Presentation

History of English
Thomas Ohse
Overview
History of English
omas Ohse
University of Paderborn
January
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History of English Why Bother?

History of English
Thomas Ohse
Overview
Why Bother? Synchronic Diachronic Family Tree Periods Important Terms Questions
How did English become the language it is today? Semantics/Lexis: Modern English: to starve Old English: steorfan German: sterben
Grammar: past tense: to go went Phonology: Modern English: knight /nait/ Old English: cniht /knit/ German: Knecht
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Synchronic? Diachronic?
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Overview
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In this Class ..
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Overview
A diachronic perspective ree periods of English:

Old English Middle English Early modern English
ree branches of linguistics

Semantics / Lexis Grammar: Morphology and Syntax Phonology
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Family Tree
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Overview
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Periods of the English Language

History of English
Thomas Ohse
Overview
Old English ( Middle English (
) )
) ) )
Early Modern English ( Modern English (from
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Important Terms
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Overview
family tree periods Old English Middle English Early Modern English Modern English
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Questions
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Overview
1. Name the four periods of the English language! 2. Give the dates of these four periods!
Old English Middle English Early Modern English Modern English ( )from
3. Are the dates xed? Why?

Its hard to determine the exact date of the beginning of a process.
4. To which branch of the Germanic languages does the

English language belong?
West Germanic languages
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How can we access Old English?

History of English
Thomas Ohse
Old English: Lexis
How can we access Old English? Historical Background Loan Words Vocabulary Written Language Important Terms Questions
Manuscripts
Autograph Copy
Facsimiles
Exactly the same laout
Old English: Grammar Old English: Phonology Middle English: Lexis Middle English: Syntax Middle English: Phonology EMoE: Lexis EMoE: Syntax EMoE: Phonology Revision
Editions:
Pros:
Accessible Legible Standardized
Cons:
Transparency of decisions Trust in Source? Rely on the editor(s) di erent editions?
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Historical Background
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Old English: Lexis
BC: Celts are the rst settlers with Indo-European language BC: Caesar tries to conquer England AD Claudius conquers England Picts and Scots in the North of British Isles Hadrians Wall AD: End of almost years of Roman settlement Picts and Scots attack Celts : Germanic Tribes come to England
a.) Angles b.) Saxons c.) Jutes
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around 449 AD
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Old English: Lexis
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History of English
Thomas Ohse
Old English: Lexis
: Treaty of Wedmore (near Glastonburg) Vikings in the North (north of Chester - London) DANELAW Danelaw as the area where Danish law was valid
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History of English
Thomas Ohse
Old English: Lexis
Language of the Germanic tribes was dominant Anglecynn Angle-kin, later England since missionaries from Ireland; from missionaries from Rome from attacks from Scandinavians / Vikings / Northmen and : plundering of Lindisfarne and Jarrow from many belligerent and aggressive attacks:
Danish ships alnded in England; staed there over winter capture of Canterbury and London (in spring) East Anglia, in York, later Wessex
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History of English
Thomas Ohse
Old English: Lexis
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Loan Words in English Vocabulary

History of English
Thomas Ohse
Old English: Lexis
Celtic in uence
only a few Celtic loan words loan word = a word borrowed from another language which has been integrated into the language places, names, names of rivers: Avon, Cumberland, Kent, London, ames, York other words in popular use: binn (basket), luh (lake)
Latin in uence
three periods of Latin in uence on Old English (OE)
. .
Continental borrowings / Latin in uence on the Zero Period: cheap, cheese, mile, street, wine Latin through Celtic Transmission / First Period: -cester as in Worcester, Gloucester, Lancaster port, munt (=mountain), torr (tower, rock) and w c (=village) e Christianizing of Britain / Second Period: altar, candle, elephant, fennel, pop, priest, accent, cancer, history, paper, title etc.
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Loan Words in English Vocabulary

History of English
Thomas Ohse
Old English: Lexis
Scandinavian in uence
Words of Scandinavian origin: anger, bag, birth, call, at, get, gi , husband, ill, knife, same, take, want, weak etc. Function words: they, them and their Word beginning with /sk/: sk, skin, skill, skirt Place-names:
in the Danelaw: -by, = from a town Whitby, Derby, Rugby -thrope = village: Althrop or Linthrope -to = a peace ground: Brimto , Easto , Norto -son = family names: Davidson, Jackson, Henderson
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Old English Vocabulary

History of English
Thomas Ohse
Old English: Lexis
OE vocabulary is in uenced by other languages function words and core vocabulary are Germanic many words still exist today: btan (to bite), bl d, fder (father), niht (night), sumor o (summer) etc. words that have died out: blcan (shine, gleam), cyme (arrival), wita (a wise man), weoran (become, happen - werden), ele (edel, substituted by noble). semantic change: dor - OE: wild animal, deer - ME: Hirsch, Wild e Foreign in uences on OE:
b.) Latin c.) Scandinavian a.) Celtic (marginal) (important) (important)
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Written Language
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Old English: Lexis
OE was rst written in runes runic alphabet: "Futhorc" Oldest traces of English writing: durable material like stone Franks Casket Ruthwell Cross A er Christianizing: Insular Hand (special writing) Speci c versions of the Latin alphabet Di erences to todays alphabet: <> ash, from Latin stands for // and /:/ <> eth, from Irish, stands for // and /T/ <> thorn, from runic name, stands for // and /T/ < > wynn, from runic name, stands for <w> <Z> yogh, stands for /g/, /j/ or /7/
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Written Language
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Old English: Lexis
Only few written accounts before King Alfred, West Saxon dialect Prose: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Translation of Bedes "Ecclesiasstical History of the English People", Beothius "Consolation of Philosophy" ("De consolatione philosophiae"). Texts from the Bible, Psalms Poetry: records of about " e Battle of Maldon", " e Phoenix", " e Panther", " e Wanderer", et c. . lines:
Four main dialect areas: Dialect areas largely correspond with the settlement of the three Germanic tribes
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Important Terms
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Old English: Lexis
Angles, Saxons, Jutes Bede: Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum Danelaw loan word function words core vocabulary Celtic, Latin and Scandinavian in uence on OE
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Questions
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Old English: Lexis
1. From which date onwards do we have written documents

of the English language? from 700 onwards, the Anglo Saxon Chronicle Who lived on the British Isles before the Romans settled there? The Celts lived on the British Isles from 500 BC When did the Romans conquer England, when did they leave? 43 BC, the Romans conquered the Islands they left in 410 Why did the Germanic tribes come to England? ??? Where did the Germanic tribes come from (on the continent)? ??? When did the Christianisation take place? since 563 missionaries from Ireland, since
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2.
3.
4. 5. 6.
Questions
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Old English: Lexis
7. Name three written symbols of the Old English writing

systems that are not used today. (ash), (thorn), (wynn) 8. Give the three phases of Latin in uence on Old English. Which words entered the English language during each phase and why?
. zero period: Continental Borrowings: cheap, cheese, mile etc. This is due to the Roman occupation from 43 BC to 410 AD. . first period: Celtig Transmission: These words came to existence during the mixture of the Romans with the Celts. Words like Worcester, Gloucester, Lancester, port, munt, torr . second period: The Christianisation of Britain. We had these missionaries from Rome around 597. They brought words like altar, candle, priest et c.
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Questions
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Old English: Lexis
9. What is the basis of the Old English core vocabulary?

