ORGANIZATION OF CAPITAL 1870-1990

1870 1870 1870 1870 1870 1870 1870 1870 1870 1870

A B CH D DK F N NL S UK

Scope Branch level only Very little Local and branch level Branch level only Faellesrep, 1871, at national level Very little Virtually nothing Very little Some local activity Branch level only

1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900 1900

A B CH D DK F N NL S UK

Branch level only Fragmentary Growing network Strong growth of employers organizations, some to help bargaining, others to stop it, as aspect of tr Rapid growth of specific employers associations; sometines negotiate, sometines combat strikes; F Very little Growth of associations; NAF, 1900 Some anti-union organization and locks-out; VNW, 1899 Rapide growth of associations; CAF co-ordinates except in metal industry (VF independent); merge branch-wide organizations in engineering,1896, and ship-building, 1890

1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914 1914

A B CH D DK E,P F I N NL S SF UK

HAI, 1907 Growth of organizations in metals, mines, etc. ZSAO, 1908 Employers try to imposre national bargaining scheme

Very little Some organizations in north only Small employers and hydro-electric industry oranize more strongly against unions in wake of post-19 Some anti-unio organization and lock-outs; VNW Continuing growth of associations; SAF, 1902 Small but combative national organization, 1907; becomes larger STK, 1914, but excludes VF Continuing growth

1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925 1925

A B CH D DK E F I IRL N NL P S

Strang growht Continued growth Growth Strong Growth; RDI, 1919 Extensive growth under DA auspices Weak Limited

Considerable growth String growth; VNF, 1917; CO, 1920 Extensive growth under SAF auspices; VF joins SAF, 1917

1925 SF 1925 UK

Growth, then decline Moderate; stable; Bec, 1919

1938 1938 1938 1938 1938 1938 1938 1938 1938 1938 1938

A,D,I,P,E B CH DK F IRL N NL S SF UK

Employers accept role in structures of fascist and Nazi states Continued growth; CCI, 1936 Continued growth Widely established Limited Limited growth; FIM, 1932 Widely established Continued Growth Widely established Decline Branch-level associations well established

1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950

A B CH E,P D DK,N,S F I IRL NL SF UK

Reconstruction of comprehensive Kammer system for industrial relations and trade purposes; also Extensive Extensive Employers accept rpole in structures of fascist state Extensive; BDA, 1950 Comprehensive throughout Fairly extensive Fairly extensive Patchy; FUE, 1942 Extensive Patchy coverage Extensive

1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963 1963

A B CH D DK E,P F I IRL N NL S SF UK

Growth of autonomous organizations co-operating with Kammer Extensive Extensive Comprehensive throughout industrial sector and some tertiary sectors Comprehensive throughout industrial sector and some tertiary sectors Fascist structures becoming marginalized in modernization of economy: little modern role for associ Limited Extensive Patchy Comprehensive throughout industrial sector and some tertiary sectors Comprehensive throughout industrial sector and some tertiary sectors Comprehensive throughout industrial sector and some tertiary sectors Extensive Extensive

1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975

A,DK,D,N,S,CH B E F I IRL NL P SF

Extensive Rapid early growth Limited Extensive Growing Comprehensive throughout industrial sector and some tertiary sectors No clear structure of organizations yet emerging following collapse of fascist regime Extensive

1975 UK

Extensive

1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990

A, D, CH B DK, SF, N,S E F I IRL NL P UK

Continuing stability of existing patterns, but controlled shift to more company-level collective bargain Continuing important role, but increasingly reliant on state intervention to stabilize collective bargain Continuing powerful role for organized interests, but central bodies themselves increasingly seek sh Extensive Increasing Varied according to region; increasingly important in north and midlands Shift of bargaining to company level weaken role Stable, but operating increasingly through technocratic rather than tripartite forms Weak Major uncontrolled shift of bargainig to company level weakens role

INDICATORS OF POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1870-1963 1870 1870 Agricultural work-force as % of total work-force (1880) GNPp.c. (1960 US$) 55.6 30.3 37.4 45 50.3 n.a. high 40 56.7 n.a. high n.a. relatively high n.a. high n.a. Very low 51.5 10.4

A B CH D DK E F I IRL N NL P S SF UK

305 571 549 426 340 329 437 312 421 506 246 628

INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS 1870-1910

1870

Level

Main pattern of industrial relations Country Plant Fragmentary collective bargaining in skilled trades A Contestation or nothing B Sporadic strike activity only Collective bargaining in skilled trades bargaining CH Some Fragmentary collective bargaining in skilled trades D Some bargaining Fragmentary collective bargaining in skilled trades DK Contestation or nothing virtually nothing Elsewhere: Incipient collective bargaining E Contestation or nothing F Sporadic strike activity only

Incipient collective bargaining N Incipient collective bargaining NL

Collective bargaining in skilled trades UK -

Power Weak; some anti-union organization al local levels Nothing Lagerly informal Weak; some anti-union organization al local levels Weak; biulding employers loosely orgalized to fight strikes Nothing None Nothing Vitually nothing Weak; but in some areas important in either encouraging or breaking unions

Limited Very weak; mainly combating social legislation Employers' associations with well-developede strike funds Cdi Strike insurance fund; also co-ordinates lock-outs FfA acquiring authority to act in relations with unions; central strike fund, 1896 UIMM and Comit des Forges try to organize, but little success NAF organizes many lock-outs; seeks to impose centralized bargaining on LO Weak Some co-ordination of bargaining and strike-breaking Limited co-ordination power, mainly during major conflicts

