A

Greek and

Roman Treoasuy

BY DIETRICH

VON BOTHMER

and of Chairman, Department Greek RomanArt

THE METROPOLITAN

MUSEUM

OF ART

The Metropolitan Museum of Art is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve, and extend access to The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin www.jstor.org

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Greek

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Treasury
varyingforms continued for centuriesuntil a little over a hundredyearsago. While the monetaryvalue of gold and silver and their parityhas changedfrequently, their prices theirsometimeswildfluctuations) stilldetermining are (and economicfactors. In thisBulletin overa hundred vasesandutensils-mostly madeof silver-are illustrated described. and Theyspantwo anda halfmillenniaandrepresent holdingsof the Greek the andRomanDepartment, now exhibitedfor the firsttime in a galleryadjacent the GreatHall. In termsof collecting, to the choice of objects published here also illustratesthe growth of the Department,in little more than a hundred years,from the acquisitionby subscriptionof the Cesnola collection of Cypriot antiquitiesin 1874 to the last purchasesof two yearsago. Geographically new exhibition the coversmost of the areas periodsin the careof the Greek and and RomanDepartment,from Cyprusin the southeastern Mediterranean the Cycladesand other Greekislands,to to Ionia and beyondthe Greekmainland,and, in the West,to Someof the objectshaverecorded ItalyandMagnaGraecia. find spots, but manymore can only be ascribedto an area and dated to a stylisticperiod. Not all periods are equally well represented the Museum,andthereis relatively in little No modernmuseumcan pretendto give a fair cross gold. section of whatwas once visiblein the greatGreeksanctuariesof DelphiandOlympiaor evenin the templetreasuries of the Acropolis at Athens. The very value of the metal broughtwith it the seeds of its own destruction,or better put, its conversion.In times of need gold andsilverobjects weremelteddown to payfor the necessitiesof life or armaments, and a lost warinevitablyled to plunder-either the legitimatebooty of the victor,who in Romantimes proudly it paraded in a triumphal processionbeforeturningit over to the state, or the privateloot of soldierson a rampage. Looting could at times be avoided by burying treasures beforean invasion,but the rightfulownercouldnot always be sure of his own survival and thus of recovering his propertyonce hostilities had ceased. Indirectly,however, buriedobjectsstood a betterchanceof preservation, if for discovered chancetwo thousandyearslaterthey were (at by least in most cases) not melted down but entered public collections.Many of the hoardsof Romansilverfound in and within the last Britain,France,Germany, Switzerland two centuries werethusspared fateof the treasure the found at Trierin 1628, which was promptlymelted down, or the Wettingenfindof 1633, whichwas parceledout amongthe Swisscantonsandhasdisappeared. Most of our ancientplate is tableware-cups, pitchers, much bowls, ladles,and the like-and thereforeresembles andsilver. Also includedin ourcollection post-classical gold 5

Of the five metals deemed precious today-gold, silver, irridium,andplatinum-only the firsttwo, gold palladium, and silver,have been esteemedsince remote antiquityand We in enteredmost languages a varietyof expressions. speak the Saints(Legenof the GoldenAge, the GoldenLegendof daAurea),the golden mean, and the golden rule;there are golden hours, golden weddings, and, of course, the gold standard. Silver,less rarethangold, is consideredsecondto to it: the SilverAge, according Hesiod, wasthe second,less of the world. Silverin Latindenotesthe second perfectage and stands floweringof Latinliterature, a silveranniversary for twenty-five years, as opposed to fifty for a gold. Together,gold and silversymbolizewealth,as in the motto of the stateof Montana:Oroyplata. Both metalsareverymalleable takeon a high polish. and in Their ductilitywas not known or appreciated antiquity, but in moderntimes this qualityhasmadethem industrially valuable.Gold is found eitherin a purestateor in a natural alloy,especiallywith silver(electrum);silveroccursmostly in lead ore (galena)and has to be separated from the lead Another differencelies in their apsulphideby smelting. pearance.Gold, even when hardenedby the admixtureof other metals, does not tarnish,while silver in time turns blackandis subjectto corrosion. In antiquitygold was firstfound and used in Africaand Arabia,laterin the land of the Scythians,and especiallyin Asia Minor.In Greekmythologyreportsof regionsrichin gold wereechoedin the storiesof Midas's goldentouchand the golden fleece as well as in tales of the griffins and Arimasps.Though Greece herselfwas not so fortunateas her richerneighbors,gold must havefound its way to the country very early,as is proved by the many findsof gold objectsin Mycenaeand elsewhere.In Etruriagold did not become widespread until the seventhcenturyB.C.and was minedin northernItaly,whilethe wealthof Rome probably in gold derivedincreasingly frommilitaryconquests. Gold and silver represented wealth throughouthistoric times.Coinageoriginated AsiaMinorin the middleof the in seventh century B.C., when the ancientcities on the west coastofAnatoliainventeda systembasedon the distribution of smalllumps of electrum,all of the same (or nearlythe with an identifysame)weight.Theselumpswerefurnished markand used as a mediumof exchange,taking ing punch the placeof the earlier tradeby barter. The primitivepunch marksweregradually replacedby distinctivesymbolsof the cities that issued these electrum"coins." Laterstill, in the of King Croesusof Lydia(560-546 B.C.),Sardis,his reign capitalcity,issuedcoins in gold and in silverratherthan in electrum, with the ratio between the two metals set at 1:13.5. This innovation introduced bimetalism,which in
Trefoiloinochoe (no. 35) Oppositepage:

the island of Euboea, found with a gold cup and a silver phialethat areboth now in the BenakiMuseumin Athens. The decorationon the two silverbowls and the gold cup is purely linear-vertical lines, chevrons, and hatched triof the angles-and resembles ornamentation contemporary pottery.A similar, though somewhatsmallersilverdish was found in a tomb on Amorgos, and it is thought that these metalbowls areCycladic shouldbe datedbetween3000 and and2300 B.C.Two gold cups (nos. 3, 4)-a kantharos a and of about 1500 B.C. Considerably goblet-are Mycenaean later,of the eighth to the sixth centuryB.C., are the three bowlsfromCyprus(nos. 9-11): one, in gold, betrays strong influence;one in silver,with a centraltondo of a Egyptian winged divinity slaying a lion and two narrativezones, a of represents curious amalgam Egyptianand Phoenician
motifs.

B.C. Rome, Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia

Bucchero(blackclay) bowl with headsin relief.Etruscan,sixth century

aremirrors,cosmeticboxes,anda comb,aswellasanincense burnerthat need not havebeen a cult vessel,but was probto ablyused athome. Silverandgold dedicated the gods did from the differ appreciably form and workmanship in not table silveronly the richcould affordto haveat their sumptuous banquets. Earliest among the silver vases from Greece in the Museumaretwo shallowbowls (nos. 1, 2), reportedlyfrom

The earliestsilverphialemesomphalos(no. 12) is purely Greek, of the sixth century B.C., though the shape and in schemeof decorationhadlong been traditional the Near silvervessel, a situla (no. 15), East. Another sixth-century as wasmeantto be carried the swinginghandle,perhaps a by cult object;it is saidto come fromthe Troad. East Greeksilveris introOn pages 24 to 45 our archaic of duced, an assembly over fiftyvasesandutensilsthathave been acquired patientlyover the courseof fifteenyears.The madeby Ioniancraftsdifferentobjectswereevidently many men for rich clients on the eastern peripheryof Greece at a time (beforethe Persian conquestof AsiaMinor) when Greekcultureflourishedon both sides of the Aegean Sea, as was andwhen Greekworkmanship appreciated fareastas Some of the objectsshow Eastern,even Persian, Persepolis.

Phialewith heads (no. 16)

Detail of silver-giltbowl (no. 10) Oppositepage:

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tasteandPersian motifswerefreelyborrowed.Others,howthe large silver oinochoai with sculptural ever, notably adjuncts(nos. 35-38), are purelyGreekin both shapeand headsworkedseparately style. The two phialaiwith Persian andattachedto the walls (nos. 16, 17) shouldbe singledout for specialcomment,for they correspond a type ofphiale to until now known only from a temple inventoryon Delos. Eachof the hollow headscontainsa quantityof tiny bronze pellets that produce a rattling sound when the object is moved. Persianconnectionsarealso evidenton a silver-gilt to phiale (no. 18) that portraysthe greatking marching the left between each lobe and on another(no. 19), somewhat smaller,that shows the Persianking killing a lion. Other but phialaiare ornamentedmore sparingly, while we have some pairsthatwereobviouslymeantassuch,thereis much varietyin both shapeanddecoration. The silveroinochoe (no. 35) with the handlein the shape of a naked youth bending backward, long hair falling his over the rim of the vase, follows a type known in bronze from Cyprusin the East to Spain in the West.The youth

Silverbowl (no. 19)

holds the tails of two recumbent lions on the rim, while his feet rest on a palmette flanked by two rams. A second schemeknownalso oinochoe (no. 36) employsa decorative The frombronzehydriai. upperendof the handleterminates in a lion's head, its mouth opened as if to permanently replenishthe liquidinsidethe vase, on the analogyof water spouts in fountainhousesor along the roofs of Greektemples.The finialatthe lowerend of the handletakesthe shape of the head and forelegsof a panther. Two other wine jugs bodies. The handlesterminate 37, 38) havecarinated (nos. above in animalheads that seem to bite into the lip of the vase. One of the two carinated hasa frontalheadof Bes jugs as its lowerfinial. variedarefour silveralabastra (nos. 45-48). In Similarly each the body is divided into severalzones, which on the
8

Goddess with scepterand phiale. Red-figuredlekythos (oil container). Attic, c. 470 B.C.FletcherFund, 1928 (28.57.11)

pp

This representation a drinkingpartyincludesmanyof the objects in the Treasury. of Drawingby LindsleyE Hall of red-figured kylix (drinkingcup). Attic, c. 490-480 B.C.Rogers Fund, 1920 (20.246)

and with animals a battle finestof them (no. 45) areengraved scenethatrecalls styleof Clazomenian the paintedterracotta decoration also occurs on a sarcophagi.Engravedfigural silverskyphosof typicallyLydianshape (no. 49) and on a smallsilverbowl fromCyprus(no. 13). Among the eight EastGreeksilverladlesin the collection (see nos. 59-64), againno two arealike.One of them (no. the 59) is particularly sumptuous: loop on top is formedby below and two eagle-griffins, the facetedhandleterminates in a winged lion thatseemsto dive into the bowl while two fullyin the round,watch. sphinxes,sculptured Most of the EastGreeksilverobjectswereintendedto be used for banquets,of which we havemanyrepresentations on vases and reliefs.There are two strainers(nos. 66, 67)

throughwhichwinewaspouredinto drinking cups;they are in silverandtheirhandles,like those on some of the ladles, aredecoratedwith animalheads,here a duckand a calf.Of the other utensils used on such occasions, two incense burnersshould be noted. One (no. 69, of bronze)is in the to conical shapeof a cup attached a long rod, its perforated coverhingedto the rod bymeansof a leapinganimal with its head turned back.This incense burnerfollows an ancient Egyptiantradition:it washeld in a horizontalposition by a servantor attendantwho would walk through the rooms with it. The other incenseburner(no. 68), madeof silver, wasno doubtset on a table.Its lid, likethe one in bronze,is tiered and perforated,but insteadof being hinged it was securedto the stand by a small chain. The cover is sur9

Detailof goldphiale(no. 86) mounted by an exquisite statuette of a cock, the style of which resembles that of the cocks engraved on the shoulder of one of the silver alabastra (no. 45). Such a small incense burner occurs, not by coincidence, on the fragment of a black-figured hydria in Athens that was found at Clazomenae on the west coast of Asia Minor. To the realm of cosmetics belongs a rectangular compartmented makeup box of silver (no. 70). One of the dividing walls is notched to hold a special cosmetic spoon, and the box's cover does not open on a hinge but swivels horizontally and is held locked by a movable stud. The heads of the swivel and the locking stud are gilt, as are five additional ornamental studs in the center and on the four corners. When the box is closed properly, anyone unfamiliarwith the locking mechanism would have a difficult time opening it. Also from Eastern Greece, but almost two centuries later, is a group of five vessels from Prusias, in Bithynia (nos. 72-76). The situla, or wine bucket, is of bronze, as befits a vase that is carried back and forth from the kitchen or pantry to the dining room. The other objects-a strainer, a ladle, a kylix, and a phiale-are of silver. Prusias on Hypios, formerly called Kieros, was a Greek settlement in a notoriously hostile country, and the Prusias find is indeed of Greek workmanship, closely related to that on the many metal vases found more recently in Northern Greece and Macedonia. Slightly later and of unknown provenance is a group of five silver objects (nos. 81-85)-a cup (kylix), a bottle, a pyxis, a scraper (strigil), and a jar (that once had a handle and served as a pitcher). The bottle, the pitcher, and the pyxis have ornamental bands enhanced by gilding. A gold libation bowl (no. 86), or phiale, is not only one of the rarest but also one of the most beautiful objects in the exhibition. The chief decoration is three circles of acorns and a fourth of beechnuts, each containing thirty-three elements. In addition, thirty-three bees are depicted in the interstices of the row of acorns nearest the edge of the bowl, and the collar around the omphalos is decorated with fifteen

Libation scene. Red-figured stamnos (wine jar). Attic, c. 480 FletcherFund, 1956 (56.171.50)

B.C.