What about function words? Function Word and core vocabulary is Germanic origin 10. Give typical features of Scandinavian loan words?
words beginning with /sk/ place names with -by, -thorpe, - toft family names ending with -son function words: they, them, their
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Old English Grammar

History of English
Thomas Ohse
Old English: Lexis Old English: Grammar
Main Features Nouns Declension of Nouns A-Stem Declension of nouns N-Stem Nouns Plural Adjectives Verbs Verb Forms Verb Classes Other Verbs Word Order Main Features Important Terms Questions
Four main features of Old English Grammar:
1. 2. 3. 4.
Nouns, adjectives, pronouns and verbs were in ected Strong and weak declension of adjectives Strong and weak verbs Synthetic language
Old English: Phonology Middle English: Lexis Middle English: Syntax Middle English: Phonology EMoE: Lexis EMoE: Syntax EMoE: Phonology
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Nouns
History of English
Thomas Ohse
In ection of nouns Modern English in ections?

Morphology Grammatical bound morphemes
Grammatical categories of Modern English nouns? Example:

day, king foot ox
Grammatical categories relevant in Old English:

Number: singular plural dual Case: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental
Declension classes of Old English nouns according to their gender (masculine feminine neuter) several declensions each according to
Number: singular plural Case: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental
most frequent declension: a-stem (masculine or neuter)

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Declension of nouns
History of English
Thomas Ohse
A-stem, both masculine DAY se dg s dges m dge one dg y dge dagas a ra daga a m dagum dagas a KING se cyning s cyninges m cyninge one cyning y cyninge cyningas a ra cyninga a m cynimgum caningas a
Nominative Singular Genitive Singular Dative Singular Accusative Singular Instrumental Singular Nominative Plural Genitive Plural Dative Plural Accusative Plural
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Nouns Declension of nouns N-Stem

History of English
Thomas Ohse
N-stem, masculine
Nominative Singular Genitive Singular Dative Singular Accusative Singular Nominative Plural Genitive Plural Dative Plural Accusative Plural
OX se oxa s oxan m oxan one oxan oxan a ra oxena a m oxum oxan a
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Nouns Cons.-Declension
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Consonant-declination, masculine
Nominative Singular Genitive Singular Dative Singular Accusative Singular Nominative Plural Genitive Plural Dative Plural Accusative Plural
FOOT se f t o s f tes o e m ft one f t o ft a e ra f ta a o o m f tum ft a e
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Nouns Plural
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Plural in Old English dagas, cyningas a a oxan a ft a e
declension a-stem declension n-stem consonant declension
plural in Modern English days, kings regular plural oxen irregular plural feet irregular plural (vowel change)
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Adjectives
History of English
Thomas Ohse
weak declension (with article) strong declension (without article)
der dumme Knig dummer Knig
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Adjectives Syncretism
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Adjective declension:
Nominative Singular Genitive Singular Dative Singular Accusative Singular Instrumental Singular Nominative Plural Genitive Plural Dative Plural Accusative Plural weak declension se dolacyning s dolan cyninges m dolan cyninge one dolan dolan cyninge dolan cyningas a ra dolena cyninga a m dolum cynimgum dolan caningas a strong declension dol cyning doles cyninges dolum cyninge dole cyning dole cyninge dole cyningas dolra cyninga dolum cynimgum dole caningas
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Verbs
History of English
Thomas Ohse
c m o ws
geherde eart
gehlgod a s
Old English: two forms of the past tense:
1. adding a dental su x 2.
e.g. geherde, gehlgod a weak verbs change of the stem vowel = vowel gradation / Ablaut e.g. c m o strong verbs
Modern English:
1. regular verbs: Morpheme {D} (=dental su x) 2. irregular verbs: (vowel change and other endings)
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Verb forms
History of English
Thomas Ohse
classes of strong verbs four verb forms for each class (compare: in Modern English we have three forms: see saw seen):
a) b) c) d) In nitive Past Tense st + rd person singular Past Tense nd persons singular and all persons plural past participle
each of the seven classes of strong verbs forms the verb forms with a change in the stem vowel (vowel) gradation / "Ablaut"
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Verbs
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Verb Class I III IV
In nitive drfan drive bindan bind scacan shake
& rd Pers. Sing. Past drf a band sc c o
st
Pers. Past Sing. & Participle All Pers. Plr. Past drifon gedrifen drove driven bundon gebunden bound bound sc con o gescacen shook shaken
nd
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Verbs
History of English
Thomas Ohse
other verbs Class I: Class II: Class III: Class IV: Class V: Class VI: Class VII:
bite, glide, hide, ride, shine, write choose, creep, y, freeze begin, ght, nd, sing, sink, swim, wind bear, break, come, steal, swear eat, give, lie, see, sit, speak draw, shake, stand, swear beat, blow, fall, grow, hold, know, throw
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Word Order
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Old English:
position of words within the sentence is arbitrary relation of words to each other is expressed by in ectional endings
syntheticlanguage Modern English:
analytic language
position of words within a sentence is xed realtion of words to each other is expressed by position in the sentence
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Word Order English vs. German

History of English
Thomas Ohse
e police catches the thief Die Polizei fngt den Dieb, Den Dieb fngt die Polizei. e thief catches the police. possible word order in Old English AVS SVA SOV VSV Word order in Modern English
SVO
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Old English Grammar Main Features

History of English
Thomas Ohse
Main Features of Old English Grammar:

1. 2. 3. 4.
Nouns, adjectives, pronouns and verbs were in ected Strong and weak declension of adjectives strong and weak verbs synthetic language
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Important terms
History of English
Thomas Ohse
synthetic language analytic language Syncretism weak declension strong declension weak verbs strong verbs Ablaut / vowel gradation
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Questions
History of English
Thomas Ohse
1. Is Old English a synthetic or an analytic language?

Give reasons! It is a synthetic language:
position of words within the sentence is arbitrary relation of words to each other is expressed by inflectional ending
2. Is one dolan cyning an example for a weak or a strong

adjective declension? weak declension (with article)
3. Does Modern English have strong and weak verbs?

no, just regular and irregular verbs
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Questions
History of English
Thomas Ohse
4. Which two groups of Old English verbs are di erentiated

when considering the formation of the past tense? Old English: Two forms of past tense:
. adding a dental suffix weak verbs . change of the stem vowel (Ablaut) strong verbs
5. Give the order of the clause elements in Modern English.
How could they be ordered in Old English? The order in modern English is S V O. In old English, there are a lot more possibilities:
. . . . A S S V V V O S S A V V
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The Phoneme Inventory of Old English