Central bodies fund strike resistance, 1912 Very Weak; mainly combating social legislation As 1900 BdI and CDI form specialized employers' associations to try to centralizebargaining; these merge as VDA, 1913 DA has authority to act in relations with unions Very little activity UIMM and Comit des Forges continue to experience little success NAF continues to seek centralized bargaining Weak SAF exercises tight control over employers' bargaining and co-ordinates tough lock-out strategy STK establishes strike support on Swedish model Limited co-ordination power, mainly during major conflicts

Strng centralization of bargaining strategy Very weak; mainly combating social legislation Employers' associations with well-developed strike funds RDI presses for highly centralized collective bargaining; strong powers over affiliates DA strengthens hold on industrial sector and co-ordinates strategy, seeking a centralized system Weak organizations engaged by government in co-operation wiyh lobour Government encourages formation of CGPF, but with few powers Confinindustria, 1919, accepts role in structures of facist state Very little development NAF rapidly developing co-ordinating role in most sectors Associations strengthen hold and co-ordinate relations with unions at branch level Employers' organizations (weak) accept role in structures of fascist state SAF strengthens hold industrial sector and co-ordinates strategy, seeking a centralized system

Co-ordinate role of STK declines after civil war weakens labour Increasing involvement of associations in lock-outs

of fascist and Nazi states Branch associations are main actors on employers' side in new commissions paritaires Metal and watch employers' association co-ordinates employers in key sectoral barganing DA co- ordinates industrial employers in major national bargaining relationship with DsF Major advance in CGPF role, 1936, but this repudisted members; reformed as CNPF, 1938, with weaker powers FIM mainly lobbies government NAF co-ordinates industrial employers in major national bargaining relationship with LO Associations engage in debate over PBO system, but little action SAF co-ordinates industrial employers in major national bargaining relationship with LO STK strike fund and co-ordinating power decline in light of union weakness Weak

ammer system for industrial relations and trade purposes; also voluntary organization FIB gives central steer to branch bargaining; branch bodies have strike support power Metal and watch employers' association co-ordinates employers in key sectoral barhaining; other sectors imitate

Employers' associations play key role in bargaining at regional and branch level, with extensive strike funds; BDA attempts informal Central bodies co-ordinate bargaining etc. and imposesanction on deviant firms CNPF plays key role in very limited bargaining with unions Confiindustria plays key role limited bargaining with unions FUE takes lead in co-ordinating pay talks, but few powers Employers' associations part of PBO system and derive power from statutory obligationsay key role in bargaining at regional and br STK plays role similar to Scandinavian peak associations, but many firms refuse to bargain Branch-level associations a key level of employer bargaining co-ordination, but few powers

Role of PK strengthens power of central bodies Programmation sociale strengthens of FIB and branch organizations Primarily informal but effective BDA requires all member Verbnde to have strike funds, 1956, and monitors branch collective agreements DA remains powerful, but losing ability to control decentral tendencies alized in modernization of economy: little modern role for associations CNPF has few co-ordinating powers Confindustria weakened by departure of state industries to Intersind; 1956; active but reliant on personal rather than representative FIE co-ordinates some wage-round activity NAF controls all bargaining strategy Centralized regulation of labour market SAF controls all bargaining strategy STK takes power to veto agreements, call lock-outs and fine dissenting firms; seeks tow-year deals with SAK Weak, but attempts at informal co-ordination in co-operation with government incomes policy

Continuing development of tendencies visible in 1963; but Scandinavian organizations weakened by decline in manufacturing secto FIB merges with tertiary sector organizations to form FEB CEOE establishing cordinating role CNPF ready to play more active role, but little scope Confindustria reforms internal structure to equip it for a co-ordinating role New IFC, 1969; tries to co-ordinate bargaining strategy of employers and secures informal authority Merger of former denominational associations et emerging following collapse of fascist regime STK committed to seeking detailed national agreements with SAK, and acquires power within industry necessary to do this

Merger of BEC and FBI to form CBI, 1965; new body seeks informal co-ordination of employers and co-operation with government i

ns, but controlled shift to more company-level collective bargaining in Germany singly reliant on state intervention to stabilize collective bargaining ed interests, but central bodies themselves increasingly seek shift to branch or especially company level in relations with labour Weak, though CEOE is very active CNPF and branch organizations launch several bargaining initiatives, though with little co-ordinating power Confindustria continues to seek co-ordinating role

ough technocratic rather than tripartite forms Weak to company level weakens role

Electorate as % of adult male population none 8.5 79 80 72.9 none 87 8.9 21 11.3 none 20 31.4

Level Locality Bargaining established in skilled trades Some bargaining -

Bargaining well established in skilled trades

Other associative bussiness activity Elaborated structure of Kammerand and other organizations represent trade interests to state as part of formal system of non-parlia Weak, unstable; discouraged by government Trade associations receive state funds for carryng out delegated public taks; Genobenschaften take on training role; SHIV, 1870, a Elaborated structure of Kammer and and other organizations at local and regional levels organize training; these structures pre-dat Trade involved in trade regulation and training Comit des Forges on margin of legality; little else Trade interests involved in advisory councils of non-parliamentary state Guild legacy still operative Compulsory trade associations replace guilds, 1864, but are later made illegal Very little; some consultation