10

circumscribed palmettes.Acorns as decorationon phialai were traditional,as we learnnot only from inventoriesof but temple treasures, also from a fragmentary gold phiale now in Warsaw that was found on Cyprusin a late sixthof centurytomb andfromRomancopiesof the caryatids the on Erechtheum the Acropolisin Athens.There fifth-century is nothing in the decoration on the gold phiale in the Museumthat allowsus to date it precisely, the Carthabut on the bottom is engraved with characters ginianinscription to the third centuryB.C. Since this that epigraphers assign inscriptionmay havebeen addedlater,it only furnishesus
with a terminus postquem non.

Two other richlydecoratedphialai(nos. 89, 90), said to have been found together,were hammeredover the same die. On each of them the broaderouter band shows the apotheosisof Heraklesin a cortege of four chariots,while the narrowinnerzone aroundthe omphalosshowsthe gods feastingon Olympus.It had long been held that these two or existin phialai,of whichfragmentary replicas adaptations the BritishMuseum,weremadeof silver, not long ago an but examinationpromptedby our Italiancolleaguesrevealed themto be madeof silveredtin. The spiritedhorsesdrawing the chariotspoint to a datein the latefifth centuryB.C. that seemsto be supportedby the allegationthatthe two phialai were found togetherwith an Attic red-figured calyxkrater, now at Oxford,by the Dinos Painter. Somewhatlater than the silvered-tinphialaiis a bronze mirror(no. 88) attachedto a wooden backandframedby a cast silver-giltcircularband decoratedin openwork with birds and floral rinceaux.The mirroris said to have been found in Olbia,in South Russia,as is a silver-giltbowl (no. 87) that, like the mirror,is from the collection of Joseph Chmielowski. This bowl, considerably laterthanthe mirror, illustrates how the classicalGreekmotifs-here Erotesflying against a backgroundof acanthusleaves, scrolls, and debasedat the fan-shaped palmettes-become increasingly of periphery the Hellenisticworld. South Russian, too, is the decorated gold plate of a Scythiansword sheath (no. 91), the companion piece to which was found in Chertomlykbetween 1859 and 1863; the two differ only in the treatmentof the animalsin the triangular section. It haslong beenheldthatmuchof the top

withconical cover(no. 108) Pyxis

"Scythian" gold and silverwas workedby Greekcraftsmen, andthis assumptionhasnow been confirmed the discovby ery of a gold quiverof "Scythian" shapein the famoustomb at Verginain Macedonia. From the far Northeast we now turn to the West, to A in MagnaGraecia. tombdiscovered 1895 atMontefortino (see nos. 110-114),nearAnconain centralItaly,includedin addition to iron spits and sword blades, bronze and ceramic vessels-five silvervases:a two-handled deep bowl, a ladle,a pitcher,andtwo stemlesscups.The silvervasesare of and Tarentine, clearly WestGreek,perhaps workmanship must havebeen looted somewhereelse in southernItalyby

Detail of sword sheath (no. 91)

11

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with a twelvekylix;one ladle;one shallowphialedecorated pointed gilt star aroundthe omphalos;one small pitcher with a theatrical mask,not unlikethose on the buckets,in reliefbelow the handle;one tripod pyxiswith a decohigh ratedlid; one smallportablealtarwith differentreceptacles for various offerings; two horns, perhapsfrom a helmet madeof bronzeandnow destroyed;and,lastly, emblema the of a cup or pyxis lid decoratedin high reliefwith a frontal with Scylla.Severalfeaturesconnect this group stylistically famous Tarentine treasure, once the property of I,the tX iEdmondde Rothschildbut not seen since WorldWarII, \l which,in turn,sharessome of the stylisticconventionswith a findmostlyofterracottavasesfromAlbania, of which one closely resemblesthe two silverbuckets(nos. 105, 106) in the Museum. Parallels the polygonal markingson the for silverbowl (no. 97) canbe foundon clayvases 1hemispherical X

and Corinth Pergamon.

The sackingof Syracuse 211 B.c. and of Tarantotwo in laterled to large-scale looting of the two most importantGreekcitiesin MagnaGraecia, the booty carried but off to Rome atthe sametime openedthe eyesof the Romansto

a pelike(storage Red-figured ApolloandArtemis performing libation. Fund,1906(06.1021.191) Attic,mid-fifth vessel). century Rogers B.c.

the Gallicsoldierin whose tomb they were found. Another group of earlyHellenisticsilverobjects (see nos. 107-109) tomb at Bolsena,in Italy;it also cameto light in anEtruscan containeda finebronzemirrorandfivebronzevessels,three fire iron candelabra, rakesand tongs, andirons,six undecorated vases made of local clay,two Etruscanblack-glazed vases,twelve smallterracottaballs (a set for a game), and a gold ring. The bronzes, iron utensils, and terracottavases are clearlyEtruscan,but the three silverobjects, a pyxis, a and perfumeamphoriskos, a strigil,musthavebeen imports
(probably from Apulia), to which the Etruscan inscription
Skyphos(no. 116)

"suthina"("for the tomb") was added before they were buried. The floralornamentson the insides of the two stemless cupsfromMontefortino (nos. 112,113)arenot too farfrom and the floraldetailson the amphoriskos pyxisfromBolsena which supports an attribution of both (nos. 107, 108), groups to a workshop,or a workshoptradition,of Magna Graecia.The same attribution,possibly more narrowlyto can Taranto, be madefor fifteensilverobjectsof greatsplendor acquired by the Museum in 1981 and 1982 (nos. 92-106): two silverbuckets,eachwith threesupportsin the masks;three deep bowls with separately shapeof theatrical insidein the center;one hemispherical workedleaf-rosettes bowl with two engravedgilt wreathson the outside and
polygonal grooves on the body; one deep-bowled, stemless (no. pitcher 118) Spouted

12

the beautyof Greekart. Fromthen on greatwealthpoured into Rome, not only from MagnaGraeciabut also, in the secondcentury,fromAsiaMinor and Greeceand, afterthe battleof Actium, from Egypt. The best descriptionof the almostunbelievable displayof wealthat a Hellenisticcourt in the third centuryB.C. is the accountby the writerKallixeinosof the greatprocessionorganizedby KingPtolemyII in in Philadelphus Alexandria 271/270 B.c.: the weight of the gold cups alone is given as three hundredtons. One cannot help but wonder what happenedto all those treasures.Muchof the gold andsilvermusthavefoundits wayto Rome. The Museumowns partsof two late RomanRepublican hoards.The more complete, of thirty pieces-a veritable
ministerium,as the Romans called a silver table service-is

divided between the Field Museumof NaturalHistory in Chicago and the Metropolitan (see nos. 115-124). The hoard,said to havebeen found nearTivoli, was bought by EdouardWarneck the late nineteenthcentury.After the in of Warneck's death widow the silverwas offered at auction in Paris 1905, in one lot; it wasboughtby a dealerwho the in nextyearsold partof it (a mug, a platter,six dishes,a shell, andelevenspoons) to a Chicagocollector.Manyyearslater the remainder (two cups, a spoutedpitcher,a ladle, and six went to New York. The majorpiecesof this set, the spoons)

with cups, the mug, the ladle, and the dishes,are engraved the nameof the owner,a certainSattia,daughter wife) of (or Lucius;the platterbearsthe nameof Roscia.The dish in the shapeof a halfshellis also inscribed,but the namesareonly vasesarealso marked with partially legible.These inscribed the weights,a practice uncommonin antiquity. two not The cups (nos. 116, 117) invite comparisonwith the similar, though plainer,cup (no. 98) from the earlythird-century hoard, and the ladle is still in the traditionof the fourthcenturyladle from Prusias(no. 72). The spouted pitcher (no. 118), however,is a new shape and relativelyrare.Its troughlike spout corresponds somewhat to the Roman M. Varro's of encyclopedist Terentius description a trulla(or truella),a diminutiveoftrua, the Latinword for gutter,and this shapehasthereforeat times been calleda trulla. The second Romanhoard,considerably smallerthan the Tivolione, is saidto havebeenfoundnearLakeTrasimene in central it too hasbeendispersed,the Museum Italy.Though is fortunate haveacquired pieces:a pairofstrigilson a to two ring (no. 125) and a combinationcomb and pin (no. 126) with engraved decorationdepictinga lion hunt. Roman silver of the Imperialperiod is less well representedin the Museum,for thereis nothingin New York that can be compared the HildesheimTreasure Berlin,the to in Boscoreale Silverin the Louvre,the Berthouville in Treasure 13

the Cabinetdes Medailles,or the silverfrom the House of Menander in Pompeii. The cast handles (nos. 130, 131) of two very large dishes, however,of the second andthird centuriesA.D., are eloquent illustrationsof excellentlater of Romansilverwork.The earlier the two handlesshows, in The second a lion hunt in a mountainouslandscape. relief, and the techniqueis differentin handle is somewhatlater and that the higher parts of the reliefwere cast separately insertedor splicedinto cut-out depressions.Here the subject is the Indiantriumphof Bacchusin a chariotdrawnby two lionesses.

The storyof GreekandRomansilverdoes not, of course, end with the last pieces in this Bulletinor with the exhibition. Visitorsto the newlyopened gallerymaywell wish to gallery explorethe lateantiquegold andsilverin the parallel that south of the greatstaircase is devotedto earlyChristian art andcontainsthe fabulousCyprusplate,or the Egyptian galleriesto the north thatexhibitmuchgold andsilverfrom PtolemaicEgypt. On the second floor toward the south, gold and silverplatefrom the ancientNear Eastwill round out the splendidstory of ancienttoreutic art, of which the is GreekandRomanTreasury one of the finestchapters.
DIETRICH VON BOTHMER

Chairman of Department and Greek RomanArt

14

Greek

and

Roman

Treasury

The installationof the GreekandRomanTreasury is madepossiblethroughthe generosityof Gayfryd and SaulSteinbergandRelianceGroupHoldings,Inc.

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1,2. Pairof silverbowls. Saidto havebeenfoundtogetheron ca. Left:height4.8 cm;diamEuboea.Cycladic, 3000-2300 B.C. eterca. 19.6cm;weight439.2 grams.Bequest Walter Baker, of C. 1971(1972.118.152). ca. Right:height5.8 cm;diameter 24.6 cm; weight709.5 grams.Purchase, JosephPulitzerBequest,1946 (46.11.1) Thesetwo shallowsilverbowlsmaybe termedforerunners the of libationbowlscalledphialaiin Greek.Metalvasesof the Cycladic that periodareveryrare,andit is not surprising gold andsilver, whicharesuchmalleable metals,predominate. on of The decoration the shoulder the somewhat smaller dish one differsfromthaton the larger by havingthreefieldsof vertical betweenthreewider lines(eleven,nine,andelevenrespectively) fieldsof chevrons. The rimof the larger bowl flares andthe neckis vertical. out The is Fouroblong fieldsof vertical decoration limitedto the shoulder. strokes(nineteenin eachfield,exceptfor one thathasonly eighwith fourothers,somewhat wider,thatarecomteen) alternate each.The triangles hatched. are posedof fivetriangles
GreekArt oftheAegeanIslands,1979, pp. 63-64 (with previous Bibliography: references).

3. Gold kantharos (drinking cup).Saidto be fromThebes.Greek,ca. 1500-1375 B.C. Height to top of handles8.6 cm; heightto rim7.2 cm; width 17.07cm;weight 71 grams.RogersFund, 1907 (07.286.126) The body of the cupwasraisedfroma disk of sheetgold; the two handles with rolled and edgeswereworkedseparately attached with gold rivets.The handlesaredecorated with leafpatterns. Therearethreeconcen-

In .lllrait1 L j uVuUlda Ul fLth LLI rlir n 1U . ,nerl n nai ilr xillllll LI in xidy

triccirclesin slightreliefon the bottom.In resembles found in one shapethiskantharos ShaftGrave of Mycenae, so-called the IV The Minyankantharos. shapeoccursas earlyas the MiddleHelladicperiodandremrn1e!l frar lllLdl1 lUL

over a thousand years.

E. CupsandAegean Bibliography: Davis,The Vapheio Goldand SilverWare,1977, pp. 324-25, no. 147, figs. 263-264.

4. Goldcup. Saidto havebeenfound at Greek,ca. 1500 B.C. Mycenae. Height 5.5 ca. cm;diameter 7.95 cm;weight27 grams. 1961(61.71).Ex Gift of Walter Baker, C. coll. AlfredAndre No exactparallel knownfor this gold cup, is whichmusthavehada loop handlesimilar to thoseon the morecommondrinking cupsof gold andsilverfoundin the shaft of graves Mycenae.
E. CupsandAegean Bibliography: Davis, The Vapheio Goldand SilverWare,1977, pp. 326-27, no. 149, fig. 266.

