RAID ----raid is used to improve performance or to provide fault tolerance. There are various RAID systems available.

RAID 0 (Stripe Set)-> min requirement is two disks. it splits up each file into 64kB Blocks, so when the things are read from disks they are read at same time but with improve performance. Raid 0 has no fault tollerance, that is if we lose one disk we lose all data. its not suitable if file size are really small. normally it is used for storing paging files. RAID 1 (mirror set)-> two volume of same size. it stores exact copy of files on both disks. if we lose one disk all data is availbel on other disk. so the advantage here is fault tollerance. The downside is its very slow and expensive. There is a 50% ollerance) RAID 5 (Parity Set)-> min requirement is three disks. similar to raid 0 it splits data. The idea is that if we lose one chunck, we can recover data by putting togather other chunks. Parity proides improve read performance, but write are slow. And it support single Fault Tollerance. The Overhead here is 1/n. So if we have 3 Disks then (1/3) 33%. Which means third of space will be used by parity, rest of it available for data. xp supports raid 0, 1. Server supports raid0, 1, 5.. Practicle Implement RAID DISKS: for Mirror: comp mgt -> right click on volume & then select add mirror

IP ADDRESS: -----------is a 32 bit binary number which is divided into four part of 8bits each(octance) 8bit 8bit 8bit 8bit 10 . 0 . 5 . 1 -->IP address(network id + Host id) 255.255.255.0 --> Mask Networkid and host id are based on network mask. In the above example 10.0.5 is network id & 1 is hostid. CLASSES OF IP ADDRESSES: ------------------------CLASS A: if the first number in ip address is b/w 1-127. the subnet is 255.0.0.0. it supports 16 million computers. CLASS B: if the first number in ip address is b/w 128-191. the subnet is 255.255.0.0. it supports (655342)65532 computers. CLASS C: if the first number in ip address is b/w 192-223. the subnet is 255.255.255.0. it supports (2562)254 computers.

most of the ip address are public, they are managed by ICANN. Some ip addressed are private, private are free, for example in Class A(192.168.0.0), Class B(172.16.0.0-172.37.0.0), Class C(10.0.0.0) the first and last ip in any range can not be used, as first is reserved for host and last for broadcast.

SUBNETTING -----------we need sub netting for two reasons 1. security 2. good use of public ip addresses for webhosting companies subnetting is really important, because they sell ip address. When the nw ids are different then the ip address will communicate through a router. For example 10.0.5.1/24 can communicate to 100.0.5.20/24 can not communicate directly, as the network id is different, so they will have to go through routers subnetting steps: step1: write down the default mask. step2: find out how many bit we need to borough 4bit->16networks. The boroughed one will become 1s and rest zero. step3: How many zeros we have.