Elaborated structure of Krammer and other organizations Rise of Catholic organizations in agriculture etc. But weak Trade associations receive state funds for carrying out delegated public tasks; Genobenschaften organize training; Vorot, 1881in tr Elaborate structure of Krammer and other organizations at local and regional levels organize training; cartels and CDI increasiling d Trade associations involved in trade regulation and training Very little Trade interests involved in advisory councils of non-parliametary state Guild legacy stil operative SAF works closely with government on export policy Very little; some consultation

As 1900 As 1900 As 1900 As 1900 Trade associations involved in trade regulation and training Very little Trade interests involved in advisory councils As 1900 Growing importance of export-sector organizations, especcially in metal industry Increasing engagement with goverment as war looms

Close involvement of associations in industrial strategy weak Trade associations receive state funds for carrying out delegated public tasks; Genobenschaften organize training Close involvement of associations in Weimar industrial strategy Trade associations involved in trade regulation and training Weak Weak

Trade interests involved in advisory councils CIV formed to co-ordinate strategy, 1920 Directors' Club' of export-sector firms co-ordinates export strategy

Limited Wartime role declining; FBI, 1916

Trade associations involved in planning protectionist arrangements Verbnde get legal right to organize training and export-risk schemes (both1931) Faellesrep co-ordinates businee response to severe world economic climate Very limited Some trade association activity Trade associations co-ordinate bussiness response to severe world economic climate Trade associations co-ordinate bussiness response to severe world economic climate Trade associations co-ordinate bussiness response to severe world economic climate Limited Trade associations involved in planning protectionist arrangements

FIB co-ordinates action Organizations heavily involved in cordinating export strategy

Reconstruction of Kammer system of trade representation with new voluntary trade associations (established in advance of new rep Some reduction in association role with ending of war CNPF plays weak role; most associations just pressure groups; rival CGPME as radical small-business lobby Associations important in northern industry Weak Trade associations incorporated in post-war economic stretegy Trade associations central to operation of Finn-Soviet trade agreement Trade associations important in regulated post-war economy

Growing importance with economic recovery FIB co-ordinate action Organizations heavily involved in co-ordinating export strategy BDI and DIHT administer foreing trade policy Deep involvement in economic policy Some involvements in state planning Associations important in northern industry Weak Deep involvement in economic policy Close involvement in economy policy Deep involvement in economic policy Trade associations central to operation of Finno-Soviet trade agreement Acitve but not strongly incorporated into policy administration

d by decline in manufacturing sector in which their co-ordinating power is rooted FEB co-ordinates action Too early to determine Associations important in northern industry Increasing involvement in economic policy Close envolvement in economy policy Trade associations central to operation of Finno-Soviet trade agreement

Active but not strongly incorporated into government policy

Growing involvement with government Growing involvement with government Extensive at regional level in north and midlands As 1975 Weak As 1975

1900 1914 Leading economic sectors Agricultural work-force as % Electorate as % of (1880) 1900 GNPp.c. (1960 US$) work-force adult male population of total Leading economic sectors 1914 Agricultura A 60.9 361 82.7 Agriculture butA some important industrial development Textiles, steel,B coal, capital equipement, finance 21.9 721 90.7 Textiles, steel,B coal, capital equipement, finance Metal industries and watchmaking CH 31 785 78.9 Metal industries, watchmaking CH Textiles, coal and steel, agriculture D 36 639 80 Coal and steelD growing in dominance, textiles agricultura, SMALL TRADES DK 47.5 633 87.4 Agriculture, small trades, rapid growht of tertiary sector DK Agriculture, textiles in Catalonia high E n.a. 351 none Agriculture, textiles in Catalonia E Textiles,mines, engineering, agriculture F 41.8 604 87.9 Textiles, mines, engineering, agriculture F Agriculture, public utilities I 59.4 335 26.5 Agriculture, public utilities, textiles I IRL IRL Shipping, agriculture N 41.3 577 89.7 Shipping, agriculture, forest products N Agriculture, some urbans crafts NL 30.8 614 51 Agriculture, some urban crafts NL Agriculture P n.a. high n.a. V. Low none Agriculture P Agriculture, wood, textiles S 49.8 454 25.1 Agricultur, wood, textiles S SF SF Textiles, coal, UK engineering, finance steel, 7.7 881 61.5 Textiles, coal, UK engineering, finance steel,

Level

1900

Level

Level

Level

Level

Branch Main pattern of industrial relations Country Plant Locality Branch Nation Genobenschaft -type bargaining some skilled trades; state involvement of workers' organizations bargaining Collective bargaining in skilled trades; union not permited -aboveworker), -growth of A Worker participation in Kaben (2/3 local level Bipartite employer-dominated Betriebskaben, 1890 Sporadic collective bargaining B Some bargaining; bourses de travail , conseils d'industrie, but for workers, Bipartite 1899 Collective bargaining in skilled trades; state involvement well entreched CH Plant to branch: Bargaining of workers' organizations Book industry Collective bargaining in skilled trades; state involvement of workers' organizations only D Bargaining growing; industryof Ortskrankenkaben with elected worker repre Book growth only Developing collective bargaining DK Tillidsmaend in comminment -to co-operation withskilled trades Collective bargaining general in all employers under Hovedafteling, 1899 Mediation system Very little bargaining Contestation or nothing E Police repression of strikers; occasional sporadic representation of worker Sporadic collective bargaining F; All levels: mainly strike action as onlyminesof collective -industrial relations Delegus de scurit for form Bipartite caisses de retraite for miners

