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SEMINARIO SOLUCIONES BASICAS PARA CAMINOS DE BAJO TRANSITO LIMA, PER, 16 17 DE ABRIL, 2007
Seguridad Vial
Confortabilidad
Cultivos
150 m antes
10 m antes
Conservacin Tradicional
Recin Terminado
Otros Pases
INTRODUCTION
Out of the 3.8 million miles of road in the continental US, it is estimated that over 47 percent are aggregate and earth surfaced roads (Colorado Transportation Information Center. #5, 1989). Depending on which part of the country one is located the percentage of the road networks that is unpaved could vary between 30 and 70 percent. For example, here in Colorado approximately 65 percent of public roads are unpaved. Most of the unpaved roads are classified as low-volume roads and are located in the rural and forest areas of the country. While unpaved roads carry a small portion of the country's traffic, they provide a vital first link in the county's economy.
Caso Norteamrica
EEUU:
6.6 millones de Km 47 % Ripio y Tierra (en Estados:entre 30 y 70%) Problemas Polvo (seguridad vial) y mayores costos de mantenimiento) Trnsitos bajos pero impacto en economas local (condados) Diferentes soluciones (asfaltos, cloruros, polmeros, arcillas (bentonita,....)
JulySeptember 2001
Types of Stabilizers Chlorides . Resins Natural Clays . Asphalts Soybean Oil Other Commercial Binders Benefits of Stabilization Reduced Dusting Reduced "Whip Off" of Aggregate Reduced Blade Maintenance . Application Tips Need for Good Surface Gravel . Road Preparation Applying the Product. Optimum Moisture Test Sections All gravel roads will give off dust under traffic. After all, they are unpaved roads that typically serve a low volume of traffic, and dust is usually an inherent problem. The amount of dust that a gravel road produces varies greatly. In areas of the country that receive a high amount of moisture, the problem is greatly reduced. Arid or semi-arid regions such as the desert southwest and much of the great plains region in the USA are prone to long periods of dry weather. Similar regions around the globe can have similar weather patterns. Dust can really bring complaints in these areas if there are residences located near the road and traffic is high. The quality and type of gravel also has some effect on the amount of dust. Some limestone gravels can dust severely while some glacial deposits of gravel with a portion of highly plastic clay can take on a strong binding characteristic that will resist dusting remarkably well. Still, in prolonged dry weather, there will be dust! Whether to provide some type of dust control or not can be a hard decision to make. Virtually all methods of dust control require annual treatment. The cost can be prohibitive if traffic volume is low. On the other hand, if traffic is high, the cost of dust control can more than pay for itself with the benefits of reduced material loss and reduced need for blade maintenance. (28) At this point, many agencies will face pressure to pave the road. It may actually be a good economic decision in the long run, especially if there is good indication that traffic will continue to increase in the future. However, never pave a road before it is ready! There is good information on making this decision in Appendix D.
Contents stos
son los productos posibles ms comnmente usados a travs del pas. Tres categoras: Cloruro del calcio en forma de la escama o lquido, cloruro del magnesio generalmente en forma lquida, y el cloruro de sodio (roadsalt). El cloruro de sodio raramente se utiliza y es el menos eficaz. El cloruro de calcio y de magnesio pueden ser muy eficaces si se utilizan correctamente. Son productos higroscpicos que, en trminos simples, significa que captan la humedad del aire y la mantienen en la superficie del camino. Son razonablemente simples de utilizar. Types of Stabilizers
Chlorides
These are the most commonly used products across the country. They fall into three categories: Calcium Chloride in flake or liquid form, Magnesium Chloride generally in liquid form, and Sodium Chloride (road salt). Sodium is seldom used and is the least effective. Calcium and Magnesium Chloride can be very effective if used properly. They are hygroscopic products which, in simplest terms, means they draw moisture from the air and keep the road surface constantly damp. They are reasonably simple to use.
This is another economic bonus to dust control when it is working well. As mentioned earlier, when dust control products are working well, the fine material in the gravel cannot loosen and dust away. This also means that the stone portion of the gravel will tend to remain embedded in the surface and will not be lost to the edge of the road or even whipped off onto the inslope from heavy traffic. Studies have shown that as much as one ton of aggregate per mile is lost each year for each vehicle that passes over a road daily. This means that a road carrying 200 vehicles per day will experience the loss of 200 tons of aggregate per mile each year. (7) Obviously this will vary with the amount of rainfall received, the quality of the gravel and other factors. Retaining aggregate is a good added benefit to dust control.