17

5-8. Four silver vases from Cyprus. Purchasedby subscription, 1874-1876. Ex coil. L. P.di Cesnola 5. Oinochoe(winejug).Cypriot,seventhcenturyB.C. Height 15.9 9.6 cm;diameter cm;weight271 grams.(74.51.4592) The lip is trefoil,andthe handleis formedby two reeds.The neckis welt. set off fromthe body by a pronounced
The 4,2 Expedition, (1948), p. 160, fig. 33, no. 14; Cyprus Bibliography: Swedish B. Shefton, Die "rhodischen"Bronzekannen, p. 58, note 120 (with previous 1979, references).

of 6. Goblet.Cypriot,sixthcenturyB.C. Height 8.1 cm;diameter

mouth 10.4 cm; weight 123 grams. (74.51.4566)

The wine cuphasa roundedbottomanda flaringrimandresembles NearEastern goblets.

J. Colection,1914, p. 466, f Bibliography: L. Myres,Handbook theCesnola no. 4566.

,r 'e

7. Oinochoe. Cypriot, seventh century B.C.Height 17.8 cm; diameter 12.63 cm; weight 347 grams. (74.51.4586) The form of Cypriot silver jugs, with a globular body, a flaring mouth, and a drip ring on the neck, closely resembles that of the pottery vases of Cypriot make. The edges of the cast handle are decorated with a herringbone pattern.
The Cyprus 4,2 Expedition, (1948), p. 160, fig. 33, no. 13. Bibliography: Swedish

9-11. Three bowls from Cyprus. Purchasedby subscription, 1874-1876.

Ex coll. L. P. di Cesnola 9. Gold bowl, decorated in repousse. Cypriot, eighth century B.C. Height 4.9 cm; diameter of rim 14.2 cm; weight 122.27 grams. (74.51.4551) The decoration is organized in concentric bands: around a small central boss, thirty-six tongues; halfway up the bowl, a papyrus thicket with seven swimming ducks; below the rim, another papyrus thicket with bulls pursuing fallow deer across the marshes; all have their legs in the water.
E. 4 (1946), pp. 3,13 f., pl. 12. Bibliography: Gjerstad,in OpusculaArchaeologica,

8. Skyphos (wine cup). Cypriot, sixth to fifth century B.C. Height 8.2 cm; diameter 13.26 cm; width 13.37 cm; weight 681 grams. (74.51.4581) The skyphos has an offset lip and was probably cast ratherthan raised.
The 4,2 Cyprus Expedition, (1948), p. 160, fig. 33, no. 12. Bibliography: Swedish

19

10. Silver-gilt bowl. Cypriot,seventhcenB.C. 16.9 cm; tury Height 3.3 cm;diameter weight 155 grams.(74.51.4554) The bowl belongsto a classcalledCyproPhoenician withinit to the second and phase.In a medallionin the centera fourwingeddeityin Assyrian garbkillsa rampantlion with his sword.Behindhim hover two Egyptianfalcons.The tondo is surroundedby a narrative zone in EgyptianizA ing style bordered cablepatterns. by aimsat a lion thathasfelled kneelingarcher a hunterandis attacked anotherhunter by poisinga spear.Next comesa grazinghorse separated a treefromanotherlion that by hasthrownan Egyptianto the ground. Afteranothertreecomesa seatedsphinx and, againframedby trees,two confronted bulls;two bullswalkingto the rightanda cow andcalfconcludethe scene.This narrow zone formsthe predella, it were,of as the chiefzone, whichis largerin scale.This outerzone is dividedrather by irregularly flanked conventionalized "sacred trees," once by an Egyptiangoddess,then by two sphinxes,two goats,two griffins,andwith the groupof an Egyptian interspersed killslayinga lion in a forest-an Assyrian clubbingthreecaping a griffin,a pharaoh of tives in the presence a falcon-headed god, anda young Egyptianspearinga winged monster. The outerborderis formedby The Egyptianhierouprightpalmettes. glyphson the panelsdo not makesense. This curiousmixtureof Egyptianand of motifs is not atypical Mesopotamian period,andwe Cypriotartof the archaic mayneverbe ableto put in focus the artistic of for responsible this amalgam personality formsandmotifs. Whatis veryclear,howofT. ever,thanksto the perspicacity B. Mitford, is the identityof the firstownerof the bowl:Akestor, kingof Paphos,had below the rimin the his nameinscribed At Cypriotsyllabary. a latertime the bowl after498 B.C. changedhands,probably when Paphoswasplundered the Persians by andtheirCypriotallies,andthe new owner added,againnearthe rim,but fartherto the left: "I belongto Timukretes."
T. Bibliography: B. Mitford, in Universityof London, Institute of ClassicalStudies,Bulletin10 (1963), pp. 27-30, pls. 4-7 (with previous bibliography).

11. Silverbowl. Foundon Cyprus (Kourion).Cypriot,earlysixthcenturyB.C. Height 4.6 cm; diameter15.5 cm; weight 82 grams.(74.51.4552) Unlikethe two previousCypriotbowls, this one is not in repousseor in relief,but merelyincised.An inscriptionin West identifies syllabary Cypriot(or Paphian) both the owner (Epiorwos)andthe name of the shape(phiale).The decorationconrosettefolsistsof a central sixteen-petalled lowed by two bandsof whichthe lower thicketandthe upper a represents papyrus 20

\, ,%A\.
0.1.

rLr I

a curiousgroupingof pairedheraldic wingedcobras,falconsphinxes, griffins, headeddivinities,andfalcons.In addition thereareisolatedbirdsanda divinitywith fourwings.The letteringis partof the in designandappears an areadeliberately nextto a big left emptyfor the inscription waterbird.The groupsareseparated palby mettes,lotuses,a palmtree,andtwo deciduous treesaswell as by a highlystylized "sacred tree." is The styleof the engraving whathas but beentermedCypro-Egyptian, the coexdetailsmakesit istenceof the manydifferent was clearthatthe engraver not an Egyptian but a localartist.
O. Bibliography: Masson, in BulletindeCorrespondance Hellnique, 104 (1950), pp. 225-31 (with previous bibliographyon the inscription);E. Gjerstad, 4 (1946), pp. 3,13 ff, pl. in OpusculaArchaeologica, 14 (on the style).

12. Silver phiale mesomphalos. Greek (perhaps Rhodian), late seventh or early sixth century B.C.Height 4.5 cm; diameter 22.07 cm; weight 422 grams. Classical Purchase Fund, 1981 (1981.11.13) This is the earliest of the Museum's traditional phialai with the pronounced omphalos (navel) or central boss, the hollow underside of which furnished a secure grip for two fingers while the phiale was tilted to pour a libation. The wall of the phiale is decorated by twelve radiallyarrangedstylized lotus blossoms. The omphalos was covered by another layer that was equipped with a brim or collar and was worked separately; this added member was gilt. The boss has in its center a small raised disk from which sixteen tongues or flutes descend radiallyover the side. The brim or collar is embossed with animals or monsters: two

sphinxes couchants are followed (clockwise) by a bull facing a lion, a boar facing right, a bird on a flower, and a panther facing left. Between the animals, tendrils spring from the ground line or are suspended from the circular top border. Not many Greek silver phialai mesomphaloi are known from this time-one in Berlin, said to be from Asia Minor, and two from Kameiros on Rhodes-but this is the only early one that has animals in addition to the floral ornaments, which help in the dating of the object.
The Museum ofArt Bibliography: Metropolitan Annual Report 1980-1981,p. 37; idem,Notable 1980-1981, p. 11 (ill.). Acquisitions

21

sixth century B.C.Height 5.5 cm; diameter ' 10.3 cm; weight 82 grams. Purchased by subscription, 1874-1876 (74.51.4562) Ex coil. L. P. di Cesnola On the offset lip thirteen birds are engraved marching to the right. The body is decorated with forty-four tongues or ribs radiating from the depression on the bottom that^ forms the omphalos. Engraved decoration occurs in the archaicperiod not only in Persian metalwork but also on East Greek silver vases (compare nos. 45 and 49). '..
the Toledo, Bibliography:A. Oliver,Jr.Silverfor Gods,

13. Silverbowl. FromCyprus.Cypriot,

l ..
.. .

- '
[ '

" s "

"

"

1977,p. 24, no. 1 (withprevious references).

14. Silver bowl. Found in Sardis. Greek, sixth century B.C.Height 5.6 cm; diameter of mouth 11.44 cm; weight 147.3 grams. Gift of The American Society for the Exploration of Sardis, 1926 (26.164.13) The lip is sharply set off from the body of the bowl, which is decorated on the shoulder by two grooves.

15. Silversitula(pail)with swinginghandle. Saidto be fromthe Troad. Greek,sixthcenB.C.Height, with bailupright,19.5 tury 14.3 cm;heightto rim 13.3 cm;diameter C. cm;weight630 grams.Bequestof Walter 1971(1972.118.153) Baker, The body of the situlais ribbed,andthe shoulderis decorated with a bandof fortyeight smallrosettes.The swinginghandle terminates smallanimal in heads(perhaps The snakes). vesselis equippedwith a small are ring base.No exactparallels known,but the shapeanddecoration betraya strong Achaemenian influence.
AncientArtfrom NewYork Private ColBibliography: lections, 1961, p. 12, no. 56, pl. 100.

22

'k

II

I c, l* iI

16,17. Pairof silverphialai. Greek,sixthcenturyB.C.Left:height6.3 cm;diameter 12.46 cm;weight232 grams.Purchase, Mrs.Charles PaysonGift, 1966 S. (66.11.21).Right:height6.3 cm; diameter 12.57 cm;weight243 grams.RogersFund, 1966 (66.11.22) Eachhasa shallowomphalos,an offset lip, andengraved tongueson the lowerpartof the bowl (bordered aboveon no. 16 [left] by a circleof puncheddots). Betweenthe lip andthe tongues,encircling bowl, are the attached headsthatare eighteenbearded hollow andsolderedonto the wallof the bowl. Whensomeof the headsbecame that detached,it wasdiscovered insidewere tiny bronzepelletsthatproducea rattling soundwhenthe cup is liftedandmoved. On the bowl of no. 16 an engraved bandof rosettesoccursabovethe headsat the junction of lip andshoulder, stylized and of rosettesareengraved the interstices at the heads. The headshavea pronounced Oriental of castandconformto our association Persianfeatures. othersuchphialaiare No knowntoday,but a "silver phialewith Persianheads" mentionedin one of the is Deliantempleinventories.
M. Bibliography: Vickers,inJHS 90 (1970), p. 201; D. von Bothmer,"LesTresorsde l'orfevreriede la orientaleau MetropolitanMuseumde New Gr&ce in York," Academiedes Inscriptionset Belles-LetRendus,1981, pp. 195, 196, fig. 1. tres, Comptes

24

18. Silver-gilt phiale.Greek,sixthcentury 15.23 cm; B.C. Height 3.7 cm; diameter 245.4 grams.Purchase, Rogers weight Gift, andHalinaand Fund,Anonymous JohnKlejman Gift, 1968 (68.11.14) The shapeof the phialeis of the so-called Achaemenian type-offset flaringlip, hollow omphalos-but the decorationis most lobesor bosses The ten projecting unusual. arenot workedin repousse(as,for example, hamon nos. 28 and29) but areseparately to meredandattached the wallof the bowl in specially grooves.The plain prepared in lobes resemble contourandvolumethe Persian headson nos. 16 attached similarly and17.The intervalsbetweenthe lobesare with gilt a jourreliefsof the Perdecorated siankingwalkingto the left in fullregalia. His feet areset on two eagleheadsplaced a back heraldically to backthatsurmount with an ivy leaf ring drop-shaped decorated below.
Bibliography:D. von Bothmer,"LesTresorsde de l'orfevrerie la Grce orientaleau Metropolitan in Museumde New York," Academiedes Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, Rendus,1981, pp. Comptes 195-96, fig. 2.