Contestation or nothing I

Police repression of strikers; occasional sporadic representation of worker

Very little bargaining collective bargaining Sporadic N Very little bargaining collective bargaining Sporadic NL Contestation or nothing P Sporadic collective bargaining S -

Locality to nation: some bargaining but declining after 1900. Major lockout Some bargaining Police repression of strikers; occasional sporadic representation of worker Some bargaining

Developing collective bargaining bargaining UK Some Bargaining well established in skilled trades; some growth this level Bargaining beginning to develop strongly at among unskilled -

nterests to state as part of formal system of non-parliamentary representation

Genobenschaften take on training role; SHIV, 1870, as national co-ordinatig body onal levels organize training; these structures pre-date the unified German state

Genobenschaften organize training; Vorot, 1881in trade regulation and training evels organize training; cartels and CDI increasiling drawn into sharing responsibility for industrial policy (CDI, 1876; BdI, 1895)

Genobenschaften organize training

trade associations (established in advance of new republic)

as radical small-business lobby

1925 Agricultural work-force as % Electorate as % of (1880) GNPp.c. (1960 US$) work-force adult male population Agricultural work-force as % of total work-force (1880) of total Leading economic sectors 1925 GNPp.c. (1960 US$) 56.9 490 94.5 Agriculture butA some important industrial development 30 655 22.4 891 91.6 Textiles, steel,B coal, capital equipement, finance 19.1 985 26.8 964 75.8 Metal industries, watchmaking CH 27.1 1.02 35.2 741 94.1 Coal and steelD dominant, textiles 30.5 712 42.7 862 87.8 Agriculture, small trades, rapid growht35.2 DK of tertiary sector 845 n.a. high 367 none Agriculture, textiles in Catalonia high E n.a. 426 42.7 689 90.5 Textiles, mines, engineering, agriculture F 41.5 893 55.5 441 89.8 Growing division between industrializing north and peasant south I 55.7 480 IRL 51.3 624 39.2 749 70.3 Shipping, agriculture, forest products 36.8 N 863 28.4 734 67 Agriculture, some urban crafts NL 23.6 909 n.a. high 292 none Agriculture P n.a. high 320 45.6 680 76.5 Agricultur, wood, textiles S 40.4 765 71.5 520 88.5 Peasant agriculture SF 71.5 520 8.1 965 62.4 Textiles, coal, UK engineering, finance steel, 7.6 970

Level

1914

Level

Level

Level

Level

State Main pattern of industrial relations Country Plant Locality Branch Nation Vereinskaben Some collective bargaining; 1898 development of of bargaining in some- branches management (all worker), Arbeitsrat,both limited state involvement of workers' organizations as anti-union device A Some Growth worksUnio role in pension fund councils, sometimes Thin collectiveB bargaining All levels: little change since 1900 State support for union and employer association activities entrechedgrowing Continuing strengthening of collective bargaining CH Bargaining well Bargaining Goverment arbitration service, bargaining; limited development of worksUnio role in pension fund management; bargaining growing Some collective 1901 D Some state involvement of workers' organizations as anti-union device Bargaining growing councils, sometimes Continuing strengthening of collective bargaining DK Tillidsmaend in comminmentDeveloping DA all skilled agree on mediation scheme Collective bargaining general in and DsF trades to co-operation with employers strikers; occasional sporadic representation of workers Contestation E All levels: police repression of strkers; some bargaining in northern Italy and Catalonialit Fragmentary bargaining; contestation F As 1900 As 1900 -

strikers; occasional sporadic representation of workers Contestation I

All levels: police repression of strkers; some bargaining in northern Italy and Catalonialit

me bargaining but declining after 1900. Major lockoutscollective bargaining; state mediation schemes Recent growthN in Bargaining growing in metal industry Thin collectiveNL bargaining Some development of worksBargaining growing but still rare; employers seek 5-7 year a Some bargaining councils, sometimes as anti-union device strikers; occasional sporadic representation of workers Contestation P All levels: police repression of strkers; some bargaining in northern Italy and Catalonialit Recent growthS collective bargaining; state mediation schemes in Bargaining growing Bargaining growing; LO/SAF mutual recogniti Thin collectiveSF bargaining Locality to state: some bragaining between unions and ad hoc groups of employers; fierc Continuing strengthening of collective bargaining UK Bargaining well entrechedwell- entreched and spreading to new groups of w Bargaining and spreading to new groups of workers

cy (CDI, 1876; BdI, 1895)

