surface region of a body of water. segment of DNA located outs that live small, self-replicating, usually circular Plating: The transfer of a culture or ide of the chromosome or chromosomes. sample of bacteria onto a solid medium, su PMF: agar Plus protoninThepetri dish.RNA or DNA that has the membrane created by ch asStrand:motive force; the energized state of a same sense as mRNA. the expul a strand of Poly-beta-hydroxyalkanes: through the action of an electron transport chain. sion of protons, primarilyCommon storage compounds of prokaryotic cells; they co Polysome: Polyphosphate: polymer offormed acidsmRNA monomeric together by peptide bonds. Polypeptide:complex consisting by linkingmolecule that beta-alkanoic Polymer: A macromoleculeofaminoof an ions linkedor otheris being simultaneously nsist of aApolymer of beta-polyhydroxy-butyratelinkedunits together. acids. A A number phosphate that are together. Precursor by many ribosomes. translatedMetabolite: One of twelve compounds from which all cellular constituen Primary Immune ts are made. Response: Antibodies made in response to the first exposure to an Prokaryote:Mostorganism that lacks aare ofnucleus. class. antigen. An of these antibodies true the IgM Prokaryotes include bacteria Prophage: A and archaea.genome of a bacteriophage that has integrated itself into the chromo Protein Synthesis: The some of a bacterium. process of linking amino acids in a precise sequence by p Proton: An elementary protein. eptide bonds to form aparticle that is identical to the nucleus of a hydrogen at Protozoa: A kingdom of lacks a cell wall. Protoplast: A cell single positive charge. om. Protons carry athateukaryotic microganisms with varied morphologies, physiol Pure Culture: A culture ogies, and life cycles. of cells that are identical because they arise from a si Pyrophosphate: The salt of pyrophosphoric acid. It is designated by the symbol P ngle cell. Quinone: One of a number joined phosphate compounds that are important coenzyme Pi , which represents twoof cyclic organic ions. Recombinant DNA Technology: A set of Reactant: A substance or enters into and is altered by a chemical reaction. s, hydrogen acceptors,thatvitamins. techniques used to manipulate and transfer Reducing Reduced Power: NAD(P)H; the ability to change substance from a higher oxidati genes. Sulfur Compound: A sulfur compound thatais more reduced than sulfate. Refraction: The deflection from a straight path undergone by a light wave that c on state to a lower oxidation state. Refractive Index: it ratio obliquely from of medium a particular hanges velocity asThe passesof the velocity onelight ininto another. substance t Resolution: The light or vacuum. Replication:The process by which an optical system o the velocity ofprocessin aaction of reproduction.forms distinguishable images Resolving separated ability distances. of objectsPower: The by smallof an optical system to form distinguishable images Rhizosphere:separated byaround ametabolically inactive exudates microorganism. Resting Structure: A dormant ordistances. where root form of aincrease the mic of objects The region small plant root Ribosomes: Cytoplasmic particles composed of ribosomal proteins and ribosomal RN robial population and its activities. A. Ribosomes are the protein-producing machinery of the cell.