19. Silverbowl, with omphalos.Greek, sixthcenturyB.C. Height 4.5 cm;diameter 10.56 cm; weight89 grams.RogersFund, 1975 (1975.11.4) This smalldrinkingbowl is technically related the silver-gilt to phiale(no. 18) but somewhat cruderandlesswellpreserved. with Sixhollow andshallowlobes alternate six plaques the Persian of kingkillinga lion. aboveby a narThe reliefzone is bordered and row bandof engraved hatchedtriangles below by a similarbandof doublehatched Halfwaybetweenthe lowerband triangles. of andthe depression the omphalosis a circularrow of punchedcirclesandon the edge of the hollowof the omphalosa band of incisedherringbones. reliefs(nos. The two bowlswith applique to 18 and 19) maybe compared a phialein the BritishMuseum(WAD135571)that Besof haseight smallplaques a rampant headedwingedlion betweeneight lobes. are The latter,however, not addedbut in repousse. 25

20-24. Five silver bowls. 20. Silverphiale.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Height 4.8 cm; diameter17.0 cm; weight 271 grams.FletcherFund, 1968 (68.11.64) 21. Silverphiale.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Height 4.7 cm; diameter17.4-17.65 cm; weight 302.3 grams.Purchase, Anonymous Gift, 1970 (1970.11.16) Whilenot an exactpair,thesetwo libation bowls areobviouslycontemporary the and workof the samesilversmith. Both, moremonoover,sharea similarlightlyengraved gramin the hollow of the omphalos.In termsof styletheyaresimilarto the phialai of the so-calledAchaemenian (nos. 28 type on and29) illustrated the oppositepage. All fourhavenine lobes alternating with nine stylizedlotuses. 22. Silverphiale.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Height 4.5 cm; diameter14.6 cm; weight 265 grams.Purchase, RogersFund,Anonymous Gift, andHalinaandJohnKlejman Gift, 1969 (69.11.10) The seventy-six tongueson the outsideof the lowerpartof the bowl arechased,as are the threecarinations the shoulder. on 23. Silverwine cup.Greek,sixthcentury B.C. Height 4.9 cm; diameter10.85 cm; Anonymous weight 161grams.Purchase, Gift, 1967 (67.11.17) The decoration,limitedto the outside,is rochased.It consistsof a sixteen-petalled sette surrounded a circleof beadingon by the bottom andeighty-twotongueson the convexpartof the bowl; abovethe flutes, justbelow the offset lip, is a circleof and kymatia eggs. The rosetteis a forerunnerof the similar ones on the bottomsof nos. 75, 78, and 79. 24. Silverphiale.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Height 4.1 cm; diameter14.9-15.1 cm; Rogers weight206.9 grams.Purchase, Fund,AnonymousGift, andHalinaand JohnKlejman Gift, 1968 (68.11.9) As on no. 22 the eighty-seven tongueson the outsidearechased,andthereis an of circlearoundthe depression the engraved this In addition,however, phiale omphalos. hasthirty-eight tongueschasedon the the inside,surrounding omphalos,the underside whichhasincisedletters(Alik) of thatmaybe the beginningof a Greekname, anda complexmonogram.

26

25-29. Five silver phialai. Greek, sixth

century B.C.

25. Offset lip, shallow omphalos, carination on shoulder, ninety-five lightly chased tongues on the outside. Height 3.25 cm; diameter 17.0 cm; weight 210 grams. Classical Purchase Fund, 1980 (1980.11.13) 26. Offset lip, small omphalos, small tongue pattern on shoulder, thirty-two tongues on body. Height 4.25 cm; diameter 15.67 cm; weight 205 grams. Purchase, Rogers Fund, Anonymous Gift, and Halina and John Klejman Gift, 1968 (68.11.8) 27. Continuous convex contour, deep omphalos with collar consisting of sixty-one chased tongues. The outside is plain. Height 3.8 cm; diameter 18.0 cm; weight 409 grams. Purchase, Anonymous Gift, 1970 (1970.11.15) 28. Flaring rim, small omphalos, nine lobes separatedby nine lotuses. Height 4.2 cm; diameter 17.7 cm; weight 210.5 grams. Rogers Fund, 1966 (66.11.19)

29. Same type, but smaller.Height 3.2 cm; diameter 13.92 cm; weight 154 grams. Rogers Fund, 1966 (66.11.20) Phialai with flaring rims or offset lips (nos. 25, 26, 28, 29) are commonly called the Achaemenian type, though it is by no means certain that all were made by Persians.The pure Greek shape is represented by no. 27, and in Attic potteryoccurs as early as the sixth century B.C.A somewhat flatter and much lighter silver phiale in the Indiana University Art Museum (ace. no. 69.102.2; A. Oliver, Jr.,Silverforthe Gods,1977, p. 25, no. 2) shares its system of decoration with no. 27. The combination of carination on the shoulder and tongues below (no. 25) continues well into the fourth century and occurs on drinking cups (see no. 77).

27

30. Silverphiale.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. G. Bastis,Mrs.ThomasS. Brush,Winslow J. Carlton,andMrs.James RorimerGifts, 1969 (69.11.11) The phialehas an offset lip andan ornamental bandof somewhatirregular tongues below the junctionof lip andbody.An owner'smonogram(shownhere)is on engraved one sideof the lip; on the oppositeside thereis anothergraffito.

t
'=:

31,32. Two deepsilverphialai.Greek,sixth centuryB.C.Left: height6.5 cm; diameter 15.84 cm; weight254.2 grams.Right: 14.06 cm;weight height 5.8 cm; diameter 231.4 grams.Purchase, AnonymousGift, 1970 (1970.11.19,18) Thesetwo libationbowls introducefurther variations. one on the righthasninetyThe eight shorttongueschasedon its shoulder andninety-twolong, narrowleavesthat the bandaround radiate froma reserved hollow of the omphalos,whichis inscribed with a lambda. largerof the two bowls, The short on the left, hasonly eighty-nine tonguesbelow the junctionof lip andshoultwo Greekletterschiandiota.

33. Deep silverbowl. Greek,sixthcentury 12.24 cm; B.C. Height 5.65 cm; diameter 253 grams.Purchase, Anonymous weight Gift, 1973 (1973.11.8) 34. Shallowsilverbowl. Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Height 3.7 cm;diameter16.36 cm; weight 237 grams.Purchase, AnonymousGift, 1973 (1973.11.9) Thesetwo handsome,though totally bowlswereacquired undecorated, together with a plainsilversitula(no. 53), a plainsilof verladle(no. 64), andthe smaller our the two silverstrainers 67); presumably (no. fiveobjectswerefound together.

_l
-i___

28

35. Silvertrefoiloinochoe.Greek,sixth centuryB.C.Height to top of handle18 cm; to top of rim17.3cm;diameter 9.55 cm; weight623 grams.RogersFund,1966 (66.11.23) The body of the jug is raised,whilethe foot andhandlearecastseparately joinedto and the vasewith solder.The shoulder the and foot aredecorated with tongues,andthere is a circleof beadingat the junctionof the foot andthe body;a kymation chasedon is the edge of the mouth.The handleis in the shapeof a nakedyouth bendingbackward, his long hairfallinginto the mouthof the vase.His feet reston a separately lower cast attachment terminates that belowin a hangare the ing palmette; lateral projections two recumbent ramsin high relief,theirheads turnedtowardthe viewer. Thesetwo rams to lionsplaced correspond two couchant backto backon the rimon eithersideof the headof the youth,who graspstheirtails. The schemeof the handlewith a youth,two lions above,andtwo ramsbelowis known fromGreekbronzehydriai oinochoai, and but to datethis is the only example silver. in
T. Bibliography: P. F Hoving, TheChase,theCapture, 1975, p. 119, fig. 19.

29

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36. Silver trefoil oinochoe. Greek, sixth century B.C.Height to top of handle 20.6 cm; to top of rim, 18.1 cm; diameter 11.86 cm; weight 825 grams. Purchase, Rogers Fund, Anonymous Gift, and Halina and John Klejman Gift, 1968 (68.11.11) The body of the jug and the foot are raised separatelyand joined with solder. The handle is cast and attached to the rim and to the shoulder of the jug with solder. Arching high above the mouth, the handle terminates above in the head of a lion, its mouth wide open. The mane is not rendered in relief but by incision. The lateralprojections on top are in the shape of spools and are decorated at the ends with rosettes, likewise incised. The lower finial of the handle, in low relief, shows the frontal head of a panther flanked by its forelegs. The beading along the ridge of the handle and its edges is also applied to the edges of the spools above, the fillet between the body of the vase and the foot, the edge of the foot, and the junction of panther head and handle. The conceit of a handle with feline finials is also observed on bronze hydriai and oinochoai, but this jug gives us the first, and to date only, example in silver.
Bibliography:D. von Bothmer,"LesTresorsde l'orfevreriede la Grce orientaleau Metropolitan Museumde New York," Academiedes Inscripin tions et Belles-Lettres, Rendus,1981, p. 201, Comptes fig. 6.
, .N,r~r.N .

31

_
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_MT
4

37. Silveroinochoe.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Height to top of han11.77cm;weight439 dle 13.8 cm;to top of rim12.5 cm;diameter Gift, andHalinaand RogersFund,Anonymous grams.Purchase, JohnKlejman Gift, 1968 (68.11.16) the The body,asusual,is raised; handle,however, not solidsilver is but hollow,composedof two halvesandfilledwith lead. Whilethe shapeof thisjug is moreEastern thanGreek,the sculpturaladjuncts the handle-a lion'sheadaboveanda headof the of Greek. The mouthis not divinityBesbelow-are typically Egyptian circular hasa slightspout,the edgesof whichare but completely incisedon the insideof the lip.

38. Silveroinochoe.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Heightto top of handle19.6 cm;to top of rim18.8 cm;diameter 13.93 cm;weight 850.5 grams.Purchase, Gift,Arthur RogersFund,Anonymous and G. DarbyNock Fund,in memoryof GiselaRichter, Christos Bastis,DavidL. KleinJr.Memorial Foundation, Inc., Helen H. A. RuthElizabeth Mertens,Richard VanAvery, White,andMrs. James Rorimer, J. Gifts, 1976 (1976.11.1) The body is carinated, is thatof no. 37, but the proportionsare as different the neckis set off moresharply and fromthe shoulder. The The spout is quitepronounced. casthandleis flutedandterminates abovein a stylizedeagle's headthatappears biteinto the lip. Simto ilarstylizedanimal headsappear Lydian on bronzes.

33

39-43. Five silver pitchers. Greek,

sixth century B.C. 39. Height, with handle, 11.6 cm; weight 92 grams. Purchase, Anonymous Gift, 1967 (67.11.16) 40. Height, with handle, 11.3 cm; weight 72 grams. Classical Purchase Fund, 1980 (1980.11.16) 41. Height, with handle, 11.6 cm; weight 107 grams. Fletcher Fund, 1968 (68.11.59) 42. Height, with handle, 9.7 cm; weight 86.5 grams. Purchase, The Abraham Foundation, Inc., Gift, 1975 (1975.11.5) 43. Height, with handle, 11 cm; weight 104.5 grams. Purchase, Mrs. Vincent Astor Gift, 1966 (66.11.24) The five silver pitchers are too small to have served as wine jugs, and it is more likely that they contained an aromatic liquid that was added to the wine. All five have the underside of the foot decorated in repousse with a rosette; the handles are riveted to the body, which, including the foot, is invariably raised. The lower finial of the handle is always a palmette, but the decorations of the body differ. No. 42, the most elaborate, has tongues on the shoulder and tongues below; nos. 39 and 43 have tongues only on the shoulder; nos. 40 and 41 have plain bodies. A further difference is that nos. 39, 42, and 43 have palmettes on the upper attachment of the handle as well. Other small silver pitchers of this type are in Berlin (1974.2 and 3) and Oxford. 44. Bronze jug with slip-on lid. Greek or Lydian, sixth century B.C.Height to top of lid 22.5 cm; diameter 16.5 cm. Purchase, Rogers Fund, Anonymous Gift, and Halina and John Klejman Gift, 1968 (68.11.18) The bronze jug is exhibited in the Greek and Roman Treasurybecause it was acquired with a group of fourteen silver vases that may all have been found together. Of simple, rather squat form, the jug is remarkable owing to its lid, which was slotted along its lower edge and slipped over the flat handle before the latter was riveted to the mouth and body of the jug. The same technique is known from Lydian pottery (e.g., 14.30.22; MMA Bulletin n.s. 26 [1967-68], p. 199, upper right). The tiering of the lid may be compared with the similar convention on the lid of the incense burner (no. 68).
Bibliography:C. H. Greenewalt,Jr.,Ritual Dinners in EarlyHistoric Sardis,1978, p. 12. n. 3.

34

45. Silveralabastron. Greek,sixthcentury 3.6 B.C. Height 10.3 cm;diameter cm; weight 115grams.RogersFund,1966 (66.11.27) Of allthe silveralabastra knownthisis the most elaborate. body is dividedinto The fourpictorialzonesseparated ornamenby tal bandsof different In patterns. the top a divisioninto anobverse register natural andreverse furnished the two lugs in is by the shapeof ducks'heads;eachpicturein this zone is of two cocksconfrontingeach other.The secondregister continuesthe distinctionbetweenbackandfrontby havingon the obversea lionessanda lion a attacking bullfacingleft, whileon the reverse bullbeing attacked the the by lionessandthe lion facesright.In the third zone a battleof warriors rages:two phalanxesattack eachother,fivewarriors the on left againstsixon the right,and,to avoid too obviousa suture,the battlesceneon the othersidedepictsa duel betweentwo showson the hoplites.The lowestregister obversea trio of fallowdeer,followedby a fourthon the rightthattakesup mostof the spaceon the back.The roundedbottomof the alabastron decorated is fourcirflorally: cumscribed are palmettes arranged symwith eight additional, somewhat metrically smaller in palmettes the spandrels.
All are Bibliography: our silveralabastra discussedin Brussels,1983, pp. 15-23, figs. ArtibusAegypti,

5-12.