1938 Electorate as % of adult male population Agricultural work-force as % Electorate as % of (1880) Leading economic sectors 1938 GNPp.c. (1960 US$) work-force adult male population of total Leading economic sectors 90 Mixed industrial, major steel sector, otherwise many smallnone agriculture still important A 39 640 firms; Mixed industrial, major steel sector, otherwise 95 Textiles, steel,B coal, capital equipement, finance 1.015 17 95.3 Textiles, steel, coal, capital equipement, finan 85.9 Metal industries, watchmaking, financial services 1.204 CH 20.8 89.3 Metal industries, watchmaking, financial servi 99.4 Coal and steelD dominant; mixed industry, speccially capital equipment, agriculturesteel dominant; mixed industry, spe 26 1.126 none Coal and 93 Mixed industrial, big tertiry sector, advance agriculture DK 29.9 1.045 97 Mixed industrial, big tertiry sector, advance ag none Agriculture, textiles, some industrial development in Catalonia E n.a. high 337 none Agriculture, textiles, some industrial developm 87.7 Textiles, mines, engineering, agriculture F 35.6 936 86.9 Textiles, mines, engineering, agriculture none Agriculture, public utilities, textiles I 47 551 none Agriculture, public utilities, textiles and other i 99.9 Peasant agriculture, some light industry IRL 47.6 649 97.7 Peasant agriculture, some light industry 96 Shipping,hydro-electric, mixed industry, agriculture, forest products N 35.3 1.298 101.3 Shipping,hydro-electric, mixed industry, agricu 96.5 Mixed industrial, strong tertiary sector, agriculture 920 NL 20.6 99.4 Mixed industrial, strong tertiary sector, agricul none Agriculture P n.a. high 351 none Agriculture 96.3 Industrial, specially capital equipment;28.8 S textiles, wood, agriculture 97.4 Industrial, specially capital equipment; textiles 1.097 88.5 Peasant agriculture SF 57.4 913 86.5 Peasant agriculture, forest products, some ind 88.9 Textiles, coal, UK engineering, finance6 steel, 1.181 99.9 Textiles, coal, steel, engineering, finance

Level

1925

Level

Level

Level

Level

State Main pattern of industrial relations Country Plant Locality Branch Nation Limited consultation of unions (neo-) corporatism; little collectivewith some administrative powers role in pension fund manageme State-determined A Statutory Betriebsrte bargaining and considerable contestation bargaining (resisted by Extensive bargaining and consultation collective Bipartite consultation; union Centralized Collective bargaining developing with state Collective bargaininggrowth of commissions paritaires B support Some State support for union neo-corporatism with collective bargaininglaw, 1911, incluiding provisions for Friendenspflicht policy Incipient and employer association activities; GAV bargaininginvolvement in administration of public CH Collective bargaining Collective Union Limited consultation of unions (neo-) corporatism; little collective bargaining and considerable contestation bargaining (resisted by State-determined D Statutory Betriebsrte with some administrative powerscollective Extensive bargaining and consultation Bipartite consultation; union role in pension fund manageme Centralized Labour court establishedbargaining alongside severe conflict Collective DK Some collective bargaining Extensive bargaininginvolvementconflict Extensive bargaining Union but severe in mediation ers; some bargaining in northern Italy and Catalonialittle change since 1900 State-determined (neo-) corporatism; paritarios for bargaining and consultation allcontestation E Comits little collective bargaining and considerable levels Government tries to encourage bargaining Contestation F Some limited bargaining Union involvement in mining pension scheme; much conflic -

ers; some bargaining in northern Italy and Catalonialittle change since 1900 unions illegal; fascist unions of workers and employers have formal consult Authoritarian corporatism Autonomous I Contestation IRL Some bargaining Some bargaining Union involvement in state mediation schemessevere conflict bargaining and union involvement in mediation schemes Collective bargaining alongside N Some Extensive bargaining butbargaining but severe conflict Extensive severe conflict Collective bargaining alongside severe conflict bargaining and union involvement in mediation schemes NL Some Some bargaining and union involvement in m ers; some bargaining in northern Italy and Catalonialittle change since 1900 unions illegal; fascist unions of workers and employers have formal consult Authoritarian corporatism Autonomous P Union involvement in state mediation schemessevere conflict Collective bargaining alongside S Extensive bargaininginvolvementconflict Union but severe in mediation etween unions and ad hoc groups of employers; fierce conflict Contestation SF Some limited bargaining Strike breaking by employers' Export Peace m Increased government consultation of unions; legal basis Extensive Bargaining Act Collective bargaining alongside severe conflict UK Some collective bargaining by 1906 bargaining; union involvement in mediation; but p strengthened Extensive

A B CH D DK E F I IRL N NL P S SF UK

1950 1963 1950 Agricultural work-force as % Electorate as % of (1880) GNPp.c. (1960 US$) work-force adult male population Agricultural work-force as % of total work-forc of total Leading economic sectors 1963 32.3 721 89.3 Mixed industrial, major steel sector, otherwise many small firms; agricultur A 22.8 12.1 1.167 93.3 Textiles, steel,B coal, capital equipement, finance 7.2 16.5 1.368 92.7 Metal industries, watchmaking, financial services CH 11.2 23.2 834 97.8 Coal and steelD dominant; mixed industry, speccially capital equipment ; ec 13.5 25.6 1.277 98.3 Mixed industrial, big tertiery sector, advanced agriculture DK 17.8 n.a. high 367 none Agriculture, textiles, some industrial development E n.a. high 33 1.177 90.4 Mixed industrial, agriculture F 20.3 40 590 100.9 Agriculture, public utilities, textiles and other induystrial development I 28.2 39.6 744 97.4 Agriculture, some light industry IRL 35.3 25.9 1.652 98.2 Shipping,hydro-electric, mixed industry, agriculture, forest products N 19.5 18.8 1.019 95.4 Mixed industrial, strong tertiary sector, agriculture NL 10.7 n.a. high 383 none Agriculture P n.a. high 20.3 1.712 98.1 Industrial, specially capital equipment;13.8 products S forest 46 1.027 99.7 Primarily agriculture, also forest products, engineering SF 35.5 5.1 1.352 97.8 Coal, steel, engineering, financial services UK 3.6