PRDIDA DE AGREGADOS Por cada vehculo que pasa, se pierde 0.6 tonelada de agregado cada ao por Km. TMDA 200 118 tons./ao/Km
A road surface that remains tightly bound and stable will require much less blade maintenance. The manufacturers of some dust control products highly recommend that the surface should not be bladed at all after their products are applied. While extra blading, shaping and mixing is needed to prepare a road for dust control, the overall need for blade maintenance should be greatly reduced. This can be a great savings in equipment expense and labor. A county highway official once commented: "I dont react to dust complaints. All gravel roads have dust. But I do react to high maintenance costs. When we have to regravel a road frequently and do blade maintenance frequently, then its time to look at stabilizing the surface with Magnesium Chloride. Reduced maintenance is what were after. Dust control is just a bonus!"
Application Tips
The carbide-tipped bits on a cutting edge can be a valuable tool in preparing a road for Chloride treatment. They penetrate the road and give a shallow scarifying effect to loosen and mix the existing gravel. This leaves a nice uniform loose layer of material on the surface.
This road has been prepared well for a liquid Magnesium Chloride treatment. Notice the uniform, loose and nicely crowned surface looking over the hilltop. There is also good shoulder drainage as well. This is an excellent example of road preparation.
Camin con barra regadora presurizada con sistema de aplicacin computarizado que mide el cloruro lquido con extrema precisin
Antiguo esparcidor de fertilizantes. Calibrado con precisin. Corrosin: una vez ligado y compactado con la grava el efecto es muy bajo
Canad
1.3
Total consumption of chloride-based dust suppressants in Canada is estimated at approximately 103 kt in 2000 (on a 100% basis). The majority of this consumption is calcium chloride, which is used across Canada. Smaller amounts of magnesium chloride are used as a dust suppressant, primarily in western Canada (i.e. 3 U.S. manufacturers of magnesium chloride are located in the western U.S.). Historically, liquid solutions of calcium chloride have generally been used as a dust suppressant. These liquid solutions typically contain 38% calcium chloride. Recently, the flaked form of calcium chloride has seen increased usage for dust control. The flaked form generally contains 78% calcium chloride (the rest moisture). Magnesium chloride is applied as a liquid, which contains approximately 28% magnesium chloride (the rest mostly water). Research conducted for this study did not identify the use of potassium chloride or sodium chloride as dust suppressants in Canada
Table 1 Overview of Chloride-based Dust Suppressant Consumption in Canada, Year 2000 (kilotonnes - 100% basis) Dust Suppressant Annual Consumption 98 5 0 0 103
SUIZA
Le Chlorure de magnsium est un produit de premire qualit pour lutter contre la poussire. Notre trs longue exprience de son utilisation sur des terrains non-asphalts (chemins, places de sports, places de parc et manges) vous garantit un rsultat impeccable pour lutter contre la poussire. En priode trs sches, il est possible damliorer leffet antipoussire du Chlorure de magnsium en arrosant la surface avec de l
MEXICO
Empleo de Cloruro de Calcio En estado de Coahuila se ha comprobado su buen funcionamiento Existe un Manual de Estabilizacin de Caminos Revestidos con Cloruro de Calcio
(Secretara de Comunicaciones y Transporte)
Objetivo Tcnico
Conservar los caminos mediante la adicin de algn componente que le brinde caractersticas de durabilidad y estabilidad a la carpeta de rodadura Esto se puede medir en trminos de:
Polvo liberado al paso de vehculos Regularidad superficial
Solucin Bsica
Reperfilados
Tiempo
Gama de Soluciones
Supresores de polvo
Cloruros Aditivos comerciales
Estabilizadores
Mejoran las caractersticas estructurales del suelo
......grficamente....