35

46. Silveralabastron. Greek,sixthcentury B.C. 4.77 cm; Height 12.6 cm; diameter weight 76 grams.FletcherFund, 1968 (68.11.61) The systemof dividingthe body into four zones by ornamental bandsis the sameas on the alabastron with figures(no. 45), but herethe zones areleft empty.On the bottom, insteadof the palmetteconfiguration, is a rosettecomposedof eight lozenges. The ornaments the bandsaretongues in a (on top), saltiresquares, cablepattern, andsaltiresquares. lugs, The lozenges, againin the shapeof ducks'heads,arenot workedseparately as is usualin this but, raisedfromthe groupof silveralabastra, insideof the vase. 47. Silveralabastron. Greek,sixthcentury B.C. with stopper,16.46 cm, withHeight, out stopper,15.15cm; diameter cm; 5.2 Purchase 96 grams.Classical Fund, weight 1980 (1980.11.15) The stopper,hemispherical decorated and with a whirlingpattern,is attached a to shorthollow cylinder thatslipsinto another to cylinderattached the rimof the vesselby a flangethatcoversandstrengthens The it. ornamental decorationis limitedto tongues below the neckandthreedividingbands and cablepat(squares hatchedtriangles, The tern,opposedhatchedtriangles). bottom has an elaborate rosettewith star twenty-twopoints. Likethe othersilveralabastra this class,this one is equippedwith of lugs in the formof ducks'heads. 36

48. Silveralabastron. Greek,sixthcentury B.C. 4.36 cm; Height 14.04 cm; diameter Christos G. weight 71 grams.Purchase, BastisGift, 1967 (67.11.10) The body of the vaseis divided(ason some of the others)into threezones by narrow ornamental bandsof whichthreehavespecialsaltiresquares. secondbandhas The hatchedtriangles those appliedto no. like 47. On the bottomis a rosettewith sixteen petals.The plumageon the duck's-head lugs is closerto thaton no. 47 thanto thaton no. 45.

49. Silverskyphos,with foot restored. Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Height, as 12.5 cm; restored,16.6 cm, as preserved, width 22.04 cm; diameter 14.26-15.33 cm; weight,as restored,597 grams.Gift of Mr.andMrs.ThomasS. Brush,1971 Ex (1971.118). coll. Hagop Kevorkian As on the silveralabastra, body is the dividedinto zones by narrowornamental bands.The top zone hereis decorated with linkedhangingpalmettes lotuses, and The lightlyengraved. secondzone presents in the centerof eachsideheraldic sphinxes; undereachhandle,heraldic lions raisea rosettein the center. forelegat an elaborate In the thirdzone six grazingfallowdeer advance the left, followedby a wading to bird(probably demoiselle a The crane). last zone is againornamental-a zig-zagband surmounted eachangleby palmettes. at In technique compositionthe and is engraved drawing verycloseto thaton one of the silveralabastra 45), espe(no. of ciallyin the treatment the fallowdeer. The bodyof the skyphosis raised; the roundhandlesarecast.The foot hasbeen restored the analogyof Lydianterracotta on skyphoi.
Sale cat., Sotheby's,London, Dec. 8, Bibliography: 1970, lot 36 (ill.).

37

50. Silverbeaker. Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. 10.7cm;diameter 6.12 cm;weight Height 64 grams.Purchase, AnonymousGift, 1967 (67.11.11) The body is fluted,andat the junctionof neckandshoulderthereis a notchedfillet. The beaker with a somemaybe compared in whatlargerglassbeaker the Corning Museumof Glass(ace.no. 66.1.16;Journal Studies [1967], p. 133, fig. 3). 9 ofGlass

51. Silverbeaker. Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. 6.2 Height 11.8cm;diameter cm;weight 107 grams.FletcherFund,1968 (68.11.60) This beaker with no. 50 the fluting shares andthe filletat the junctionof neckand shoulder. bottom,however, not round is Its but flatanddecorated with a fourteenpetaledrosette.The rosettelinksthe beaker to stylistically the smallsilverpitchers(nos. 39-43).

52. Silverjarwith lid. Greek,sixthcentury B.C. Height, with lid, 9.06 cm, withoutlid, 6.8 cm; diameter5 cm; weight 72.6 grams. Purchase, RogersFund,AnonymousGift, andHalinaandJohnKlejman Gift, 1968 (68.11.5) The body andlid areraised. The heavyring handleon top of the lid is solderedto it. The usedfor cosmetics. jarwasperhaps

53. Silversitulawith swingingbailand chain.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Height, with bailupright,9.5 cm, to top of rim6.75 cm; lengthof chain53.34 cm; totalweight 106.7grams.Purchase, AnonymousGift, 1973 (1973.11.10) The body of the situlais raised,andthe hammered bail omega-shaped is slipped throughtwo holesnearthe rim.The chain, whichconsistsof forty links,is attached with an oval ringto the bailandfurnished with a ringat the otherend thatcanbe slipexistfor ped on a finger.No exactparallels this silversitula,but its shapecanbe saidto resemble Egyptiansitulae.
Bibliography:Sale cat., Sotheby's,London, July10, 1972, no. 60 (ill.).

38

54. Silver saucer.Greek, sixth century B.C. Height 1.4 cm; diameter 7.25 cm; weight 38.4 grams. Purchase, Rogers Fund, Anonymous Gift, and Halina and John Klejman Gift, 1968 (68.11.6) The small saucer has a rounded bottom and resembles three such silver saucers excavated at Sardis and now in the Istanbul Archaeological Museum.

55. Silversaucer with spout andhandle. Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Height 2.15 cm; diameter cm;width 10.5 cm; weight 7.5 51.5 grams.Purchase, RogersFund,AnonymousGift, andHalinaandJohnKlejman Gift, 1968 (68.11.7) The shallowsaucerandthe spoutwere raisedfroma singlediskof sheetsilver;the and loop handlewasforgedseparately attached the rimwith rivets.The flatto endsof the loop aredecotened,circular ratedwith incisedrosettes.A ligature and kappa lambda composedof a retrograde on twice,lightlyengraved the outappears side below andto the rightof the handle.

56. Silverdish.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. 8.8 Height 1 cm; diameter cm;weight 87.3 Mrs.VincentAstorGift, grams.Purchase, 1966 (66.11.25) This smallshallowdishbearsa faintgraffito on the flatbottomin the formof the Greek letterchi.

39

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57. Silverplatterwith swinginghandle. Greek,latesixthcenturyB.C.Height to 30.46 cm; length, edge 4.8 cm; diameter with handleextended,39.7 cm; weight 1,525.5 grams.Purchase, RogersFund, AnonymousGift, andHalinaandJohn Gift, 1968 (68.11.3) Klejman The shallowbowl of the platteris raised, of andalmosthalfof the periphery the rim rod is reinforced a semicircular thatis by rivetedto it in four places,aswell as solderedto it alongits entirelength.To this two rings supportareattached hammered thatin turnhold the hammered omegashapedswinginghandle,the finialsof which arein the shapeof buds.Suchlargeshallow are platters knownmostlyfrombronze two examples, of which,now in the British Museum,werefound in a tomb (datedto a Cyprus; third,now in the J.PaulGetty Museumin Malibu(acc.no. 78 A.C. 403), hasa largefloralrosettein the center.
the late sixth century B.C.) in Amathus on

58. Silvercoverwith ringhandle.Greek, latesixthcenturyB.C. Height to top of ring 18.06 cm;weight handle5.6 cm; diameter 246.6 grams.Purchase, RogersFund, AnonymousGift, andHalinaandJohn Gift, 1968 (68.11.15) Klejman The lid properis raisedfroma singledisk. To its top, in the center,is soldereda rosette with twenty-twopetals,whichin turnis surmounted a smallballthatholdsthe by ring.The ringhandlecover,acquired togetherwith the platter(no. 57), mayhave been foundsittingin it, for a faintcircular of on discoloration the surface the insideof of to the plattercorresponds the diameter the lid.

40

59. Silverkyathos(ladle).Greek,sixthcenof turyB.C. Height 22.7 cm; diameter bowl 4.8 cm; weight 89 grams.RogersFund, 1966 (66.11.26) Of allthe archaic metalladlesknownthis is the most elaborate. wasmadein several It parts:the bowl wasraisedfroma silverdisk, andthe handleandthe loop on top were castseparately, werethe two sphinxes as it flanking at the junctionto the bowl.The handleis joinedto the bowl with rivets;the loop on top is solderedon, as arethe two below.The iconography quite is sphinxes The extraordinary. facetedhandleterminatesbelowin the forepart a wingedlion, of sculptedin the roundas farbackas its it haunches; seemsto plungeinto the bowl as if drinkingfromit. The two sphinxes heraldically placedon the rimof the bowl aresomewhat smaller scale.The handle in terminates abovein a lotus capital of form.The loop above vaguelyAchaemenian is decorated reliefwith two hybrideaglein thathaveeagles'heads,wings, and griffins talons,horses'ears,andlions'forelegs.
T. Bibliography: P. E Hoving, TheChase,theCapture, 1975, p. 119, fig. 20; D. von Bothmer"Les Tresorsde l'orfevrerie la Greceorientaleau Metrode in politanMuseumde New York," Academiedes Rendus,1981, Inscriptionset Belles-Lettres, Comptes pp. 194ff, fig. 3.

60. Silverkyathos.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. of Height 16.68 cm; diameter bowl 5.3 cm; weight47 grams.RogersFund,1975 (1975.11.3) The facetedhandleandthe loop arehammeredfromone rod of silver;the lowerend is attached the bowl with threerivetsthat to go throughandpartlyobscurethe engraved on palmette the finial.The loop terminates abovein the headof a calf.This kyathos is somewhat shorterthanthe othersin the Museumbut the styleof the animal head andthe facetinglinkit with the otherladles. The technique rivetingthe finialof the of handleto the body alsooccurson someof the smallsilverpitchers.

61. Silverkyathos.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. of Height 20.94 cm; diameter bowl 6.12 cm; weight 107.6grams.Purchase, Rogers Fund,AnonymousGift, andHalinaand JohnKlejman Gift, 1968 (68.11.4) The bowl, stem,andloop areallhammered andraisedfromone pieceof silver. The loop curveson top awayfromthe bowl,not towardit as on no. 60. The finelychased finialis in the shapeof a calfs head. 41

62. Silverkyathos.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. of Height 23.25 cm; diameter bowl 5.83 Purchase cm; weight 101grams.Classical Fund, 1980 (1980.11.14) On this kyathosthe bowl andthe handleare raisedfromone pieceof metal.The cast loop on top of the handleis joinedto the stemof the handlewith solder,as is the finial lotus.The stemis in the formof a quatrefoil with two fluted.The loop is decorated similar heraldic lionsworkedin a technique to thatusedon the loop of no. 59 in thatthe animalsarepartlyin the roundandpartlyin relief.The lions toucheachotherwith their extendedfrontlegs andaverttheirheads.A of variant this heraldic representation occurson the loop of a silverkyathosin Cleveland (ace.no. 56.34; Bulletin the of Museum Art 45 [1958], p. 46), Cleveland of on whichthe lions faceeachother,andin placeof the lotus finialon top of the stem therearetwo animalheads.
Museum ofArt, Bibliography:TheMetropolitan Annual Report1980-1981,1981, pp. 36-37; idem, 1980-1981, 1981, p. 12. NotableAcquisitions

63. Silverkyathos.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. of Height 22.04 cm; diameter bowl4.556 cm; weight 72.7 grams.ArthurDarbyNock Fund,in memoryof GiselaRichter,and RogersFund,1976 (1976.11.4) This ladle,somewhatsmaller thannos. 59 The and62, introduces anothervariant. yet ladle's stemandbowl areraisedin one piece as on no. 62, with whichit alsoshares the lotus on top, but the loop surquatrefoil mountingthe stemdoes not havecomplete animalsbut only lions'heads,as on many GreekandGreco-Persian bracelets. Closest to this kyathosis one formerlyin the collection ofTheodor Wiegand(K. A. Neuin gebauer,Antiken deutschem Privatbesitz, 1938, pl. 89, no. 209).

64. Silverkyathos.Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. of Height 19.71cm; diameter bowl4.665 cm; weight 80.4 grams.Purchase, AnonymousGift, 1973 (1973.11.11) This is the plainestof the Museum's kyathoi.It is withoutanysculptural and and adjuncts ornamentation maybe with a silverkyathosfromSardis compared in the museumat Istanbul. The loop in the form of a plainringis attached with solder.
Sale cat., Sotheby's,London, July10, Bibliography: 1972, no. 60 (ill.).

