Frequency Response

Lecture 7
HF response of Source/Emitter Follower
Source followers provide a gain close to unity but provide a high
input impedance and low output impedance
Applications: buffers, level shifters
The exact transfer can be obtained using direct analysis
TF has 2 poles and 1 LHP zero

Cairo Univ. Analog Circuits: Spring 2013 2
( ) ( )
( )
gs L gd S m m p
m gs L gd S m L gd gd gs L gs S
gs m
in
out
C C C R g g
g C C C R g s C C C C C C R s
sC g
V
V
+ + ~
+ + + + + +
+
=
1
2
: ion approximat pole Dominant e
LHP zero
zero) (LHP
0
gs m z
gs z gs m
C g s
C s v g
=
= +
HF response of Emitter/Source Follower
Cairo Univ. Analog Circuits: Spring 2013 3
S S
R C R R

t = =
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
r g
C
r g
R
v v r v v g I
m m
x be be be m x
1 1
1
,
+
=
+
=
= + =
R
s
v
out
g
m
v
be
r
t
v
be
+

-

R

=v
x
/I
x
v
x
+

-

I
x
R
s
v
out
g
m
v
be
r
t
v
be
+

-

v
x
+

-

I
x
R
t
=v
x
/I
x
R
s
v
out
g
m
v
be
r
t
v
be
+

-

v
x
+

-

I
x
R
CL
=v
x
/I
x
1
1
+
+
=
+
+
=
|
t
|
t
t
S
L CL
S
CL
R r
C
R r
R
1)
2)
3)
( ) ( ) ( ) | | 1 1 1 1 + + + + + = =

| t e
t t t
r R C r g C R C
S L m S
i
i
BJ T
H
| |
m L m gs S gd
BJ T
H
MOS
H
g C g C R C + + = =

1
) (|
e e
Source Follower Input Impedance
Cairo Univ. Analog Circuits: Spring 2013 4
C
gs
V
DD
v
in
+

-

C
L
Z
in
C
gd
I
B
v
o
C
gs
1/g
mb
v
x
+

-

C
L
Z
in
I
x
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
L mb gs
m
gs
in
L mb gs
x m
x
gs
x
x
sC g sC
g
sC
Z
sC g sC
I g
I
sC
I
v
1
1
1 1
//
1
gs L
m
L gs L gs
m
gs
in
L
mb
mb mb
m
gs mb gs
m
gs
in
L
mb
C C s
g
sC sC sC sC
g
sC
Z
C
g
s HF
g g
g
sC g sC
g
sC
Z
C
g
s LF
2
1 1 1
1
1
:
1
1
1 1
1
1
:
+ + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + ~ >>
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + ~ <<
This indicates that it consists of a capacitive portion and a negative
real part which could lead to oscillations (instability)


Miller
multiplication
of C
gs
<1
Follower Output Impedance
At low frequencies the capacitors have no impact and the resistance
in the base is divided by |+1
At high frequencies C
t
looks like a short circuit between the base
and emitter hence the source resistance is seen at the emitter
Cairo Univ. Analog Circuits: Spring 2013 5
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
S
s
outBJ T S
s
outBJ T
S S
outBJ T
S x S S x
m x m x
R Z R r Z
r sC
R r sC R r
Z
R v R sC r v R v v v sC r v node
sC r g v I v sC r v v g I node
= + + =
+ +
+ +
=
= + + = + + +
+ + = = + + +

, 1
1
1 1 0 : 2
1 0 : 1
0
|
|
t
t t
t t t
t t t t t t t t
t t t t t t t t
Follower Output Impedance (Contd)
The common scenario is to have R
S
>1/g
m
+R
S
/|+1 inductive
behavior
This inductance sometimes causes ringing or oscillations in the
EF response
A transistor with a gate/base resistor can be used as an active
inductor

Cairo Univ. Analog Circuits: Spring 2013 6
( ) ( )
S
s
outBJ T S
s
outBJ T
S S
outBJ T
R Z R r Z
r sC
R r sC R r
Z = + + =
+ +
+ +
=

, 1 ,
1
0
|
|
t
t t
t t t
S
s
outMOS m
s
outMOS
gs m
S gs
outMOS
R Z g Z
sC g
R sC
Z = =
+
+
=

, 1 ,
1
0
Common Base/Gate: HF Response
Since V
b
provides an AC ground C
CS
and C

appear in parallel
between Y and ground, also C
t
appears between X and ground
Same applies to the common gate C
X
=C
GS
+C
SB
and C
Y
=C
GD
+C
DB
CB/CG dont suffer from the Miller effect since there is no capacitance
between the input/output of the amplifier
No interaction between nodes X and Y as long as we neglect r
o

The input pole is very high ~on the order of the transistor f
T


Cairo Univ. Analog Circuits: Spring 2013 7
( )
S m X pX
R g C // 1 1 = e
D C Y
pY
R C
,
1
= e
( )
D C Y S m X
CB
H
R C R g C
,
// 1
1
+
= e
e
|H(je)|
e
p1
e
p2
( ) ( )
S mb m X pX
R g g C // 1 1 + = e
Cascode Amplifiers
A CS/CE has very high input impedance but suffers from Miller effect
A CG/CB has a low input impedance but doesnt suffer from Miller effect
A cascode combines both advantages: high input impedance and no Miller
effect (high speed)
Q1/M1 form a CE/CS which provides the high input impedance and a gain
~-g
m
R
L