Carpeta Granular + Cloruro Expuesta al trnsito
Base o Subbase mejorada con estabilizador qumico mas proteccin asfltica superficial
Cloruros
Son higroscpicos: afines con el agua Captan agua del medio ambiente y mantienen la carpeta hmeda Cloruros:
de Sodio (NaCl) Sal comn de Magnesio hexahidratado (MgCl2.6H2O) Bischofita de Calcio (CaCl2)
Sin Sal
Aditivos comerciales
Son aditivos fabricados especialmente para caminos Se clasifican en:
Qumicos Polimricos Enzimticos
Se los ha aplicado en sectores de prueba Su comportamiento ha sido errtico, sin mostrar an evidencia de buenos resultados
3 y 4 meses
14
inicial
12 10 8 6 4 2 0
a los 6 meses
8 6 4 2 0
transcurrido 1 mes
transcurridos 5 meses
Conclusin
El tema de ADITIVOS se contina estudiando Algunos productos funcionan bien con algunos tipos de suelos Se debe hacer investigacin de Qumica del suelo Lo ms conveniente sera contratar por nivel de servicio por ej., controlar polvo y regularidad superficial
Estabilizadores
Aditivos Qumicos que mejoran las caractersticas estructurales del suelo Su mayor beneficio: cuando no se cuenta con materiales de buena calidad en una distancia razonable (econmica) Se recomienda hacer balance: Costo de estabilizacin qumica versus transporte de material granular al camino Muy recomendable terminar con una capa de proteccin
Cloruro de Sodio
Cloruro de Sodio
Es higroscpico absorbe agua desde el aire y la mantiene en la carpeta Lo hace desde una H.R. de 79 % y reduce la evaporacin del agua en 1,3 veces Moderadamente corrosiva al acero en solucin diluida
Aplicacin
La sal se puede aplicar a granel o disuelta Ideal DISUELTA (se podra emplear de la
cantidad a colocar a granel)
Problemas:
Solubilidad en laboratorio: 320 g/l Solubilidad en terreno: + - 200 g/l (agitacin + tiempo) Cantidad a agregar a veces es > agua para Humedad ptima
Bischofita
(Cloruro de Magnesio Hexahidratado)
Cloruro de Magnesio
Es higroscpica absorbe agua desde el aire y la mantiene en la carpeta Lo hace desde una H.R. de 32 % Es posible disolver 150 Kg de bischofita (cloruro de magnesio hexahidratado) en 100 Kg de agua
Aplicacin
La Bischofita se aplica como salmuera Se disuelve muy fcil en agua Se aplica en el agua de amasado (Hptima) Se carga (con cargador) en estanque con agua Se carga salmuera en camin regador Resto de operaciones igual que una base
Tambin se puede aplicar empleando una recuperadora de caminos (recicladora) que va incorporando inmediatamente la salmuera
Salmuera (MgCl2)
Salmuera (MgCl2)
Disolucin
Agua
Vehculos a unos 90 Km / hr
Controles
Adems de los convencionales para la carpeta:
Medicin de los Cloruros
Conductividad Titulacin Qumica
Cuantificacin del Polvo Generado por los Vehculos en Caminos No Pavimentados, con Supresores de Polvo y Estabilizados
Felipe Halles A.
Toma de Aire
h/2 h/2
Distancia Mnima
27 Septiembre de 2004
Medicin de conductividad
cuantificacin de cloruros
D 40 110 80 80 80
[ohm*cm] Kg/m3
10,000
Riego Superficial
ESTABILIZACION
Conservacin
Si bien es cierto se debe hacer con menor frecuencia, NO DEJAR DE HACERLA! En algunos casos los baches se hacen ms duros que cuando no se aplica aditivos Umbral de intervencin: segn Polvo y/o rugosidad Consiste en Reperfilados, Reperfilados con adicin del compuesto original en menor cantidad, ya sea en riego de salmueras o a granel Usualmente despus de ltimas lluvias (carpeta hmeda)
Para evitar acumulacin de agua se debe tener cuidado en la construccin de dejar un buen Bombeo (pendiente transversal) y ojala compactacin con rodillo neumtico
CONSERVACION PERIDICA
Osvaldo Aguayo Osvaldo Aguayo Ingeniero Civil Ingeniero Civil Santiago, Chile Santiago, Chile tel: (56-2) 449 -5646 tel: (56-2) 449 -5646 osvaldo.aguayo@gmail.com osvaldo.aguayo@gmail.com