65. Silverspoon. Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. 10.7 Length,as preserved, cm;weight27 grams.Gift of Mr.andMrs.J.J.Klejman, 1968 (68.5) and Hammered raisedfroma singlepieceof flat silver,this rather spoon hasa shortstem in turnedinto a loop thatterminates a duck'shead.The headof a duckas a sculpalso turaladjunct occurson the four silver collection(nos. in alabastra the Museum's 45-48). 42

66. Silverstrainer. Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. Length,with the bowl horizontal,28.26 of cm;diameter bowl 12.76cm; depthof bowl 6.3 cm;weight 325 grams.Fletcher Fund, 1968 (68.11.58) The bowl of thisstrainer (whichis raised) hasa broadconcaverimanda steeper in bulgethatis perforated omphalos-shaped two tiers:on the innercentral the portion form a whirligigto left, while perforations on the surrounding zone the tiny holesare drilledin a sicklepattern facingthe other of way.The diameter the innercup (8 cm) wouldhavecorresponded the diameter to of the goblet or beaker whichthe wine into wasstrained. heavy, handleis cast The flat andattached the bowl at an anglewith to threerivetsthatarecarefully placedso as not to destroythe symmetry the of andchasedpalmette the finial. of engraved A hook in the shapeof a duck'sheadand neckis providedat the otherend.

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67. Silverstrainer. Greek,sixthcenturyB.C. of Length21.63 cm; diameter bowl 8.5 cm; depthof bowl 5.45 cm;weight217.1grams. Purchase, Gift, 1973 Anonymous (1973.11.7) Here the strainer of the bowl is domepart shapedandset off fromthe broad,slightly slantedrimwith a collar. smalldiameter Its (belowthe collar:4.71cm) suggeststhatit wasusedwith a beaker goblet with a or fairlysmallmouth.Partof the stemof the handleis hexagonal cross-section; its in at junctionwith the rimof the bowl the handle flares at eitherside andis decorated out on its uppersurface with an incisedlotus. ~' stemis reinforced ~The with two groupsof !' threeprofiledrings,andits upperend curvesin a semicircle the left andtermito natesin the headof a calf.A rowof small circlesis punchedallthe wayaround the are edge of the rim.The holesof the strainer circles evenlyspacedin elevenconcentric andarelimitedto the verybottom.Two similarstrainers in the BritishMuseum are was (118462;117840).This strainer with a ladle(no. 64), a situlaand acquired chain(no. 53), andtwo plainbowls (nos. 33 and34), allof whicharesaidto have beenfoundtogether.
'^T~~I~
Bibliography:Salecat., Sotheby's,London, July10, 1972, no. 60 (ill.).

43

68. Silverincenseburner. Greek,sixthcenof turyB.C.Height 28.2 cm; diameter base 10.6 cm;weight221 grams.Classical PurchaseFund,1980 (1980.11.12) An inscriptionin Lydianletterson the flare of the baseidentifies censeras the propthis erty of Artimas.The supportis carinated andshowsa pronounced bulgetowardthe top. It also hastwo ducks'headslikethose on the manysilveralabastra nos. (cf. for 45-48), one of whichhasa perforation the attachment a chainwith six linksstill of The preserved. standis raisedfroma single diskof sheetsilverto whichthe raisedcup of the incenseburner properis soldered. This cup has a pronounced offset upright rim overwhicha conicalcoverfitssnugly. The cover,also raised,hasten tiers,of whicheight areperforated with arrowshapedslots for the diffusionof the smoking incense.This coveris surmounted a by caststatuetteof a cock,the plinthof whichis The solderedto a smallfloralsaucer. finialis rivetedto the cover,andthereis a ring in the fantailto whichthe chainwas attached. The sculptural of adjuncts this veryelaborateincenseburner connectits styleso fine closelywith thatof the particularly alabastron(no. 45) thatone canthinkof both as beingmadein the sameworkshop. coversare Cockson top of incenseburner knownfromEgypt (cf. G. Maspero,in Le 2 MuseeEgyptien[1907], pp. 54ff, pl. 24), a Punicgravestelein Vienna(J.M. Carrie, vol. Byrsa, 1, 1979, pp. 319ff,fig. lib), and an Etruscan bronzeincenseburner the on Swissmarket: is not surprising such it that decorative conceitstraveled widelyin the ancientworld.
The Museum ofArt, Bibliography: Metropolitan AnnualReport1980-1981,1981, pp. 36-37; idem, 1980-1981, 1981, p. 12; D. von NotableAcquisitions de Bothmer,"LesTresorsde l'orfevrerie la Grce oriin entale au MetropolitanMuseumde New York," Academiedes Inscriptionset Belles-Lettres,Comptes Rendus,1981, pp. 194ff, fig. 5; R. Gusmani,inKadmos22 (1983), pp. 56-60, pl. 1 (on the inscription).

69. Bronzeincenseburner. Greek,sixth centuryB.C. Length62.5 cm. Purchase, Gift, andHalina RogersFund,Anonymous andJohnKlejman Gift, 1968 (68.11.17) Thoughnot madeof preciousmetal,this is with uniqueincenseburner exhibited tablesilverof the periodandstylebecause it service.It musthavebeenpartof a banquet wasmadein several parts:the bowl proper, in whichthe incensewasburned,is soldered cast to an intervening memberthatendsin a sleevefor the carrying rod;lateral projec-

44

tions in the form of ducks' heads set backto-back flank this member and are soldered to it as well as to the bowl, the whole forming a finial. On top of this finial a lug is perforated crossways to serve as a pivot for the hind feet of a cast statuette of a calf that turns its head back. Its front hooves are attached to a short plinth that in turn is riveted to the domed, tiered cover of the incense burner. Like the silver incense burner (no. 68), the cover has arrow-shaped perforations in two of its five tiers. It is equipped with a knob on top that is riveted to the cover. The other end of the long carrying rod is capped by a cast head of a calf. Unlike pedestaled incense burners, which were set on tables in a room or sanctuary, the horizontal one was carried by hand and moved from side to side, like the so-called arm censers from Egypt. No other incense burners of this type have been found in Greece or Anatolia, but a Syrian "arm censer,"made of steatite and somewhat shorter than ours, combines the Egyptian convention of a hand holding the cup with the new element of a long rod terminating in the head of a bull, and thus supplies the missing link between the time-honored Egyptian shape and its later adaptation.
Piot D. Bibliography: von Bothmer,in Monuments 61 (1977), pp. 51-53. (The Syrianarmcenseris published in the sale cat., Sotheby's,London, Dec. 12-13,1983, pp. 22-23, no. 87.)

41.

70. Silver cosmetic box with cover and its silver scoop. Greek, sixth century B.C. Height 3.35 cm; width 8.87 cm; length 9.22 cm; weight 350 grams. Length of scoop 7.35 cm; weight 10.4 grams. Purchase, Rogers Fund, Anonymous Gift, and Halina and John Klejman Gift, 1968 (68.11.12 [box] and 68.11.13 [scoop]) The box proper, almost square in shape, is divided into a cylindrical central compartment and four adjacent angular ones. One of the dividing walls is notched to accommodate the small cosmetic scoop. The lid is flat and swivels horizontally around a rivet in the middle of the north wall; on the opposite wall the lid is slotted to accept a swiveling stud that moves around an axle attached inside the box near the top of the wall. In addition to these two functional studs there are five other buttons, or "nail heads," on the lid, soldered onto its center and its four corners, that are purely ornamental (the one in the northeast corner is missing). Thus the cosmetic box when closed would look hermetically sealed and could only be opened by those familiar with the mechanism. The heads of the studs are gilt.
D. Bibliography: von Bothmer,"LesTresorsde de Porfevrerie la Grce orientaleau Metropolitan in Museumde New York," Academiedes Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres,Comptes Rendus,1981, pp. 194ff, fig. 8.

71. Silver mirror disk. Greek, sixth century B.C.Diameter 17.3 cm; length, as preserved, 18.92 cm; weight 428.7 grams. Purchase, Rogers Fund, Anonymous Gift, and Halina and John Klejman Gift, 1968 (68.11.10) The highly polished convex surface of this mirror was used for reflection. It must have been hand-held, for the silver tong project-

ing from the disk has three rivet holes for attaching a handle of either wood or ivory, which has not survived. Not many archaicsilver mirrors are known. One was found in Gordion in a cremation burial of the mid-sixth century and MuseumBulis now in Ankara (University letin [Philadelphia] 16 [1951], p. 20, fig. 1).

45

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been found at Prusias. Greek, second half of fourth century B.C.Bequest of WalterC. Baker, 1971. Ex coll. Wilhelm Fabricius 72. Silver kyathos. Height 27.3 cm; diameter of bowl 6.95 cm; weight 150.4 grams. (1972.118.161) 73. Silver kylix. Height to top of handles 7.7 cm, to rim 6.7 cm; diameter of mouth 10.61-11 cm; width 16.62 cm; weight 220.1 grams. (1972.118.164) 74. Bronze situla with swinging handles. Height, with handles raised, 32 cm, with handles lowered, to top of attachments, 24.9 cm; diameter of mouth 19.4 cm. (1972.118.88) 75. Silver phiale. Height 4.8 cm; diameter 15.8 cm; weight 315 grams. (1972.118.163) 76. Silver strainer.Length 13.13 cm; diameter of bowl 7.58 cm; weight 49.2 grams. (1972.118.162) These five objects, said to have been found together in Prusias (Bithynia), constitute a table service that on the analogy of similar finds in South Russia and Arzos (northern Greece) can be dated in the second half of the fourth century B.C.The kyathos is in the tradition of the archaicladles of which the Museum has many examples. The cup and stem are worked from a single piece of silver. The upper end of the stem is bent back to form a hook that terminates in a duck's head and neck. The perforations of the strainer are patterned in a whirligig; the handle, which is worked separatelyand soldered on, has a duck's-head finial. The phiale is decorated on the outside with a complex rosette in the center of its bottom from which forty-eight narrow leaves rise. The drinking cup is of a shape well known from bronze and terracotta kylikes. The foot and handles are worked separatelyand soldered on. The inside has a tondo bordered by a kymation in a zone around the central circle, which is embellished with six palmettes connected with tendrils-a pattern known in Attic pottery from the second half of the fifth century on. The phiale has sometimes been called Persian, but as more phialai are becoming known an equally strong claim for Greek manufacture can be made.
in Bibliography:K. A. Neugebauer,Antiken deutschem Privatbesitz, 1938, p. 47, pls. 90-91, nos. AncientArtinAmer210-14; G. M. A. Hanfmann, icanPrivate Collections, 1954, p. 37, pls. 86, 88, no. 307; D. von Bothmer,AncientArtfromNew York Private Collections, 1961, p. 37, no. 142, pls. 44, 52, and pp. 68-69, nos. 266-69, pls. 100-101; D. E. and Plate,1966, Strong, Greek RomanGoldand Silver pp. 91-92, fig. 21, pl. 22A-C; D. von Bothmer,in TheSearchforAlexander, New York, Supplement, 1982, pp. 8-9, nos. S24-28.

72-76. Group of objects said to have

77. Silver bowl with offset rim. Greek, late fourth-third century B.C.Height 5.1 cm; diameter 9.8 cm; weight 124.6 grams. Bequest of WalterC. Baker,1971 (1972.118.160) The bowl has a slight depression on the bottom; the shoulder is carinated and has a chased tongue pattern below it. Similar conventions of decoration occur on earlierEast Greek silver vessels that betray the influence of Achaemenian silver phialai.
D. and Etruscan, Bibliography: von Bothmer,Greek, Roman Antiquities... Walter Baker, Cummings Esq., 1950, p. 13, no. 103; idem,AncientArtfromNew York Private Collections, 1961, p. 69, no. 275, pi. 100; New idem, in TheSearchforAlexander, Supplement, York,1982, p. 13, no. S49.

78. Silver cup. Greek, late fourth century B.C.Height 6.4 cm; diameter 9.56 cm; weight 184 grams. Bequest of WalterC. Baker, 1971 (1972.118.159) This sturdy wine cup is of a type well known from recent finds in northern Greece (cf. The Search forAlexander [1980], pp. 160-61, no. 120; p. 184, no. 164). It has a central boss decorated on the underside with an elaborate floral rosette done in repousse. The lower part of the wall is chased with flutings surmounted by a narrow guilloche and, on the shoulder, a Lesbian kymation. Tracesof parcel gilding remain in these two bands.
D. and Etruscan, Bibliography: von Bothmer,Greek, Roman Baker, Antiquities... Walter Cummings Esq., 1950, p. 13, no. 102; idem,AncientArtfromNew York PrivateCollections, 1961, p. 70, no. 276, pl. 100; New idem, in TheSearch forAlexander, Supplement, York,1982, p. 13, no. S48.