Level

1938

1938

Level

Level

Level

State Main pattern of industrial relations Main pattern of industrial relations Country Plant Locality Branch Formal involvement of unions and employer associations in economic advice Authoritarian corporatism Similar to I, P, E, until after Anschlub , when all structures abolished A Unions in consulatation arrarrangements - neo-corporatism State institutions encouraging B Collective bargaininggrowth of commissions paritaries Major Union involvement in administration of public policy bargaining Incipient neo-corporatism Extensive CH Extensive bargaining Friedensabkommen to govern relations in metal and watch i Formal involvement of unions and employer associations in economic advice unions, but has only token role Authoritarian corporatism Deutscher Arbeiter Front replaces D Unions in consulatationneo-corporatism Some collective bargaining Extensive bargaining bargaining between DsF and DA; un Incipient arrarrangements DK Declining National Unions participate in nationalE Authoritarian corporatism Autonomous unions illegal; fascist unions of workers and employers have formal consult administrative agencies Contestation with som state initiatives to reduce conflict bargaining F Some limited Some bargaining Some growth in CGT-CNPF contact

unions of workers and employers have formal consultation role at Autonomous unions illegal; fascist unions of workers and employers have formal consult Authoritarian corporatism I all levels Collective bargaining and constestation IRL Some bargaining Some bargaining Incipient neo-corporatism N Some bargaining and union involvement in mediation LO and NAF Extensive bargaining but severe conflictschemes Hovendavtalen between State institutions encouraging neo-corporatism bargaining and union involvement ininvolvement in mediation and p NL Spread of consultation schemes bargaining and union mediation Some Some PBO discussions unions of workers and employers have formal consultation role at Autonomous unions illegal; fascist unions of workers and employers have formal consult Authoritarian corporatism P all levels Unions in consulatationarrarrangements Some bargaining Incipient neo-corporatism S Some bargaining and union involvement inAgreement schemesSAF); union Extensive bargaining but severe conflict(LO and Saltsjbaden mediation Contestation with som state initiatives to reduce conflict bargaining SF Some limited Union in small Collective bargaining and constestation number of consultation arrangements UK Some collective bargaining Extensive bargaining; union involvement in mediation Declining bargaining -

GNPp.c. (1960 US$) Electorate as % of adult male population Leading economic sectors 1.232 96.1 Mixed industrial, major steel sector, state-owned large firms and many small privates ones 1.484 95.7 Textiles, steel, coal, capital equipement, finance 1.841 79.6 Mixed advanced industries, financial services 1.781 99.5 Coal and steel dominant; advanced industry, speccially capital equipment 1.65 99.4 Mixed industrial, big tertiery sector, advanced agriculture 529 none Agriculture, major industrial development 1.669 89.4 Mixed industrial, agriculture 978 101.1 Mixed industrial with major state-owned sector 919 100 Agriculture, industry developing 2.078 98.8 Shipping,hydro-electric, mixed industry, forest products 1.418 97.1 Mixed industrial, strong tertiary sector, agriculture 514 none Agriculture 2.263 96.6 Industrial, specially capital equipment; forest products 1.503 99.6 Grwing industrial sector, forest products 1.686 99.2 Mixed industrial, financial services

Level

Level

1950

Level

Level

Level

Nation State Main pattern of industrial relations Country Plant Locality Branch ub , when all structures abolished Incipient neo-corporatism Betriebsrte with some administrative powers unions and employer organi A Early attempts of Unions in consultation arrengements State-supported neo-corporatism B Statutory bipartite works council system paritaires Commissions Union involvement in administration of public policy Neo-corporatism with strong Extensive bargaining CH local component Extensive bargaininginvolvement in administration of policy; Union unions, but has only token role Collective bargaining with neo-corporatist with some bargainingbargaining level D Betriebsrte elements administrative powers Regional Main Unions and employers' associations consulted on all major issues Neo-corporatism DK Some bargaining Extensive bargaining unions of workers and employers have formal consultation role at E levels Authoritarian corporatism Autonomous unions illegal; fascist unions of workers and employers have all Temporary concertation of Matignon Agreement, 1936; broken bargaining works council system Contestation with minor collective off by 1938 F Statutory bipartite limited bargaining Some Limited bargaining

unions of workers and employers have formal consultation role at Iall levels collective bargaining works council system Contestation with minor Statutory bipartite bargaining Some Limited bargaining Some union consultation Collective bargaining IRL Some bargaining Extensive bargaining Unions and employers' associations consulted on all major issues Neo-corporatism N Some bargaining Extensive bargaining Union involvement in government consultation State-supported neo-corporatism NL Statutory bipartite works council system Union involvement in mediation and pension unions of workers and employers have formal consultation role at P levels Authoritarian corporatism Autonomous unions illegal; fascist unions of workers and employers have all Unions and employers' associations consulted on all major issues Neo-corporatism S Some bargaining Extensive bargaining Some union consultation Collective bargaining and contestation SF Some limited bargaining Limited bargaining Union in small number of consultation schemes with incipient neo-corporatism Collective bargaining UK Crowing collective bargaining Very extensive bargaining; union involvement