History of English
Thomas Ohse
Old English: Lexis Old English: Grammar Old English: Phonology
Phoneme Inventory I-Mutation Consonants Pronunciation of <C> Pronunciation of <g> Pronunciation of <f> Pronunciation of <s> and <> Important Terms Questions
Grapheme <y> <e> <> <a> <o> <ea> <eo> <m> <f> << <> <s> <S> <c> <h> <g> <Z> <sc>
Middle English: Lexis Middle English: Syntax Middle English: Phonology EMoE: Lexis EMoE: Syntax EMoE: Phonology Revision
Phoneme in Old English /I/; /i:/ /Y/; /y:/ /E/; /e:/ //; /:/ /A/; /A: /O/; /o:/ /U/; /u:/ /A /; /A/ /EO /; /o/ e / p/ /m/ [f] or [v] [T] or [] [s] or [z] /k/ or // /h/ or // or /X/ /g/ or /j/ or /G/ /S/ or /sk/
Old English Word mihtig, td cyning, hran y cent, h e ws, gemru Angle, hten a nor, t scde o a hund, s u eahte, strmes e heofon, od e pund mn fder, heofon , elbeorth a siex, cosan e cyning, micel hten, mihtig, hte a o gn, gar, dagum a e scip, ascian
Example in Modern English/ Modern German sit, see like, grn helmet, legen hat, zh clam, Hast hot, Bohne put, moon no equivalents no equivalents pound mine father, heaven Ethan, there six, choose King, much heien, mchtig, dachte go, year, ship, ask
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Vowels: I-Mutation
History of English
Thomas Ohse
regular plural: -iz irregular plural, e.g. via vowel change: m s / ms, f t / ft, man / men u y o e i-mutation (i-Umlaut), front mutation (Palatalumlaut) change in the vowel caused by or<j> in the following syllable or <j> occurred in the following syllable in some words in Early Old English: Early Old English: m s *m si z f t *f ti z u u o o Late Old English: m s *ms u y f t *ft o e
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I-Mutation
History of English
Thomas Ohse
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Vowels: I-Mutation
History of English
Thomas Ohse
regular process: a back vowel is changed by the in uence /I, i:, j/, occurring in the following syllable vowel change partly is assimilated to the vowel of the following syllable (assimilation) Assimilation does not only explain irregular plurals via vowel change but also:
di erence adjective noun (strong strength) comparative and superlative (old elder eldest) di erence verb noun / adjective (tale tell & full ll)
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Consonants
History of English
Thomas Ohse
<c> is produced either as /k/ or // Examples: cuman cin (chin) cald (cold) cosan (choose) e cyssan (kiss) cowan (chew) e cyning (king) cse (cheese) e Rule: <c> = /k/ before velar vowels = <a, o, u, y> <c> = // before platal vowels = <e> and same rules for <g>: <g> = /g/ before <a, o, u, y> = velar vowels <g> = /j/ before <e> and = palatal vowels Examples: gst (ghost) a geard (yard) gylden (golden) geolu (yellow) gldan (glide) dg (day) fugol (Vogel)
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Consonants
History of English
Thomas Ohse
proof /f/ proofs /fs/ vs. loaf /f/ loaves /vs/ Old English: <f> is pronounced either /f/ or /v/ /f/ and /v/ were allophones; pronunciation depends on surrounding Rule: /f/ = word initial or word nal position fst (fast), hlaf (loaf), wf (wife) /v/= between vowels or voiced sounds drfan (drive), wfes (wives) same holds for pronunciation of <s, S, ,T> is explains todays irregularities in:
/f v/ hoof hooves wife wives /f fs/ hoof hoofs T path paths /s z/ house houses
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Important Terms
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Grapheme Phoneme Allophone i-Mutation (front mutation, i-Umlaut, Palatalumlaut) Assimilation Palatalisation (pronunciation of Old English <c> and <g>)
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Questions
History of English
Thomas Ohse
1. What is special about the grapheme-phoneme relation

for vowels in Old English? In old English, graphemes and phonemes are identical. 2. How can you explain the plural of mouse in ModE? What happened in OE? i-mutation caused by an or <j> in the following syllable. ms had the plural u msiz which became ms through i-mutation u y and later transformed to the irregular plural mice in modern English. 3. How can you explain the change in the vowel in ModE from the adjective full to the verb ll? Assimilation does explain differences in adjective and verb. A back vowel is partly assimilated to the vowel of the following syllable.
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Questions
History of English
Thomas Ohse
4. Why is the OE word gylden pronounced with a /f/ at the

beginning of the word, and the OE word geard with /i/? <g> 0 /g/ before velar vowels like <a,o,u,y> and /j/ before the palatal vowels <e> and . So gylden is pronounced with a /g/ and geard is pronounced with a /j/. 5. Why do we have in ModE the singular wife but the plural wives? Relate this to OE pronunciation! Old English: /f/ and /v/ were allophones; their pronunciation depended on their surrounding. The Rule is: <f> is pronounced /f/ in word initial and word final position and pronounced /v/ between vowels or voiced sounds. The plural of wif was wifes. The latter was pronounced /wi:vs/ which must have become the written form later.
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Timeline: Middle English

History of English
Thomas Ohse
Old English: Lexis Old English: Grammar Old English: Phonology Middle English: Lexis
History & Culture Vocabulary Doublets Synonyms Spelling and Text Important Terms Questions
Middle English: Syntax Middle English: Phonology EMoE: Lexis EMoE: Syntax EMoE: Phonology Revision
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History and Culture

History of English
Thomas Ohse
Nor(th)men = Vikings = Men from the North in the North of England in Normandy : King thelred the Unready marries a wife from Normandy Edward, thelreds son is King of England : Edward the Confessor dies childless Harold, eldest son of the Earl of Wessex, was elected king William, Duke of Normandy in close family relation to the late Edward challenges Harold Battle of Hastings William becomes King of England King of England is also King of Normandy
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Events of 1066
History of English
Thomas Ohse
January:
Edward the Confessor dies Harold Godwinson becomes king
September
Harald of Norway attacks
October
William of Normandy attacks
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Middle English Timeline

History of English
Thomas Ohse
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History and Culture

History of English
Thomas Ohse
: John Lackland becomes King : marriage with Isabel of Angoulm : Loss of Normandy Normans = ruling class, upper class
their language was that of the government, law, administration, literature, the Church
Who spoke Anglo-Norman?

upper class sales people clergy language of administration
great in uence of French on the English languages Anglo-Norman: Language of the upper class English: Language or the major part of the population from the second half of the th century, Anglo-Norman loses in uence
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History and Culture

History of English
Thomas Ohse
in the th century, Anglo-Norman had status of a foreign language Why did Anglo-Norman not keep its status as the language of the upper class, of administration etc? Why was English language favoured?
a) Loss of Normandy ( ) b) Many members of the upper class considered themselves as Englishmen and not Normans c) Anglo-Norman was not a popular dialect; Central French d) Hundred Years War ( ) e) English-speaking middleclass grows and has in uence f) the Black Death g) growth of the cities; social development
: Parliament was opened in English
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Vocabulary
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Core vocabulary and function words Germanic Loan words were not immediately taken over from French into English a er the Norman Conquest Most words entered English a er the Norman Conquest French loans mirror Anglo-French culture, especially in the following areas:
. . . . . . . . Church (e.g. confession, temptation) Jurisdiction (e.g. rule, judgement) Military (e.g. army, navy) Sciences & Arts (painting, medicine) Fashion & Food (e.g. gown, beef, mutton, veal, pork) Food (claf veal, sheep mutton) Professions (smith, baker, OE: grocer, tailor: French) Family Relations (mother, father OE: aunt uncle: French)
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Vocabulary
History of English
Thomas Ohse
and th century: Latin Words important areas:

. . . . Religion (secular, pulpit) Medicine (immune, tincture, ulcer) Jurisdiction (custody, legal, prosecute, testify) Literature (allegory, picture)
th
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Doublets
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Two words in a language that are connected etymologically to the same word. e two words come from di erent sources. source: Old French (garden / guarden) warden vs. guardian
Anglo-Norman Central French similarities in their meaning di erence in initial letter: <w> vs. <g> loan words from two di erent French dialects: Anglo-Norman Central French <w> <g>
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Doublets
History of English
Thomas Ohse
another example: catch vs.
chase
/k/ // Anglo-Norman Central French Etymology: Old French - chacier
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Synonyms
History of English
Thomas Ohse
di erentiation of synonyms: historical process related to ModE near-synonyms English is a mixed language; in uence on vocabulary from di erent languages equivalent words from di erent languages example: to ask something
West Germanic verb ascian Old French verb questionner (in Latin: quaerere) Latin verb interrogate
all verbs express something similar / identical when words enter the English language the process of meaning di erentiation begins
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Synonyms
History of English
Thomas Ohse
ModE:
to ask: speak or write to someone in order to get an answer to question: to ask questions in order to get information (police) to interrogate: ask a lot of questions for a long time
Ferdinand de Saussure Dichotomy the linguistic sign signi ant signi form arbitrary content
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Synonyms
History of English
Thomas Ohse
ascian questionner speak to get answer interrogare Loan words with similar or identical meaning from French and Latin many synonyms in Modern English Germanic French Latin ask question interrogate kingly royal regal rise mount ascend time age epoche
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Spelling and Text

