MAGNETISM CONTD. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BAR MAGNET AND ELECTROMAGNET BAR MAGNET 1.

The bar magnet is permanent magnet 2. It produces comparatively weak force of attraction 3. The strength of magnetic field cannot be changed. 4. The (north pole and south pole) polarity of the magnet is fixed and cannot be changed. ELECTROMAGNET 1. It is temporary magnet , its magnetism lasts till the availability of current. 2. The force of attraction is quite large. 3. Strength of field can be adjusted by adjusting the amount of current. 4. The polarity of electromagnet can be changed by changing battery terminals.

UNIFORM AND NONUNIFORM MAGNETIC FIELD: If the field strength in a given region around a magnet is equal at every point then it is said to have a uniform magnetic field. It is represented by equally spaced straight lines. (as shown in fig) If the field the strength at every point around a magnet is varying in Nature then it is said to be a non uniform magnetic field.

MAGNETISM INSIDE HUMAN BEING: The electrical nerve impulses in human being produces magnetic field . Especially Heart and Brain in humans produces magnetic field.

MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging) MRI is a medical diagnostic technique based on human magnetism to scan various body parts.

FORCE ON A CURRENT CARRYNG WIRE PLACED IN A MAGNEIC FIELD: According to Michael Faraday, when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field , A mechanical force is exerted on the conductor which can make the conductor move. The direction of force is perpendicular to magnetic field and perpendicular to the direction of the current (as shown In fig) The direction of field, force and current is given by Flemings left hand Rule . According to Flemings left hand rule , Adjust the fingers of your left hand in such a way that , That fore finger shows direction of magnetic field , mid finger shows the direction of current and thumb show the direction of force

By: A.K.Jha

THE ELECTRIC MOTOR Electric motor is a device to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy .

PRINCIPAL : When a current carrying rectangular coil is placed in magnetic field , a force acts on the coil which makes it
rotates it continuously.

Construction : It consists of a rectangular coil of insulated copper wire . Commutator rings are attached with
rectangular coil . The commutator rings (also known as split rings) are halved to reverse the direction of current after half revolution of the coil . Carbon brushes are attached to the rings to supply the current to the rectangular coil.

Working : Urrent from the sourceenters into the carbon brush . since the commutator rings are in contact with brush, they take the current and let them to pass through the coil . As shown in the figure due to the direction of current in left and right of the coil is opposite , it give rise to a couple force which moves the coil. After half revolution the brushes receives the air gap of the ring , which reverses the current and the revolution continues . This process repeats itself several times in a second thats why motors move so rapidly.

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION It is the phenomena of production of electricity from magnetism. Faradays law of electromagnetic induction: When a conductor is placed in a Varying magnetic field , an induced current produced In the conductor and this phenomena of production of induced current is known as Electro Magnetic Induction. Note : Since Current is produced due to change in magnetic field . hence it is known as Alternating current (A.C)

By: A.K.Jha

Q: What is the condition necessary for E.M.I? A: The basic condition required for the E.m.I is that there should be a Relative Motion Between Magnet and conductor.

HOW INDUCED CURRENT PRODUCED???? Method 1:

We will Take a current carrying coil, magnet and galvanometer as shown in fig. Bring the magnets north pole close to coil, A deflection will produce in the galvanometer. Now pull back the magnet north pole,Again a deflection produced in the galvanometer (but this time in opposite direction) Keep the magnet stationary near the coil, No Deflection produced CONCLUSION: The deflection in galvanometer shows the induction of current . the current produced only when magnet was moving i.e. when magnetic field was changing . hence it is concluded that current induced in a conductor when it is kept in changing magnetic field IMP NOTE : The induced current is found to be the highest when the direction of motion of the coil is at right angles to the magnetic field

METHOD 2: DO IT YOURSELF

The Direction of induced current is given by Flemings Right Hand Rule Stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of right hand so that they are perpendicular to each other, If the forefinger indicates the direction of the magnetic field and the thumb shows the direction of motion of conductor, then the middle finger will show the direction of induced current

TYPES OF CURRENT :
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(i) Alternating current : (A.C.) - If the current changes its magnitude and direction after a particular in regular interval , then it is said to be an a.c. current. (ii) Direct current (D.C.)- A current having fixed magnitude and direction and which does not changes with time is called as D.C. current . Q: What is a generator ? A: A generator Is a device which converts Mechanical energy into electrical energy. Q: what is the working principal of generator ? A: When a Rectangular coil is moved in a magnetic field a current is induced in the coil.

CURRENT PRODUCED IN INDIA:

In India we generate A.C. Current of frequency 50Hz. The current changes its direction 100times in a second. It means after ever 0.01 sec the current changes its direction (i.e from + to -). The Voltage provided for Domestic purpose in India is 220V. The A.C. electric power can be transferred over a long distances without loss energy . Another major advantage A.C. is that it doesnt heat up the appliances whereas D.C. heat up the appliances

Advantage of Using A.C. over D.C.

Sources of A.C. : A.C. generator , Transformers . D.C. sources : dry cells, electrolytic cells, battery Instruments that work on d.c. ; Radio , Televison etc.

DOMESTIC CIRCUITS

By: A.K.Jha