47

79. Silverphiale.Saidto be fromAkarnania (Greece).Greek,fourthcenturyB.C. Height 4.5 cm; diameter15.4 cm; weight 378.3 grams.RogersFund, 1921 (21.88.34). Ex coll. CecilHarcourtSmith This libationbowl bearson the outsideof the offset lip justbelow the rimtwo Greek thatarelightly letters,alphaandgamma, incised;to the left of the lettersa sixpointeddot circleis punchedmoredeeply. As on the Prusias phiale(no. 75), the center with a roof the underside decorated is sette-here composedof sixteenpetals. all Aroundthis rosetteandreaching the way up to the beginningof the offset lip are twenty-five pointed, ribbedleaves,with anothertwenty-five, partlyhidden, in arranged an innercircle.The innerleaves andthe rosettearegilded, as is the ridge the encircling tips of the leavesat the junction of lip andbody.The floraldecoration andthe ridgearechased.
the A. Bibliography: Oliver,Jr.,Silverfor Gods,1977, p. 42, no. 12 (with complete references).

80. Silverkylix.Saidto havebeenfound in Athens.Greek,thirdcenturyB.C. Height to top of handles7.74cm, to top of rim 7.25 10.12-10.46 cm;width 18 cm;diameter cm;weight 170 grams.RogersFund,1916 (16.62) The handlesarecastandsolderedon; the and foot, whichis raisedseparately likewise soldered,is in two degreesandbearsa

Belowthe kymationon the uppermember. rima narrow wavepatternencircles cup, the andfollowingthat,partlyobscuredby the bandof ivy leavesand handles,is a broader zones aregilt. corymbs.All the ornamental
for Bibliography:D. von Bothmer,in TheSearch New York,1982, p. 12, no. Alexander, Supplement, S42 (with earlierreferences).

48

81-85. Group of five silver objects said to have been found together Greek,late fourth-thirdcenturyB.C.Bequestof Walter C. Baker,1971. 8L Silverpyxiswith lid. Height,without of lid, 5.7 cm, with lid, 6.1 cm;diameter base6.3 cm;weight91.2 grams. (1972.118.157) 82. Silverstrigil(scraper). Length25.1 cm; 64.9 grams.(1972.118.158) weight 83. Silverkylix.Height to top of handles 8.45 cm, to top of rim9.35 cm;width 18.14 10.51cm;weight 157.9grams. cm;diameter (1972.118.154) 84. Silverpitcher(handlemissing).Height 8.2 8.75 cm; diameter cm;weight 130.2 grams.(1972.118.156) bottle. Height 11.1cm; 85. Silverperfume diameter 6.25 cm;weight97.2 grams. (1972.118.155) The strigilandthe kylixareundecorated, and but the bottle,the pitcher, the pyxis bandsthataregilt. havechasedornamental In addition,the pitcherhason its slightly bottoma gilt floralrosettecomdepressed The of two different quatrefoils. posed circleson concentric pyxisbearsengraved the underside.
D. for Bibliography: von Bothmer,in TheSearch New York,1982, pp. 12-13, Aleander, Supplement, nos. S43-47 (with completeearlierreferences).

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86. Goldphialemesomphalos. Greek,perhapsfourthcenturyB.C. Height 3.7 cm; diameter 22.4-22.75 cm;weight 747 grams.RogersFund,1962 (62.11.1) This libationbowl, of the traditional Greek form anddecoration,is workedin repousse. The motifs arearranged fourconcentric in circlesof thirty-three elementseach:the bottomrow represents the beechnuts, other in three,acornsincreasing size towardthe rim.The largerinterstices the top register in ones in aredecorated with bees,the smaller the lowerpartwith simplerornaments basedon stylizedlotuses.On the insideof the phialea collararoundthe omphalosdissix playsfifteencircumscribed palmettes; indiaroundits periphery solderingmarks wereonce catethatseparate gold ornaments to attached it. Therearetwo incisedinscriptions on the outsidein the flatzone around of the depression the omphalos.One, in Greekletterstracedverysketchily, givesthe of a name,"Pausi...,"which beginning to Pausileon, maybe restored Pausias, or Pausimachos, Pausippos, Pausistratos. moredeeply The other inscription, readingfromrightto left, is in engraved, that characters indiPunic(Carthaginian) catethe weight,givenhereas 180. Ancient weightswerebasedon monetaryunits,and if we dividethe preserved weightin grams 180 we obtaina unitveryclosein weight by in to thatof the Attic drachma the period The Carthaginian betwen429 and230 B.C. are characters datedin the thirdcenturyB.C., but the inscriptionmayhavebeenadded laterwhen the bowl changedownership. with acorns In anyevent,the decoration occursas earlyas the latesixthcenturyB.C. now on a fragmentary phialefromCyprus and in Warsaw musthavebeentraditional: not only aregold andsilverphialaiin temple or inventories often called"phialai akylotai" referbalanotai" (both adjectives "phialai on ringto acorns),the acornsalsoappear of the phialaiheldby the caryatids the on Erechtheum the Acropolisin Athens,as we learnfromthe Romancopiesfoundin villa. Hadrian's
Bibliography:D. von Bothmer,in MMABulletinn.s. and 21 (1962-63), pp. 154-66; D. E. Strong, Greek RomanGoldand Silver Plate,1966, pp. 97-98, pl. 23A.

50

bowl. LateHellenistic,sec87. Silver-gilt ond-first centuryB.C. Saidto havebeen found at Olbiain SouthRussiain 1917. 14.64 cm;weight Height 7.25 cm; diameter 242 grams.RogersFund,1922 (22.50.2). Ex coil. J.Chmielowski The decorationon the bowl is in repousse. on Featured the bottomis a starrosetteof eight pointswith leavesbetween,from in whichrisetendrilsthatterminate flowers In andfan-shaped palmettes. this floralsetting a pairof Erotesflyingtowardeach on otherappear eachsideof the bowl. On the better-preserved the Eroson the side, left holdsa stemmedcupwhilethe one on the rightapproaches playingthe double flutes.On the oppositeside,the righthand of the Eroson the left is hidden;the one a facinghim carries kantharos the by handle.
Galleries, of Bibliography: Catalogue theAmericanArt New York,Feb. 23-25,1922, no. 745 (ill.); MMA Bulletin17 (1922), p. 134, fig. 2; K. V. Trevor, Greco-BactrianArt 1940, pp. 70ff, fig. 6; Treasures, of G. M. A. Richter,Handbook theGreek Collection, 1953, p. 127,no. 52, fig. 106b; P. E. Corbett and 23 Museum D. E. Strong, in British Quarterly (1961), and p. 81, no. 43; D. E. Strong, Greek RomanGold and Silver Plate, 1966, p. 110.

.-~

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88. Bronzemirrorwith wooden backing frame.Saidto havebeen set in a silver-gilt before1911.Hellenistic, found in Bulgaria Diameter16.7 fourth-thirdcenturyB.C. cm;depth5.6 cm;weight,with backing, 311grams.RogersFund,1922 (22.50.1). Ex coill. Chmielowski J. to The bronzediskof the mirroris attached a dome-shaped wooden backequippedwith a ringhandle.The frame,castin cire-perdu, and slipsoverthe wooden backing the disk likea collar. wasfastened It with nailsalong the overhanging flangeandon top, where are the nailheads camouflaged the centers by in of the floralvolutes.The decoration, of openwork,is a rinceau palmettes, flowers,andleavesthatservesas a feeding herons.The frame groundfor fourgraceful is bordered beading. by The provenance the firstpublication in (1922), "Foundat Olbiain SouthRussia between1900 and1918," contradicted is by of a mountedphotograph this mirrorin the archives the BritishMuseumthatbears of to the label(datedFebruary 1911):"Said Suchmirrors havebeenfound in Bulgaria." South areknownfromthe East,especially Russia.It hasbeensuggestedthatthe wooden backmayhavebeencoveredwith fabric,whichwouldhaveset off the a jour of the framemost effectively.
Catalogue Galleries, oftheAmenricanArt Bibliography: New York,Feb. 23-25,1922, no. 753; G. M. A. inAmerican Journal Richterand C. Alexander, of (1947), pp. 221ff. Archaeology

51

89, 90. Pairof silvered-tin phialai.Saidto havebeen found togetherat Spina.Greek, latefifthcenturyB.C.(39.11.4):height4.5 25 cm; diameter(estimated) cm; weight 458 grams.(47.11.9):height4.6 cm; diame25 ter (estimated) cm; weight464 grams. Dick Fund,1939 (39.11.4); HarrisBrisbane RogersFund,1947 (47.11.9) overthe same Both phialaiwerehammered with the samesubmatrixandaredecorated jects.The insideof eachphialeis divided into two zones, the outerof whichis much The broader. chiefsubjectin the outerzone in is the triumphal apotheosisof Herakles a cortegeof four chariotsdrivenby Victories. The chariotof Dionysosis followed by those of Herakles, Athena,andAres.The showsgods feastlowerzone, the predella, ing on Mt. Olympusat the weddingof HeraklesandHebe: Hebe is offeringa phiale a anda wreathto Herakles; reclining woman(or goddess)is playingthe tympanon;a smallwingedfigureis flying towardAphroditeandAres;Erosis proffering a wine cup to an old silenwho helps himselfto food; nextcomesApollo playing and the kithara a museplayingthe harp;and the compositionis concludedby Ariadne andDionysosandanold hairysilenplaying on the flutes,who areflanked the left by an incenseburnerandon the rightby a panther. The mainsceneis knownfromseveral some of laterdate,thatattestto the replicas, of popularity the subject.
Bibliography:G. M. A. Richter,inAmericanJournal (1941), pp. 363ff, and (1950), pp. 357ff. ofArchaeology

52

Said 91. Goldplatefor a scabbard. to have beenfoundnearNikopol in SouthRussia. Greek,fourthcenturyB.C. Length54.5 cm. Fund,1930 (30.11.12) Rogers This swordsheathhasbeenknownsince of before1914,as photographs it wereforRussianInstitutein in the Imperial merly The Constantinople. shapeis thatof the trafor scabbards the akinakes, ditionalScythian is of whichthe best preserved in the Hermitage(Dn. 1863, 1/447,448). The Greek the artistwho decorated gold platehas dividedit into threeparts.At the chevronshapedapex,at rightanglesto the sheath he winged proper, has placedtwo heraldic extension in griffins; the roughlytriangular to parallel the mainscenea lion hasleaped on a fallowdeer;behindthis groupa smaller wingedgriffinslaysa deer.In the mainfrieze,for whichthe artistusedthe scabbard as samematrix on the Chertomlyk in the Hermitage,a battlebetweenGreeks andbarbarians ragesoverthe entirelength. As the scabbard taperstowardthe chapethe to figuresareadapted the diminishing on height.Thusthe warriors the left are completely upright,those in the middle and becomesomewhat smaller, the ones on the rightareeitherkneelingor fallen.
4 G. Bibliography: M. A. Richter,in MMAStudies (1933), pp. 109-30. (For the Chertomlyksword and see scabbard most recentlyThe Metropolitan Museumof Art catalogueFromtheLandsofthe 1975, pp. 108-109, color pl. 10.) Scythians,

53

92-106. Hoard of silver vases and

utensils. Hellenistic, third century B.C.

Purchase Purchase, RogersFund,Classical Dick Fundand Fund,HarrisBrisbane Anonymous,Mrs.VincentAstor,Mr.and Mr. Mrs.Walter Bareiss, andMrs.Howard J.Barnet,ChristosG. Bastis,Mr.andMrs. MartinFried,JeromeLevyFoundation, NorbertSchimmel,andMr.andMrs. ThomasA. SpearsGifts, 1981-82. (1981.11.15-22;1982.11.7-13) This groupof fifteenobjects,presumably found togethera generationago, represents some of the finestHellenisticsilverknown Not enoughsilverof fromMagnaGraecia. the earlyHellenisticage hasbeen recovered to be certainwhetherthe silverwasmadein Taranto in easternSicily,but it canbe reaor sonablyassumedthatthe objectsareof the thirdcenturyB.C.,andwithinthatperiodof Decothanearlier. the secondhalfrather rativemotifs not only enjoya long life but for travelfreely,andparallels some detailsof occuralso in the shapeandornamentation and East(especially Pergamon) in the South We (Alexandria). areon the roadtowarda whichfromthe second Hellenistickoine, so localattributions centuryon renders difficult. 54