History of English
Thomas Ohse
Development of Middle English st text:

End of the th century (Early Middle English) Dialect: West Midlands LaZamons Brut Name of the author: LaZamon Brut = Legend of Brutus Troyovant = London legend/tale of King Arthur was told for the rst time in English in LaZamons Brut
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Spelling and Text

History of English
Thomas Ohse
Indications for changes in the spelling <ch> substitutes OE <c> for /k/ in chierchen
OE: cyrican
<k> or <ck> substitue OE <c> for /k/ in bock

OE: bock
<o> substitutes OE for /v/ in Rone,

OE: sunu also in: come, some, monk, son, wolf OE: cuman, sum, munic, sunu, wulf reason: letter in book hand writing could be confused with <m> and <n>
<a> substitutes OE <> in radde

OE: rd / rdan
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spelling and text

History of English
Thomas Ohse
nd
text
End of the th century Geo rey Chaucer: Canterbury Tales Dialects: London English, East Midlands Frame narration: pilgrimage: told in frame Pilgrims in all social strata tell stories: knight, nun, farmer, miller, cook, lawyer, wife of Bath, friar, summoner, merchant etc.
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Spelling and Text

History of English
Thomas Ohse
Comparison of the two texts: st text

End of th century Contains no French words Anglo-Norman in uences in spelling In uences of Norman in vocabulary / lexis is not present in written sources
nd
text
End of th century Contains many French words typical Anglo-Norman features in spelling
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History of English
Thomas Ohse
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Important Terms
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Doublet Di erentiation of synonyms Anglo-Norman Central French minim problem core vocabulary function words content words Dichotomy signi signi ant linguistic sign arbitrary dates: , , French words in English: areas
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Questions
History of English
Thomas Ohse
1. When did the Normans lose their kingdom in

Normandy? What in uence did this have on the English language? 1204
2. Give the names of the Middle English dialect areas!

West Midland, East Midland, Northern, Southern, Kentish
3. Which of the Middle English dialects is considered as the

standard? Give reasons! West Midlands, because of LaZs Brut
4. Name at least three lexical elds in which the French

language had an in uence on English! church, jurisdiction, military, science, arts, food, fashion, professions, family relations
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Questions
History of English
Thomas Ohse
5. Which term has to be used to explain how the words

warden and guardian came into the English language? Which principle is applicable to royal and regal? Warden and garden are doublets, loan words from different French dialects. Royal and regal are synonyms. Royal is a French loan word, regal is a Latin loan word.
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Middle English Grammar

History of English
Thomas Ohse
Old English: Lexis Old English: Grammar Old English: Phonology Middle English: Lexis Middle English: Syntax
Nouns Adjectives Verbs Pronouns Pronouns Important Terms Questions
How did the grammatical system change during the Middle English period?
change from synthetic to analytic language Reduction of vowels Loss of unstressed syllables at the end of the word Fixed order of words in the sentence More prepositions were used
Middle English: Phonology EMoE: Lexis EMoE: Syntax EMoE: Phonology Revision
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Nouns
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Old English: various classes of nouns:

a-declension consonant declension et c.
Middle English: simpli cation of the declension classes

Singular: Nominative, Dative, Accusative Singular: Genitive Plural: HOUSE hous hous(e)s hous(e)s
Old English: di erent plurals

Plural in en: ox oxen child children other plural forms feet, geese, mice, sheep, deer
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Adjectives
History of English
Thomas Ohse
strong and weak declension only in adjectives with one syllable ending in a consonant (e.g.yong (=young)) no di erence in case only di erence in number (singular, plural) strong decl. weak decl. Singular yong younge Plural yonge yonge all other adjectives in Middle English: no di erence between strong and weak declension
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Verbs
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Simpli cation of In ections. only three forms for a verb in Middle English
Old English . In nitive ndan . past fand . past fundon . past participle gefunden Middle English .In nitive nden . past . past participle founde(n) founde(n)
only one form for the past where does it come from?
Mod English Old English Singular sing, sang, sung singan sang sungon gesungen Plural find, found, found findan fand fundon gefunden
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Verbs
History of English
Thomas Ohse
past participle: Pre x Ze became y- or iDifferences in the dialect in the past participle:
North: ending: -en South: participle without ending reasons for variation in ModE: drink drank drunk vs. drive get got got or get
drove got
driven gotten
many strong OE verbs developed a weak / reagular past form in Middle English:
Old English: Mod. English: Old English: Mod. English: helpan help bacan bake healp hulpon helped b c b c o o baked Zeholpen helped
Zebacen baked
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Pronouns
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Case Nominative Subjective Accusative Objective Genitive Possessive
Person Singular Plural Ich, Ic, I We I we me us me us mi, min(e) our(e), oures, ure my / mine ou / ours
st
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Pronouns
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Case Nominative Subjective Accusative Objective Genitive Possessive
Person Singular Plural thou u ye, ge you you thee, e gou, eu, giu, gou you you thi, thir(e), in(e) your(e), gur(e), yours your / yours your / yours
nd
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Pronouns
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Person Singular Masculine Neuter Case Feminine Plural
rd
Nominative Subjective Accusative Objective Genitive Possessive
he he him him his his
heo, he, ho she, sche, so e hire, hure, her, heore her hir(e), her(e), heore her/heres
hit, it it hit, it it his its
hi, he, ho they ei, thai hem, heoam them thaim, em her(e), heore their(e), air their/theirs
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Important Terms
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Case Number Gender Personal pronoun Possessive pronoun
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Questions
History of English
Thomas Ohse
1. Which forms in the declension system of Middle English

nouns exist? various classes of nouns: a-declension, consonant declension et c. . Simplification: singular (nominative, dative, accusative), singular (genitive), plural. 2. Give the verb forms of a verb in Old English and in Middle English! Old English: infinitive, past, past, past participle. Middle English: infinitive, past past participle 3. Which pronouns from the North-Germanic languages where introduced into the English language and why? Possessive pronoun, because there was no way to say its mine before the Germans
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Questions
History of English
Thomas Ohse
4. Identify the verbs in the examples! Determine which

verb forms are weak and which are strong! e examples are taken from Chaucer who used both. (Source: Fischer, : / )
a) He walked = weak/regular in the feeldes, for to prye (= gaze). b) at in a forest faste he welk =strong to wepe. c) erwith he weep =strong form that pitee was to heere. d) But soore (=sorely) wepte = strong she if oon (= one) of hem (=them) were deed= regular. e) But fort he moore (=greater) part they loughe = strong and pleyde =strong. f) For he had lawghed = weak, had he loured = weak (=frowned).
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Spelling & Pronunciation

History of English
Thomas Ohse
Old English: Lexis Old English: Grammar Old English: Phonology Middle English: Lexis Middle English: Syntax Middle English: Phonology
Spelling & Pronunciation Phoneme Inventory Vowels Consonants Spelling and Pronunciation Important Terms
Spelling became xed from
th
century onwards
important in uence: printing press since th century hardly any change in the spelling ModE Middle English Middle English = = spelling spelling pronunciation from Middle English onwards: major changes in the pronunciation discrepancy between ModE spelling and pronunciation Example: Pronunciation of <o>: /U/ wolf /u:/ move /2/ son /@/ oblige /6/ dog /@U/ old
EMoE: Lexis EMoE: Syntax EMoE: Phonology Revision
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Vowels in Old English (Monophthongs)

History of English
Thomas Ohse
i(:)
y(:)
u(:)
o(:) e(:) @
(:)
a(:)
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Vowels in Middle English

History of English
Thomas Ohse
i: I
u: U o:
Sohlen caught sollen
e: Ehre E Kette E: hre
O: O a A:
car kann
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The Phoneme Inventory - Vowels