arge firms and many small privates ones

ccially capital equipment

Level

Level

1938

Level

Level

Level

Nation State Main pattern of industrial relations Country Plant Locality Branch Early attempts of unions and employer organization and in bargaining, administrationwith some administrative powers Strong development of neo-corporatism and consultation arragements unions andto branch level A Betriebsrte Involvement of from state employers organiz National solidarity pact, 1944Neo-corporatism developing Statutory bipartitesupportcouncil pay policy underpowers,peace' clauses ex Union and employer organizations in extensive consultation arrangements; system B with strong state works Commissions paritares bargaining; 'social 1957 Growing gain legal statutory control Union and employer organization involvement instrong decentralof public policy; growth of GAV and Friedenspflicht ag Neo-corporatism developing Extensive bargaining component CH with administration Extensive bargaining consultation Further Union involvement in pension scheme etc. D developing Betriebsrtedecentral component bargaining level Extensive consultation arrangements; Tarifver-traggesetz, 1949 Neo-corporatism Management with strong with some bargaining Regional administrative powers Main DA and LO set national pay framework Union and employer organizations in extensive consultative and administrative arragements Strong development of neo-corporatism DK Collective bargaining Extensive bargaining llegal; fascist unions of workers and employers have formal consultation role at Minor development of collective bargaining and shop-floor representation Authoritarian corporatism E all levels Some bargaining Minor consultation of non-communist unions constestative bargaining bargaining but growing shop-floor militancy Grwing shop-floor actionwithin F Statutory bipartite works council system of bargaining in public sector Some limited Some growth

Some bargaining Minor consultation of non-communist unions constestative bargaining Growing bargainig in public sector militancy Grwing shop-floor actionwithin I Statutory bipartite works council system but growing shop-floor Some bargaining Some co-ordination of annual pay roends; unions involved- in mediation Labour Court, Extensive bargaining Extensive union and employer organization consultation; schemes Strong collective bargaining IRL 1946 NAF and LO set national employer organizations in extensive consultative and administrative arragements; relaxation of tight, inmed Union and payStrong development of neo-corporatism framework N Some bargaining Extensive bargaining Government establishes nationalin government consultation engages in extensive consultation; strong statutory component to poli Union involvement pay bargaining system Statutory bipartitesupportcouncil system Neo-corporatism developing and strong state works NL with Union involvement in mediation and pension llegal; fascist unions of workers and employers have formal consultation role at Autonomous unions illegal; fascist unions of workers and employers have Authoritarian corporatism P all levels SAF and LO set national employer organizations in extensive consultative and administrative arragements Union and payStrong development of neo-corporatism framework S Some bargaining Extensive bargaining Union involvement in mediation schemes SF actionwithin constestative bargaining ofGrowing development; centralized bargaining Extensive union and employer organizationIntensive autonomous shop-floor action Grwing shop-floor consultation; state control income bargaining; Unions in wideStrong collective bargaining Further growth - bargaining Very extensive bargaining; union involvement range of consultation schemes UK of

Level

Level

1975

Level

Level

Level

Nation State Main pattern of industrial relations Country Plant Branch Nation Involvement of unions and employers organization in neo-corporarism Betriebsrte consultation arrangements from state to branch level, formaliz Extensive bargaining, administration and with some administrative powers A Programmation sociale agreements involve social partners in tripartite consultation and administration Neo-corporatism B Growth of bargaining autonomy Commissions paritares continue Unions and employer organizations in extensive consultative and administrative arragements Neo-corporatism CH Stable Stable Stable Union involvement in pension scheme unions and employer organizations in administration; obligation on government to do this, 19 Growing involvement of etc. D Neo-corporatism Management Betriebsrte, 1972, and worker director, 1976, system extended Extensive and konzertierte Aktion system since 1967; use o stable DA and LO set national pay framework neo-corporarism Extensive bargaining; new lwgal co-determination rights criteria and agree Unions and employer organizations in extensive consultative and administrative arragements; government seeks pay Extensive DK Extensive autonomy of bargaining Increasing use of technical f collective bargaining and shop-floor representation within fascist system From authoritarian corporatism to contestation from workers E Growing demands Rudimentary bargaining Some bargaining Governmant assists non-CGT unions increasing fragmetation of union movementof statutorybargaining at thid level s Contestation and collective bargaining F Minor growth in bargaining; extension Growth of baragining Legal racognition of rights to recognition of

Some bargaining Minor consultation of non-communist unions Government-led attemps at neo-corporatism and autonomyand contestationachieve limited of worker an I Massive growth on bargaining of bargaining; major extension consensus Extensive bargainingattempts to base Some Attempts at stability through nationalsocial rounds in economic development talks autonomyofattempts to secure centralized nation Government involves pays partners at neo-corporatism on bargaining and contestation base Government-led attemps IRL Further major growth and Bipartite bargaining Extensive bargaining NAF and LO set national payExtensive neo-corporarism New legal co-determination reghtsof baragining seta technical rules for ex Unions and employer organizations in extensive consultative and administrative Committee framework N Growing autonomy Aukrust arragements Government continues to operatein govrnment consultation Union involvement statutorily supported tripartite pay bargaining system, also extensivelines, 1976 through SER an Neo-corporatism NL Works council Growingextended on German incomes policy system, but tri system autonomy of baragining Collapse of old consultation llegal; fascist unions of workers and employers have formal consultation role at Growing demands from workers From authoritarian corporatism to contestation P all levels Rudimentary bargaining SAF and LO set national payExtensive neo-corporarism Growing baragining; new legal co-determination rights Unions and employer organizations in extensive consultative and administrativebaragining framework S Growing autonomy of arragements technical rules for expo EFO Committee seta Fragile SAK-STK attempts at agreements SFattemps at neo-corporatism on bargaining and contestation base State regulation of wages ends Government-led Further major growth and autonomyof bargaining Extensive bargaining Government seeking tripartite agreement on wage major growth and autonomyof bargaining Government-led attemps at neo-corporatism on bargaining and contestation base UK Further restrain Declining -

