Acid-Base Imbalance Resp Acidosis Resp Alkalosis Metabolic Acidosis Metabolic Alkalosis

Causes An obstruction of the airway or Overstimulation of the resp DM or diabetic ketoacidosis Diuretics
depresses the resp system system : ↓ INS causes ↑ fat metabolism : Compensatory ↑ in the amount of
: Asthma : Fever Excessive ingestion of aspirin bicarbonate in the blood
: Atelectasis : Hyperventilation High-fat diet Excessive vomiting
: Brain trauma : Hypoxia : Too rapid accumulation of the GI suctioning
: Bronchiectasis : Hysteria waste products Hyperaldosteronism
: Bronchitis : Overventilation by mechanical Insufficient metabolism of carbo Intake of excess sodium bicarbonate
: CNS depressants vent : ↑ fat catabolism Massive transfusion of whole blood
: Emphysema : Pain Malnutrition
: Hypoventilation Renal insufficiency or RF
: Pulmonary edema Severe diarrhea
: Pneumonia
: Pulmonary emboli
Lab Value Changes
pH: ↓ pH: ↑ pH: ↓ pH: ↑
Normal: PaCO2: ↑ PaCO2: ↓ PaCO2: Normal or ↓ PaCO2: Normal or ↑
pH = 7.35 – 7.45
PaCO2: 35 – 45 mmHg
HCO3-: Normal or ↑ HCO3-: Normal or ↓ HCO3- : ↓ HCO3-: ↑
HCO3-: 22 – 26 mEq/L PaO2: ↓ PaO2: Normal PaO2: Normal PaO2: Normal
PaO2: 80 – 100 mmHg K+: ↑ K+: ↓ K+: ↑ K+: ↑

Clinical Manifestations • Neuro • Neuro • Neuro • Neuro

: Drowsiness : Lethargy : Drowsiness : Drowsiness
: Disorientation : Light-headedness : Confusion : Dizziness
: Coma : Confusion : HA : Nervousness
• CV • CV : Coma • CV
: ↓ BP : Tachycardia • CV : Tachycardia
: V-fib r/t hyperkalemia : Dysrhythmias r/t hypokalemia : : ↓ BP : Dysrhythmias r/t hypokalemia
: Warm, flushed skin d/t peripheral • GI : V-fib r/t hyperkalemia • GI
vasodilation : N&V : Warm, flushed skin d/t peripheral : Anorexia
• GI : Epigastric pain vasodilation : N&V
: None • Neuromuscular • GI • Neuromuscular
• Neuromuscular : Tetany : N&V : Tremors
: Seizures : Numbness : Diarrhea : Hypertonic muscles
• Resp : Seizures : Abd pain : Muscle cramps
: Hypoventilation • Resp • Neuromuscular : Tetany
: Hyperventilation : None • Resp
• Resp : Hypoventilation (compensatory
: Deep, rapid resp (compensatory action)
action)
: Hyperpnea w/ Kussmaul’s
respiration (abnormally deep,
regular, and ↑ in rate) to exhale the
excess CO2