History of English
Thomas Ohse
cyssan kissen s se hm hom a Sdhumbrische Verdumpfung /a:/ to /O:/ change stn (OE) st n (ME) stone (EME) a o BUT: words in middle English with /A:/ why no change to /O:/ ? two reasons:
. French words with similar vowel quality Middle English blame from French blmer (ModE to blame) Middle English lac from French lac (ModE lake) . ????????????????????? Old English /A/ Old English bacan Old English lana Old English nama Middle English /A:/ Middle English bakan Middle English lane Middle English name
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The Phoneme Inventory Vowels

History of English
Thomas Ohse
Diphthong /eI/ in ModE is indication for Middle English /a:/ Mod E.: child children Why the vowel change? Changes between OE and ME Lengthening of short vowels
Before certain consonant combinations Liquid and nasal + homorganic consonant Homorganic: same place of articulation
Liquid: /l/ + /d/ Nasal: /m/ + /b/ , /n/ and /d/
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The Phoneme Inventory Vowels

History of English
Thomas Ohse
feld child climban grindan
fld e chld clmbe grnde
Mod e. child /aI/ in the singular, children /I/ in the plural Old English plural childru /I/ Middle English plural childrene /I/ Lengthening did not take place if a third consonant followed in childrene the two homorganic sound /ld/ are followed by /r/
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The Phoneme Inventory Consonants

History of English
Thomas Ohse
bilabial
Plosives p b Fricatives S A ricates Nasals m n Lateral l Approximant r Semi- Vowels <f v >: Old English: ofer, Middle English: over /o:v@r/ Old English: wif , Middle English: wives /waIvz
Old English labiodental alveolar dental t d f v T s z
Middle English palatoalveolar palatal velar k x g G glotal h
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The Phoneme Inventory Consonants

History of English
Thomas Ohse
<h> in word initial clusters as <hw<, <hl>, <hn>, or <hr> was not pronounced any longer Old English Middle English Modern English hwt wat what hlfdige ladi lady hnecca necke neck hrfn raven raven
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Spelling and Pronunciation

History of English
Thomas Ohse
knowledge of historical, diachronic changes helps to understand Modern English Modern English spelling represents pronunciation of Middle English
Source OE: /a:/ in stn, ald a OE /o:/ in l sian French: o movir OE swol, a cnwan a Middle English pronunciation /O:/ Middle English spelling <o> Modern E. spelling and pronunciation stone, old /@U/
/o:/
<o>
lose, move /u:/
/@U/
<ou> <ow>
/@U/
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Important Terms
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Phoneme Allophone /A:/ to /O:/ change sdhumbrische Verdumpfung homorganic (same place of articulation) group/sounds discrepancy between spelling and pronunciation
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How can we access EMoE?

History of English
Thomas Ohse
Old English: Lexis Old English: Grammar Old English: Phonology Middle English: Lexis Middle English: Syntax Middle English: Phonology EMoE: Lexis
How can we access EMoE? History and Culture Lexis Hard words and inkhorn terms Hard Words & Inkhorn Terms Malapropisms Spelling and Pronunciation Dictionaries OED Important Term Questions
Prints
Invented: In England: Gutenberg Caxton
EMoE: Syntax EMoE: Phonology Revision
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History & Culture

History of English
Thomas Ohse
Renaissance: . printing press
Five important features:

William Caxton introduced printing press in England books, folios, newspapers, etc. reproduction of the same work in the same form standard
. rapid spread of popular education

Education at schools Literacy becomes more common Need for grammars, dictionaries, textbooks general interest to read new professions: journalist, author
. increased communication
expansion of British Empire (Colonialisation) Colonies: Foundation of the English East India Company : rst permanent settlement in North America: Jamestown : the Caribbean Africa, India Trade New words from other languages entered into the English language Foreign Cultures
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History & Culture

History of English
Thomas Ohse
4. growth of specialised knowledge

new knowledge new vocabulary Translations of Latin and Greek works into English: e.g. Herodotus, Caesar, Plato, Cicero etc, Latin lost its in uence as the language of science Role of the English language in science
5. emergence of various forms of self-consciousness about

language
Consciousness about the language individual consciousness vs. public consciousness individual consciousness: social and economic groups are not closed, accommodation of the language public consciousness: awareness of a standard: spelling, style, vocabulary
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Lexis
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Need for new words:

Interest in classical languages and their literary works science, medicine, arts
about . new words entered the English language during the Early Modern English period Words usually came via the written language into English typically formal terms which were again used in the written medium Which languages did the new words come from?
Latin biology, technology,medicine,law,theology, arts et c. Examples: accommodation, appropriate, complex, nervous, expectation, et c. French: military, life style Examples: ballet, champagne, colonel, machine, sauce, trophy, vase Greek: Examples: anonymous, catastrophe, enthusiasm Italian, Spanish, Portuguese: Italian: balcony, grotto, opera, piazza Spanish / Portuguese: apricot, amingo,hurricane, mosquito, tobacco Dutch: brandy,landscape, yacht
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Lexis
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Dissociation: Words of a word family that do not have the same stem are formally not identical or connected Example: mouth and oral vs. Mund and mndlich Other examples: tooth dentist (Zahn Zahnarzt) ride bicycle (fahren Fahrrad) Consociation: hand, handful, underhand, handy, to hand, handily Old English: vocabulary was formal identity of words Example: faran, faru (Fahrt), ofer faran etc. Due to the in uence of other languages words were replaced loss of formal identity among words of the same word family
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Lexis
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Old English b c o b ceras o cirice ciriclic cirict n ciricsang u
Modern English book scribe church ecclesiastical cemetery hymn
Modern English is a dissociated language
Hard words and inkhorn terms

Words typically of Latin origin that were di cult to learn and to remember hard words , e.g. ingenious, mundane, extol, con dence, contemplate Why were hard words used? they express a meaning (signifs) for which there is no form (signigiant in the English language Sir omas Elyot was the rst to use the word education. inkhorn terms: terms from the classic languages that are taken over without any consideration as to their usefulness
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Hard words and inkhorn terms

History of English
Thomas Ohse
Examples: furibunnd (furious), labrical (smooth, slippery), turgidous (swollen) some of these words exist in ModE Use of inkhorn terms was ridiculed change in meaning of words since EModE
sensible pathetic familiar emergency realize EModE what can be felt or perceived with passion belonging to the family rising of a body above the water to give real existence to something ModE intelligent reasonable causing sadness or compassion well known a sudden dangerous event to understand or become aware of
Shakespeare: knowledge of change of meaning is important to understand the text

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Malapropism
History of English
Thomas Ohse
hard words are di cult to understand wrong use / application = Malapropism
Spelling and Pronunciation

Need for spelling reform spoken language is the model which should be decoded in written form Problem: there is not one grapheme for one phoneme John Hart: three forms of corruptness :
. Super uity: more graphemes than phonemes in a word in doubt, <g> in eight, <h> authority, <o> in people . usurpation: use of wrong graphemes for phoneme Example: grapheme <g> is used in gentle and together wither di erent phoneme quality . misplacing: wrong ordering of graphemes in a word: fable, circle
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Dictionaries
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Meaning of loan words was di cult to detect only educated readers knew the meaning Proposal by Mulcaster: A Dictionary of English A Table Alphabeticall of Hard Words ( ) by Robert Cawdrey explanations of . hard words Samuel Johnson ( ) A Dictionary of the English Language more than . words
1. to x the English language 2. to preserve the parity and ascertain the meaning of the
English idiom
3. dictionary for everyone
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Oxford English Dictionary

History of English
Thomas Ohse
aim of the Oxford Dictionary

record every English word from about . document the etymology, forms, meanings and uses of every word
rst volume: containing letter A last volume: containing letter Z second edition: now: internet edition; regularly updated How man words are in the OED?
.
How many quotations?