Q2/M2 form a CB/CG which eliminates the Miller effect
Neglecting the body effect and if g
m1
=g
m2
A
XY
~-1
C
X
=C
XY
(1- A
XY
) ~ 2C
XY
Cairo Univ. Analog Circuits: Spring 2013 8
R
Y
=1/g
m2
R
Y
=1/(g
m2
+g
mb2
)

2
1
2 2
1
m
m
X
Y
BJ T
XY
mb m
m
X
Y
MOS
XY
g
g
v
v
A
g g
g
v
v
A
= =
+
= =
BJ T Cascode HF Response
The effect of C
1
at node X is equal
to C
1
(1-A
XY
)=2 C
1

The effect of C
1
at node Y is equal
to C
1
(1-1/A
XY
)=2C
1

The pole at node Y is on the order
of the transistor f
T
and usually has
negligible effect
Cairo Univ. Analog Circuits: Spring 2013 9
2 1
2
2
1
1
,
m m
T
C
m
T
C
m
g g
V
I
g
V
I
g = = =
( )( )
( )
pout pY pX
i
i
H
CS L
pout
CS
m
pY
S
pX
C C R
C C C
g
C C r R
e e e t
e
e
e
e

t
t t
1 1 1
1 1
1
2
2 //
1
2 2
1 2 1
2
1 1 1
+ +
= =
+
=
+ +
=
+
=

MOS Cascode HF Resposne

Cairo Univ. Analog Circuits: Spring 2013 10
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
pout pY pX
i
i
H
gd db L
pout
sb gd XY gs db m
pY
gd XY gs S
pX
C C R
C C A C C g C A C R
e e e t
e
e
e e
1 1 1
1 1
1
1 1 1
1
,
1
1
2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1 1
+ +
= =
+
=
+ + +
=
+
=

2
1
2
1
2
1
: effect Body the Neglecting
L W
L W
K
K
g
g
A
m
m
XY
= = ~
( )( )
2 2 1 2
1 1 //
1
o m Y o o out
X in
r g sC r r Z
sC Z
+ + =
=
Differential Pair: Freq. Response
For the DM half circuits, V
in1
and V
in2
see the same transfer function
to the outputs the DM response has the same poles as the DM
half circuit
DM response exhibits the same Miller multiplication as the CS
C
P
is the parasitic capacitance due to C
db3
, C
gd3
, C
sb1
, & C
sb2
, which
is usually a large since M1-M3 are large in size to ensure M3
operates in SAT with a small over drive voltage
If the pole at P is low the CM rejection of the circuit degrades with
frequency

Cairo Univ. Analog Circuits: Spring 2013 11
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
A

P
o m m
L
D m
DM CM
sC
r g g
sC
R g
A
1
// 1
1
//
3 2 1
Differential Pair: Freq. Response
Mismatches will cause the CM supply noise to appear at the
differential output
As the frequency of the supply noise increases the pole at P
degrades the CMRR of the circuit
A trade-off exists between the input common mode level and the
CMRR
If we increase the size of M1-M3 to allows lower inputs CMs CP
increases leading to worse high frequency CMRR

Cairo Univ. Analog Circuits: Spring 2013 12
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
A

P
o m m
L
D m
DM CM
sC
r g g
sC
R g
A
1
// 1
1
//
3 2 1
Differential Pair: Freq. Response
The load capacitor C
L
includes C
db1,2
& C
db3,4
Even though the bias at node G is provided through the 1/g
mp
of the
reference transistor the symmetry of the circuit (V
out+
=-V
out-
and
C
dg3
=C
gd4
) forces a virtual ground at node G
The high impedance at the output node makes the output node in
most cases the dominant node:

Cairo Univ. Analog Circuits: Spring 2013 13
( )( )
L gd o o
p
C C r r +
~
1 3 1
//
1
e
Diff. pair with Active Load: Freq. Resp.
Circuit contains 2 signal paths with different transfer functions
Path consisting of M3-M4 has a pole at node E at g
m3
/C
E
, C
E
is the
total capacitance at node E mirror pole
The 2 signal path share the pole associated with the output node



Cairo Univ. Analog Circuits: Spring 2013 14
in oN m X oN X
V r g V r R = = , 2
( )
( )
( )
) / 1 ( ,
1
1
4 op L out X E m
E mp X
E mp
X out E
r sC V I V g
sC g R
sC g
V V V + + +
+ +
+
=
Diff. pair with Active Load: Freq. Resp.
Using the dominant pole approximation:
Cairo Univ. Analog Circuits: Spring 2013 15
( )
( ) ( ) | | ( )
1 1 1
2 2 1 2 2
2
1 2 1
2
2 1
2
+ + ~
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
+ + + + + +
+
=
p p p p p
oP oN mp L oN mp oP E oP oN L E oP oN
E mp oN mn
in
out
s s s s
D
r r g C r g r C r r s s C C r r
sC g r g
V
V
e e e e e
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
E
mp
p
L oP oN L oN mp oP E oP oN
oP oN mp
p
C
g
C r r C r g r C r r
r r g
= ~
+ + +
+
=
2 1
,
//
1
2 1 2
2
e e
Mirror pole
TF has a LHP zero at 2g
mp
/C
E
due to the 2 paths

g
mn
V
in
/2 V
E
=g
mn
V
in
/2(g
mp
+sC
E
)
V
out
=0
zero LHP 2
0
1
//
1
2 2
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
E mp z
mp
E z mp
in
mn
in
mn
C g s
g
C s g
V
g
V
g