Level

1990

Level

Level

Level

Level

State Main pattern of industrial relations Country Plant Branch Nation State Further elaboration of work of PK Extensive neo-corporatism Stable A Stable Essentially stable but some dislocation as a result of privatiz Increased state regulation of B Declining neo-corporatism Growth of bargainingdecline,Resumption ofStrict state control of bargaining for most of 1 tripartite agreements; growing involvement butsocial partners paritaires continue Some autonomy commissions in economic policy of bargaining after statutory pause, 1987 Stable Neo-corporatism with strong Stable component CH branch Stable S konzertierte Aktion system since 1967; useD with strong Further component Betriebsrat role, throuth legislation and involvement of social partne Neo-corporatism informal government guidelines to steerFormal with some controlled decentralization to relations stab of branch increases in Extensive and stable concerted action declines, but de facto company lev bipartite negotiations; growing employer practice; increasin Stable Growing state Declining neo-corporatismpolicy; participation of social partners grows further with bipartite attempt at organized sta intervention and incomes Extensive DK Growing autonomy of bargaining but stateat this level and incomes policy Fragmentationgrowing of bargainig intervention Collapse of dictatorship;attemptspolicy yet in place but unions very weak State-led no new at neo-corporatism; bargaining/contestation but series of national accords under government enc E Growing, Some bargaining Weak, Government tries to encourage tripartite acco Sporadic and limited tripartite talks neo-corporatism; bargaining/contestation growth in general agreements between participation b State-led attempts at F Major rise, through both legal requirement and managerial practice, but mainly with nonGrowth of bargaining Some Government encourages some employer and

Attempts to promote consensusneo-corporatism in limitedIn norther bargaining regions considerable tripartite administration of labo Incipient regonal I Continuing autonomous and Unstable; ranging from co-operationpromote consensus areas; elsewhere bargaining/contestation central Sporadic attempts to to conflict Bipartite attempts to secure centralized nationalat neo-corporatism; bargaining/contestation State-led attempts pay deals IRL Continuing shift to this level Collapse of attempts to secure centralized of tripartite co-op Declining Intermittent encouragement deals, 1981; revi Limited state interventionneo-corporatism Growing autonomous collective bargaining Recurrent statecentral bargaining system Extensive and incomes policy; participation of social partners of bargaining viability of intervention in incomes policy N Growing autonomy grows further Recurrent crisis of Collapse of old incomes policy system,neo-corporatism Increasing shift to this level, but unions weak importance Declining but NL tripartite co-operation maintained, and growing involvement and state partners in ofin income determinat Growing autonomy of bargaining social intervention works council system Some decline Some not making use economic policy in of Revolutionary State-led attempts at neo-corporatism; bargaining/contestation tripartite pact, government interest in encouraging p government seeks to define union role P Weak Slight growth Limited Limited 1987 Limited state interventionneo-corporatism Growing autonomous collective bargaining Recurrent statecentral bargaining system Extensive and incomes policy; participation of social partners of bargaining viability of intervention in incomes policy S Growing autonomy grows further Recurrent crisis of Statutory incomes policy,neo-corporatismof Growing autonomous collective bargaining Extensive ecouragement bipartite national agreements, and autonomous bargaining of social partners in econom SF Extensive and Tripartite institutions creata 'Scandinavian' system often major new development Government encourages national bipartite agreements, but to this level Collapse in private sector; government seeksstrategies in pub Disaggregating collective bargaining; contestation recourse to statutory intervention; growingnearly all collapse of pa UK Continuing shift also of institutions of most arrangements Collapse Government rejects involvement of social trip

ially stable but some dislocation as a result of privatization of state industries Strict state control of bargaining for most of 1980s; other tripartite institutions continue

growing state intervention and incomes policy; other participative institutions continue, but decline in union involvement Government tries to encourage tripartite accords and to construct elementary participative network Government encourages some participation by representative institutions tripartite accords and to construct elementary participative network

Sporadic attempts to promote consensus Intermittent encouragement of tripartite co-operation Recurrent state intervention in incomes policy; other participative institutions intact Some state intervention in income determination; participative institutions continue, but trend towards technocratic rather then representative advis Limited government interest in encouraging pacts and participation Recurrent state intervention in incomes policy; other participative institutions intact te institutions creata 'Scandinavian' system Government rejects nearly all strategies of tripartite co-operation, reduces contact with unions to a minimun and abandons all incomes policy outs

cline in union involvement

nd to construct elementary participative network

towards technocratic rather then representative advisory networks

s to a minimun and abandons all incomes policy outside public sector