. .
Why quotations?
Because
Who is quoted?
Shakespeare and other famous authors newspaper articles (mostly e Times) King James Bible
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Important Terms
History of English
Thomas Ohse
hard words inkhorn terms Dissociation Consociation Word family Malapropism OED
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Questions
History of English
Thomas Ohse
1. Give the ve characteristics that Baugh/Cable mention

with relation to the Early Modern English period!
. . . . . printing Press rapid spread of popular education increased communication growth of specialized knowledge emergence of various forms of self-consciousness about language
2. Was the English spelling ever reformed?

no proposal to reform the spelling of English language succeeded. 3. Which suggestions did John Hart make to improve the English spelling? His goal was to introduce a spelling system with a one-to-one relationship between sounds and symbols ("to vse as many letters in our writing, as we doe voyces or breathes in speaking, and no more
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Questions
History of English
Thomas Ohse
4. What does the term dissociation refer to? Give the term
that describes the opposite! words of a word family that do not have the same stem and that are formally not connected like mouth and oral. The opposite is consosciation. Here, both word belong to one family.
5. What are hard words?

Words that are typically of Latin origin and that were difficult to learn and to remember.
6. Which types of dictionaries existed in Early Modern

English? prescriptive ones
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Verbs
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Old English: Lexis Old English: Grammar Old English: Phonology Middle English: Lexis Middle English: Syntax Middle English: Phonology EMoE: Lexis EMoE: Syntax
Verbs Pronouns Questions
Ending of . Person Singular

EModE: eth or e for ModE -s where does the -s for the rd Person Singular come from?
Middle English: -s in the North, -eth or -e in the South South is more conservative and keeps OE ending -s rst in spoken language from about standard form in writing
Early Modern English : both endings in one text: Shakespeare: Macbeth: e Earth hath bubble, as the Water has
grammatical category: tense and aspect

di erentiates between Present tense and past tense Old English: two tenses; present tense and past tense Middle English: extension of grammatical categories
(present perfect), perfective aspect develops
EMoE: Phonology Revision
EModE: perfective aspect is used more frequently

Shakespeare: As you like it:
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Verbs
History of English
Thomas Ohse
men haue died from time to time, and wormes haue eaten them
BUT: many examples in EModE where past tense instead of present perfect
Henry VI, Part : Belieue me Lords, for ying at the Brooke, I saw not better sport these seuen yeeres day. ModE: I havent seen better sport for years (exception)
ModE: operator do
used for
Question: transport ? Negation: Emphasis: Do you have a car or do you rely on public We do not know her name. Now do tell me what you did in Amsterdam.
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Verbs
History of English
Thomas Ohse
ModE: xed rules for operator do EMoE: no xed rules at the beginning of the period
Speakers decision how to use do
Shakespeares Richard III:

Questions: Negation: Ho dost thou feele thy selfe now? O do not slander him
do used for emphasis only rarely in EModE around only in of all question and negations around : do in of all questions and negations
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Pronouns
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Early Modern English (

Person . . . . . . . . .
nd
)
Singular I me my,mine thou thee thy, thine sche hit, it her hit,it,him hers his Plural we us our, ours ye you your, yours they them,hem their, theirs
Case Nominative Accusative Possessive Nominative Accusative Possessive Nominative Accusative Possessive
he him his
person plural: you vs. ye

Beginning of EModE: ye in nominative, you in accusative th century: rst instances of you in nominative th / early th century: may authors make ye / you distinction th century: you used for the nominative
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Pronouns
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Shakespeares time: you = form for nominative and accusative late th century: ye is used infrequently (hardly) you only form for nd person plural
nd
person singular and plural: thou vs you / ye

Number: thou = singular and you / ye = plural Introduction of a further distinction in the Middle English period due to French in uence: you / ye: polite form in singular (compare Du and Sie in German or tu and vous in French) Usage of the Pronouns:
1. social class
you = polite form used e.g. by lower ranked persons to address people of higher social class /standing Examples: servant to master, child to parent you was used in the upper class as a neutral and normal form of address (e.g. between couples)
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Pronouns
History of English
Thomas Ohse
thou = used to address persons of lower social class / standing Examples: master to servant, parent to child thou as a polite form Examples: husband to wife (wife answered with you) thou among people of lower social classes
2. emotions
thou in emotional situations, where one would expect use of you:
thou to express anger and annoyance
rd
person :::::: singular possessive pronoun neuter

: his around : his and it Forms are ambiguous; relations are not clear
his = possessive form of it neuter his = possessive form of he masculine
avoidance of his in neuter; instead of it or thereof

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Pronouns
History of English
Thomas Ohse
new form: its assumed to develop in the second half of the th century it + possessive ending {es} OED rst citation from Shakespeare: his, not its Polonius says to Hamlet: Giue thy thoughts no tonue, Nor any yunproportiond thought his act. s: its normal form, his rare form
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Important Terms
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Verb ending grammatical category Tense Perfective aspect operator do pronouns ye/you/thou/thee its prepositions
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Questions
History of English
Thomas Ohse
1. Shakespeare says:
e Earth hath bubbles, as the Water has. Explain the endings of the verbs Both endings were possible. Early Modern English had the verb ending -th or efor 3rd person singular. The North had already the -s ending which would succeed in the end. Shakespeares example shows, that both forms existed parallel in the London dialect. 2. Which tense and aspect are known in Old English? Which ones in Early Modern English? OE: present & past, EMoE: present, past & past perfective 3. What are the functions of the operator do in Modern English? How did the functions of this operator develop in Early Modern English? Slowly from 10 - 20% in 1500 to around 80 % in 1700. It was used in questions and
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The Great Vowel Shift

History of English
Thomas Ohse
Old English: Lexis Old English: Grammar Old English: Phonology Middle English: Lexis Middle English: Syntax Middle English: Phonology EMoE: Lexis EMoE: Syntax EMoE: Phonology
Great Vowel Shift Long Vowels From to
massive changes concerning vowels minor changes concerning consonants growing discrepancy between spelling and pronunciation Great Vowel Shi a ects Middle English long vowels all seven vowels changed their quality at every point in the development of the GVS a distinction between the vowels existed a very general description of the Great Vowel Shi :
long vowels were raised this means that the vowels moved from the open area to the close area of the vowel chart closed vowels became diphthongs
Other Vowel Changes Consonants Palatalisation /zj/ and /zI/ to /Z/
Revision
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Great Vowel Shift

History of English
Thomas Ohse
i: I
u: U o: e: E: E @ O: O a A:
Revision
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History of English
Thomas Ohse
Great Vowel Shift Long Vowels in Middle English

i: u:
o: e: E: O:
A:
Revision
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Great Vowel Shift

History of English
Thomas Ohse
From
to
Revision
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History of English
Thomas Ohse
Phoneme in ME /i:/ /e:/ /E:/ /O:/ /o:/ /u:/
Phoneme in EModE /@I/ /aI/ /i:/ /E:/ /e:/ /i:/ /O:/ /o:/ /u:/ /@U/ /aU/
Phoneme in ModE /aI/ /i:/ /i:/ /@U/ /u:/ /aU/
Spelling in ModE <i,y,iCe> child, y, tide <ee, ie> meet, eld <ea, eCe> make <oa,oCe> boat, hope <oo> food, goose <ou, ow> house, how
Revision
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Vowel Shift
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Why did the ME long vowels change? Language-internal reasons:

if the vowel quality of one vowel changes, this has e ects on neighbouring vowels Hypothesis:
/e:/ and/o:/ pushed to the close area, close vowels /i:/ and /u:/ were pushed away (push-chain reaction) empty slot was occupied by /e:/ and/o:/ (drag-chain reaction)
Language external reasons:

Sociolinguistics: Middle and upper class wanted to distance themselves from the lower class by using a distinct pronunciation
Revision
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Other Changes of Vowels

History of English
Thomas Ohse
th
century: but-sound (/2/) developed
ModE examples: cut (but: butcher); blood (but book) Why same spelling (, <oo>) but di erent pronunciation ? Two sources for /2/:
1. ME /U/() lost rounding and was lowered

/2/
Word cut just sun love ME /kUt/ /dZUst/ /sUn/ /lUv/ EModE /k2t/ /dZ2st/ s2n/ /l2v/
Examples:
Revision
But certain surroundings: no development to /2/:

if /U/ was followed by /l/: bull or pull if /U/was preceded by /w, p, b, f/: wolf,put, butcher, full
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History of English
Thomas Ohse
2. ME /o:/; spelling frequently with <oo>

in Great Vowel Shi : /o:/ is raised to /u:/ /u:/ is sometimes shortened to /U/ Two time slots for shortening:
. early shortening: /U/ was lowered to /2/ . late shortening: /U/ did not change
this explains todays discrepancies: /2/ /U/ blood look good spelling <oo> ood foot book
Revision
Pronunciation of fast in BrE and AmE? Middle English /a/ became // Examples hat, cat, fat th century: // became /A:/ in front of voiceless fricatives: Example:
fast, path, sta , class half
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History of English
Thomas Ohse
American English kept pronunciation with // BE AmE fast /fA:st/ /fst sta /stA:f/ /stf/
Revision
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Consonants
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Consonants that were no longer produced:

word- nal /b/ and /g/: thumb, long voiceless palatal fricative: //: bright, sigh voiceless velar fricative /x/:thought, bough /k/ and /g/ before /n/: knee latereal /l/ in some words: talk, half /w/ in some words: sword, answer, write
Consonants that were pronounced di erently:

voiceless velar fricative /x/ /f/ : enough, laugh
Vocalisation of /r/ a er vowels and word nally:

BrE: herb, birth, here, there, poor
two new consonant phonemes in EModE -//and /Z/ already existed in ME, was only an allophone in EModE word- nal /g/ was lost
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Revision
Palatalisation /zj/ and /zI/ to /Z/

History of English
Thomas Ohse
reaches phoneme status; distinguishes meaning sing sin /sIng/ /sIn/ MiddleEnglish [sIg] Early Modern English /sI/ /sIn/ minimal pair /Z/ developed from /z/ + /j/ or /I/ Cluster /zj/ or /zI/ became palatised in the th century result: new phoneme /Z/ loan phoneme occurrences:
French loan words: rouge, prestige in cluster /zj/ od /zI/: measure, usual, occasion
Revision
process is still active today:

ModE: di erent pronunciations for azure: /"zjU@ "Z@ "@IZ@/ development of /zj/ to /Z/
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Important Terms
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Great Vowel Shi Palatalisation Minimal pair Phoneme
Revision
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Revision Question 1
History of English
Thomas Ohse
Old English: Lexis Old English: Grammar Old English: Phonology Middle English: Lexis Middle English: Syntax Middle English: Phonology EMoE: Lexis EMoE: Syntax EMoE: Phonology Revision
Question Question Questions Question Question Question Questions Questions Question Question Questions Questions Question & & & &
1. Name the periods of the English language and give their

starting date!
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Revision Question 1
History of English
Thomas Ohse

starting date! Old English 450 (700) - 1100
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Revision Question 1
History of English
Thomas Ohse

starting date! Old English Middle English 450 (700) - 1100 1000 1500
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Revision Question 1
History of English
Thomas Ohse

starting date! Old English Middle English Early Modern English 450 (700) - 1100 1000 1500 1500 -1700
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Revision Question 1
History of English
Thomas Ohse

starting date! Old English Middle English Early Modern English Modern English 450 (700) - 1100 1000 1500 1500 -1700 from 1700
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Revision Question 2
History of English
Thomas Ohse
2. Sketch the development of the English language in terms

of its language typology. Comment on the function of in ectional endings as well as on word order.
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Revision Question 2
History of English
Thomas Ohse

of its language typology. Comment on the function of in ectional endings as well as on word order. Old English: position of words within the
sentence is variable the relation of words to each other is expressed by inflectional ending synthetic language
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Revision Question 2
History of English
Thomas Ohse

of its language typology. Comment on the function of in ectional endings as well as on word order. Old English: position of words within the
sentence is variable the relation of words to each other is expressed by inflectional ending synthetic language Modern English: position of words within the sentence is fixed realtion of words to each other is expressed by position in the sentence analytic language
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Revision Questions 3 - 5
History of English
Thomas Ohse
3. Give the names of the three Germanic tribes that came to

England in . Indicate the area on the map where they came from and where they settled in England!
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History of English
Thomas Ohse

England in . Indicate the area on the map where they came from and where they settled in England! Saxons in the South-West, Angles in the East (Kent & Northumber land), the Jutes in the South-East in Kent
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History of English
Thomas Ohse

4. What is the Danelaw?
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History of English
Thomas Ohse


The area north of Chester London, where the Vikings settled around 878: in this area, the Danish law was valid.
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History of English
Thomas Ohse


5. Name the Old English dialect areas!
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History of English
Thomas Ohse


5. Name the Old English dialect areas!

(Welsh), Wessex, Sussex, Kent, Essex, East Anglia, Mercia, Northumberland
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Revision Questions 6 & 7

History of English
Thomas Ohse
6. Name the languages from which the following words

were taken over into English!
Dover York street candle sky army Derby -
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Dover Celtic York street candle sky army Derby -
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Dover Celtic York Celtic street candle sky army Derby -
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Dover Celtic York Celtic street Latin - zero period (continental borrowings) candle sky army Derby -
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Dover Celtic York Celtic street Latin - zero period (continental borrowings) candle Latin - second period (christianisation) sky army Derby -
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Dover Celtic York Celtic street Latin - zero period (continental borrowings) candle Latin - second period (christianisation) sky Scandinavian influence (Words with sk-) army Derby -
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Dover Celtic York Celtic street Latin - zero period (continental borrowings) candle Latin - second period (christianisation) sky Scandinavian influence (Words with sk-) army - French loan word around 1300 Derby -
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Dover Celtic York Celtic street Latin - zero period (continental borrowings) candle Latin - second period (christianisation) sky Scandinavian influence (Words with sk-) army - French loan word around 1300 Derby - Scandinavian (Place names in Danelaw)
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Thomas Ohse

7. Name the four periods of Latin in uence?
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. continental borrowings
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. continental borrowings . Celtic transmission
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. continental borrowings . Celtic transmission . christianisation
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. . . . continental borrowings Celtic transmission christianisation Norman transmission 14th - 15th century
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8. Give the two terms for the declension systems of Old

English nouns and adjectives where one dolan cyning is distinguished from dolne cyning!
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English nouns and adjectives where one dolan cyning is distinguished from dolne cyning! one dolan cyning is weak declension, with article and syncretism of the adjective, dolne cynin g is strong declesions with article
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9. How are strong verbs distinguished from weak verbs in

Old English?
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9. How are strong verbs distinguished from weak verbs in

Old English? weak verbs are declined by adding a dental suffix, strong verbs are declined by a change of the stem vowel
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Revision Question 10
History of English
Thomas Ohse
10. Why do we have irregular plurals such as mice? Which

phonological change is responsible? Give the exact term and explain the process by commenting on the change of m s *m siz to ms! u u y
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10. Why do we have irregular plurals such as mice? Which

phonological change is responsible? Give the exact term and explain the process by commenting on the change of m s *m siz to ms! u u y The term is called i-mutation. The reular plural of ms, *msiz is changed to ms y u y because the following syllable has an or <j>. So, the is changed to <y> because of the . This is called i-mutation.
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11. Which languages were spoken in England in

why?
and
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and
why? The upper class was speaking Anglo-Norman, because England had been occupied by William the Conqueror and his (French) ancestors from 1066 to 1204. Anglo-Norman was the language of the upper class and English was the language of the major population. Anglo-Norman is a foreign language as late as 1500.
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and
12. Name the dialect regions in Middle English!
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and
12. Name the dialect regions in Middle English! West

Midland, East Midland, Southern, Northern and Kentish
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Thomas Ohse
13.
e Modern English words warden and guardian go back to one and the same etymological root in Old French: guarden. Explain their development and given the relevant linguistic term.
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13.
e Modern English words warden and guardian go back to one and the same etymological root in Old French: guarden. Explain their development and given the relevant linguistic term. Doublets: Two words that are connected etymologically to the same word. The two word come from different sources. In this case, guardian is a Central French loan word, whereas warden is Anglo-Norman dialect.
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13.
e Modern English words warden and guardian go back to one and the same etymological root in Old French: guarden. Explain their development and given the relevant linguistic term. Doublets: Two words that are connected etymologically to the same word. The two word come from different sources. In this case, guardian is a Central French loan word, whereas warden is Anglo-Norman dialect. ascend taken over into English?
14. From which languages where the words rise, mount and
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13.
e Modern English words warden and guardian go back to one and the same etymological root in Old French: guarden. Explain their development and given the relevant linguistic term. Doublets: Two words that are connected etymologically to the same word. The two word come from different sources. In this case, guardian is a Central French loan word, whereas warden is Anglo-Norman dialect. ascend taken over into English? rise is Germanic, mount is French and ascend is Latin. They are all synonyms.
14. From which languages where the words rise, mount and
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Thomas Ohse
16. Brie y account for the meaning of the three words rise,
mount and ascend and explain what happened to them during the development of the English language. Which term describes the process?
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History of English
Thomas Ohse
16. Brie y account for the meaning of the three words rise,
mount and ascend and explain what happened to them during the development of the English language. Which term describes the process? They are synonyms which derived from different languages all loan word to describe the same signified (Saussure). English is a mixed language. When new words entered the English language, a process of meaning differentiation begins.
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Thomas Ohse
17.
e following text extract taken from Cursor Mundi (written towards the end of the th century) exists in a southern and in a northern version. Comment on the underlined words. Which development has taken place from Old English, which forms are in use in Modern English?
North: Of all ere liif spend ai e stage South: Spende mony her goue & her age ModE: ey spend the period of all their life
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17.
e following text extract taken from Cursor Mundi (written towards the end of the th century) exists in a southern and in a northern version. Comment on the underlined words. Which development has taken place from Old English, which forms are in use in Modern English?
North: Of all ere liif spend ai e stage South: Spende mony her goue & her age ModE: ey spend the period of all their life
North: ere: third person plural possessive pronoun, ai: nominative plural pronoun, third person. South: No difference between nominative and possessive pronoun.
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Thomas Ohse
18. What does the term "Sdhumbrische Verdumpfung"

refer to?
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Thomas Ohse

refer to? the change of the Old English a (/a:/) to the Middle English o (/O/) in areas south of the river Humber in 12th century (aka southern rounding).
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Thomas Ohse

19. Which term is given to words such as mundane or

contemplate in Early Modern English?
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Thomas Ohse


contemplate in Early Modern English? hard words or inkhorn terms (Thomas Wilson).
20. Give the linguistic terms that describe the relation

between the words tooth and dental and hand and handful.
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Thomas Ohse


contemplate in Early Modern English? hard words or inkhorn terms (Thomas Wilson).
20. Give the linguistic terms that describe the relation

between the words tooth and dental and hand and handful. tooth dental: dissociation; hand handful: consosciation
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Thomas Ohse
21. Who published "A dictionary of the English language"

and when?
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Thomas Ohse

and when? Samuel Johnson, 1755
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Thomas Ohse

22. Which grammatical category developed during Early

Modern English?
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Modern English? The perfective aspect.
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Thomas Ohse


23. Describe what is di erent in the quote given below from

a Modern English perspective: Why lookes your Grace so heauily to day?
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Thomas Ohse


23. Describe what is di erent in the quote given below from

a Modern English perspective: Why lookes your Grace so heauily to day? The operator do is missing.
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History of English
Thomas Ohse
24. Explain the development of the vowel in child from

Middle English to Modern English!
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Thomas Ohse
24. Explain the development of the vowel in child from

Middle English to Modern English! There was the Great Vowel Shift. The Middle English chld, became child, because all long vowel were shifted upwards. Since /i:/ is already very closed it could not be raised any more and so it became the diphthong /@I/ in Early Modern English and /aI/ in todays child (/aIld/).
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Thomas Ohse
25. In Modern English see and sea are spelt di erently but
pronounced identical. Explain what happened during the GVS!
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History of English
Thomas Ohse
25. In Modern English see and sea are spelt di erently but
pronounced identical. Explain what happened during the GVS! The Phonemes /e:/ and /E:/ were both raised to the same phoneme in Modern English: /i:/, writte with <ee> in the case of /e:/ and with <ea> in the case of /E:/.
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History of English

History of English Why Bother?

A diachronic perspective ree periods of English:

ree branches of linguistics

Periods of the English Language

Old English ( Middle English (

Early Modern English ( Modern English (from

3. Are the dates xed? Why?

4. To which branch of the Germanic languages does the

How can we access Old English?

Loan Words in English Vocabulary

Loan Words in English Vocabulary

Old English Vocabulary

1. From which date onwards do we have written documents

7. Name three written symbols of the Old English writing

9. What is the basis of the Old English core vocabulary?

Old English Grammar

Four main features of Old English Grammar:

In ection of nouns Modern English in ections?

Grammatical categories of Modern English nouns? Example:

Grammatical categories relevant in Old English:

most frequent declension: a-stem (masculine or neuter)

Nouns Declension of nouns N-Stem

OX se oxa s oxan m oxan one oxan oxan a ra oxena a m oxum oxan a

FOOT se f t o s f tes o e m ft one f t o ft a e ra f ta a o o m f tum ft a e

Plural in Old English dagas, cyningas a a oxan a ft a e

declension a-stem declension n-stem consonant declension

weak declension (with article) strong declension (without article)

der dumme Knig dummer Knig

Old English: two forms of the past tense:

Verb Class I III IV

In nitive drfan drive bindan bind scacan shake

& rd Pers. Sing. Past drf a band sc c o

syntheticlanguage Modern English:

Word Order English vs. German

Old English Grammar Main Features

Main Features of Old English Grammar:

1. Is Old English a synthetic or an analytic language?

2. Is one dolan cyning an example for a weak or a strong

3. Does Modern English have strong and weak verbs?

4. Which two groups of Old English verbs are di erentiated

5. Give the order of the clause elements in Modern English.

The Phoneme Inventory of Old English

1. What is special about the grapheme-phoneme relation

4. Why is the OE word gylden pronounced with a /f/ at the

Timeline: Middle English

History and Culture

Middle English Timeline

History and Culture

Who spoke Anglo-Norman?

History and Culture

: Parliament was opened in English

and th century: Latin Words important areas:

another example: catch vs.

/k/ // Anglo-Norman Central French Etymology: Old French - chacier

Spelling and Text

Development of Middle English st text:

Spelling and Text

<k> or <ck> substitue OE <c> for /k/ in bock

<o> substitutes OE <u> for /v/ in Rone,

<a> substitutes OE <> in radde

spelling and text

Spelling and Text