92. Deep bowl, parcel gilt. Height 6.8 cm; diameter (estimated) 21 cm; weight 479 grams. (1981.11.19) The underside of the bowl bears a sixpetalled rosette done in repousse. The inside has four concentric decorative bands. Near the rim is a wreath of pointed leaves, held together by four sleeves set at regular intervals and twelve spiraling bands. Almost directly below this, a narrow band of wave patterns is followed by a pronounced ridge topped by beading and, below that, a band of fern leaves set in panels. The bottom of the bowl is embellished with an emblema worked in repousse and soldered to a circular frame with four sprockets that in turn is soldered to the bowl. The floral pattern on the emblema is particularlyrich: a garnet is set in the center of a sixteen-petalled rosette, from which spring four acanthus leaves separated by four nymphaea nelumbo, with eight other flowers, rendered less symmetrically,in the background. There is beading along the inner edge of the frame. A notation in pointed Greek letters gives the number 127 preceded by a symbol, perhaps the weight. For the floral motif of the emblema compare, especially, the underside of the lid of

the pyxis in the TarantoTreasure(Rothschild collection; P. Wuilleumier, Le Tresor de Tarente,1930, pl. 2, 2). 93. Silver bowl, parcel gilt. Height 7 cm; diameter (estimated) 22.8 cm; weight 407 grams. (1981.11.20) The separatelyworked central emblema is an elaborate rosette of different petals and leaves arranged in three tiers. A slight hollow in the very center may have held a small garnet. The petals on the two top tiers are rounded; the leaves on the bottom, somewhat larger, alternate between acanthus and pointed ones. The next decorative band is a kymation of special shape, which is followed by a somewhat broader zone of swastika maeanders and saltire squares. The maeander gives the effect of a third dimension, since one of its component angular strips is not gilt and crosses or is crossed by the gilt strip. As on the previous bowl, the ornamentation below the rim is a wreath held together by sleeves and spiral straps. Below the wreath appear an egg-and-dart pattern and, after a brief interval, a wave pattern. On the outside of the rim are remnants of a numerical notation in Greek letters, no doubt the weight. This bowl held at one time, soldered to the inside, the emblema with a Scylla (no. 95). 94. Deep bowl, parcel gilt. Height 6.2 cm; diameter 22 cm; weight 418 grams. (1981.11.21) This bowl, like nos. 92 and 93, has a central leaf-rosette of three different layers. Here, each layer is a hexafoil. A garnet is set in the center. The decorative bands encircling the inside of the bowl on three levels are somewhat simpler: on the inside of the rim an egg-and-dart band is followed by a wave pattern; farther down comes a pronounced welt with beading in the middle and, lastly, close to the tips of the floral rosette, a guilloche. The layers of leaves are, on top, nymphaea, next, plain leaves with a central spine, and, on the bottom, acanthus. This bowl bears two notations in pointed Greek letters. On the outside of the rim the number 25 is preceded by the same symbol as written on no. 92, and on the opposite wall is the ligature eta and rho.

95. Emblema, parcel gilt. Scyllahurlinga rock.Height 2 cm;diameter, with frame, 10.5 cm;weight 81 grams.(1981.11.22) Scylla,the seamonsterwho livedin a cavein a cliffoff the Straits Messina,is shown of the frontally, humanpartsof herbody in veryhigh relief.Both armsareraisedabove herhead,as she is aboutto hurla largeboulder.Fromherhipsspringthreedogs. The one in the centerhascaninepawsandeatsa fish,the one on the left (withfinsfor feet) devoursa sepia,whilethe dog on the right, likewisefinned,is eyeinga dolphin.The humanhalfandthe forejunctionof Scylla's camouflaged partsof the dogs is cleverly by a finworn likea skirt.The lowerpartof her body is formedby two long fishtails,and, in addition,a wolf-headed snake,the sosea calledketos, encircles body.Grimand her ferociousthoughshe is, Scylladoes not for spurnjewelry, she wearstwo gold bracelets. The repousse emblema mayhaveoriginallybeenthe lid of a pyxis.The underside of the framein whichit restsis notched, andtracesof soldershow thatit wasonce attached the insideof bowl no. 93, thus to the hidingits rosette.Perhaps vasefor whichthe Scyllaservedas a coverwas in and damaged beyondrepair antiquity, the ownersalvaged beautiful the repousserelief andaddedit to one of his valuable bowls.

55

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8.13 cm;weight 96. Pitcher, parcel gilt. Height 9.1 cm;diameter 178 grams.(1982.11.13) The handleandfoot areworkedseparately soldered The and on. froma diskof sheetsilverand,likemost Hellenistic wasraised body finished a lathe.The gildingis limitedto the kymation on on silver, the shoulder, of the handle,andpartsof the theatrical mask part below it. Underthe foot is a weightnotation,"27"in pointedGreekletters,preceded a tau andan eta. by 97. Hemispherical bowl, parcel gilt. Height 7.7cm;diameter ca. 13.85-14.44 cm (originally 14 cm);weight 151grams. (1981.11.16) The gildingis limitedto the groovededge of the rim,a guilloche bordered beadingdirectlybelowthe rimon the outside,two susby with berries with sashes(atoppositesides), tied pendedivy wreaths of andthe outlinesof the geometricpattern six pentagonsabutting a central thatcoversthe outsideof the bowl.Theseoutlines hexagon with rowsof dots at irregular areengraved reinforced and intervals. are Bowlswith this pattern knownin terracotta fromPergamon andCorinthandin glassfromGordion. 98. Skyphos, parcel gilt. Heightto top of handles8.84 cm, to top of rim7.71cm;diameter 12.64-13.31 cm;diameter foot 5.75 cm; of weight299 grams.(1981.11.17) The handlesandthe foot areworkedseparately solderedon, and andthe underside the foot is coveredwith a profiled of disk.Gildof handles the and ing is limitedto the attachments the decorated wavepattern the lowerparts.The slopingtop of the foot is decoon ratedwith a kymation. On the underside the foot aretwo inscriptions dottedGreek of in letters:EPMAanddeltaandomega. 99. Kyathos. of Length247 cm;diameter bowl 5.5 cm;weight119 grams.(1981.11.15) This ladleis one of the latestin the Museum's collectionbutcontinues in the traditionof the one fromPrusias (no. 72). The endof the handleis in the shapeof a deer'shead.The inscribed letterson dot both sidesof the top of the stemhaveso fardefiedtransliteration. 100. Phialemesomphalos, 14.8 parcel gilt. Height 2.3 cm;diameter cm;weight104 grams.(1982.11.10) Thissmallphialeis unusual thatit is equippedwith threesaucerin on shapedfeet thatkeepit fromwobbling.The patternwork the insideis gilt: twelveelongatednarrow bossesradiate around the connectedat theirtips by a circular bandof waves. omphalos, Withinthiswheelformedby the wavecirclethe surface been has to of deliberately roughened insurebetteradhesion the gold leaf. Onlytracesof whatmayhavebeena weightnotationin pointed lettersremain visibleon the outsideunderthe incrustation. the For conventionof placingthreesmallsupportsunderthe convexbottom of a vasecompare Hellenisticterracotta the bowl in Bowdoin Collegethathasthreecomicmasks.

101. Pyxis,parcel Height 5.5 cm;diameter 8.34 cm;weight gilt. 148 grams.(1982.11.11A-C) Likethe altar(no. 102),this pyxiswas"sacred the gods,"aswe to learnfromthe Greekinscription dottedletterson the edge of the in underside. cannothavebeena powderbox or cosmeticcontainer It but mustrather havebeenthe receptacle the incensethatwas for burnedon the altar. consistsof threeparts:the pyxisproper, It with threefeet formedby the pawsof lions, an innercontainer, a lid and in repousse. The subject the reliefis a goddessseatedon a rock, of and holdinga hornof plentyfilledwith grapes,pomegranates, otherfruit;aninfantseatedon herlapholdson to the cornucopia. The subjectmustbe DemeterandPloutos.Gildingis preserved on the cornucopia its contents,on the himationof Demeterand and on hershoes,herhair,one earring, herbracelet, wellason and as the hairof Ploutos.A Lesbian the kymation, decorates lower gilt, moldingof the pyxis. In the centerof the underside a numerical is notation:"nine" precededby the symbolthatlookslikea Romanthree.In the zone aroundit, hastilytraced,is a wordnot unlikethe notation"fromthe war"on the altar(no. 102). A similar silverpyxisin Basel(BS 607) containedcoinsof Hieron II of Syracuse (274-216 B.c.).

57

102. Smallportablealtar, parcel gilt. Height base 10.6 11.3cm; the rectangular measures by 10.83 cm. (1982.11.9A-E) The altaris madeof different partsand A includesaccessories. hollow cylinder workedin the repoussetechniqueis solderedto a castbase.Two insetsfit into the openingon top: a shallowbasinequipped with loops for two handlesanda somewhat rim. largerbasinwith anoverhanging When not in use, the two insetswerenestedinside and the altar, it wascoveredwith the lid. The outsideof the altarproperandthe On top of its lid areornamented. the upper moldinga narrowbandof lotus flowers is (alternatingly uprightanddownward) next followedby an egg-and-dart pattern; fromit by beading,comesa to it, separated like row of starsandfivepointsarranged rosettes;below the starsandrosetteswe find a band(not gilt) of verticallinesand,finally, a triglyph-metope patternbandin which the triglyphsareleft silverwhilethe of metopesaregilt. At mid-level the altar are four bulls'skulls(bucrania) shown connectedwith one anotherby a frontally, of heavygarland vine leavesandother foliage.At the bottom a plainbandof gold froma kymationby beading. is separated of On the underside the baseseveral can Greekinscriptions be read;some are othersarefinished.The lightlyscratched, latteraredone in dot letters:one reads "sacred the gods"andis followedby the to a letterpianda symbolresembling Roman three;the otherdot inscription givesa The preliminary, inscriplightlyscratched to tions read"sacred the gods"and"sacred to allthe gods."Addedacrossthe middle,in anotherhandandin largerletters,is a notawe tion "fromthe war." Lastly, havea sevenprecededby the ligature numerical thatlooks likea Romanthree. Forsuchminiature altars,I knowof only of in one parallel silver, rectangular shape with an inset anda lid. It wassold in 3 Lucerneat auction(ArsAntiqua [Apr.29, from 1961],no. 132) andhasdisappeared
view. It, too, is richly profiled and has monogram composed of a delta and a mu.

frombucrania. suspended garlands

103,104. Pairof horns.Lengthof each15.5 70 cm;weight (1981.11.7): grams, 74.5 grams. (1981.11.8): froma silverstrip Eachhornwashammered androlledwith the edgesfoldedoverand and welded.The tips werecastseparately insertedinto the openingon top. The lower openingis crimpedandthe flangeis perthatthe hornswere forated,indicating to attached an objectmadeof anothermatethe rialby meansof studs.Perhaps horns wereaddedto a bronzehelmetor one made of leather. 58

105
105,106. Pair of buckets, parcel gilt. (1981.11.18): height 19.6 cm; diameter 26.26 cm; weight 891.3 grams. (1982.11.12): height 18.5 cm; diameter 26.8 cm; weight 820.5 grams. Each of the two parabolic bowls has three knobs in the shape of theatricalmasks, which helped to balance it when it was filled with wine and stood upright. In this position, however, the heads were upside down: when not in use, the bowls sat on their rims, with the three supporting masks right side up. Two of the masks are of a young person (Dionysos?); the third is of a comic actor. There is much gilding in the heads on the two silver bowls; in addition, the larger one (no. 105) has a gilt guilloche directly below the rim. No exact parallelsin silver are known, but a terracotta bowl found at Butrinto in Albania is of comparable size. There the comic mask is accompanied by one of a young satyr and another of an old satyr. The notion of putting some vases upside down when not in use has affected the decoration of painted vases from as early as the sixth century B.C.;the convention is common on Boeotian bird bowls, both stemmed and flat bottomed, Boeotian lekanides, and even some Attic cups. In Hellenistic times masks or cockleshells

often servedas supportsfor drinking cupswithouta foot or base, andit is not unlikely the pottersaccepted conventionfrom that this also metalware; compare no. 100, the silver-gilt phiale. The Butrintobowl is published L. M. Ugolini inAlbania by Antica3 (1942),p. 132, no. 6, andpl. 19; the earliest terracotta bowlwith cockleshells one foundin the Athenian is Agorathatwas and 43 by published discussed StellaMillerin Hesperia (1974),pp. on 204-205, p. 234, no. 34, pl. 32; masks reliefbowlsarediscussed des inJahrbuch DeutschenArchaologischen Instituts by W. Zuchner 65/66 (1950-51), pp. 194ff.Forthe Boeotianconventionof paintVasorumAntiing birdsin flightupsidedown see, e.g., Corpus 1 Attic quorum (Heidelberg) (1954), pls. 23, 24; the earliest for friezeis Boston03.784 (Corpus Vasexample an upside-down [Boston]2 [1978], p. 43, pl. 100,1-4). The orumAntiquorum masks the youngpersonresemble gold headsof the Thesof the hoardthatis partlyin Hamburg(Athenische salian 50 Mitteilungen [1925], pp. 173-74, pl. 8, h; pl. 9, 5-6). 59

106

Detail of no. 105

__ __am I_

Detail of no. 106

_

60

107-109. The Bolsena Silver. Rogers Fund, 1903. An Etruscan tomb discovered nearBolsena (the ancientVolsinii),a smalltown about twelvemilessouthwestof Orvieto,contained,besidesa greatdealof obviously Etruscan vases iron, bronze,andterracotta andutensilsanda gold ring,threesilver objectsthatfor the longesttime wereconsideredEtruscan untilDonaldE. Strong,in theirclosestylisticaffinities 1968, stressed with ApulianHellenisticsilverware. All threeobjectsbear,in Etruscan dottedletters,the legend"suthina" (whichis comas monlyrendered "ofthe tomb"),a word thatalsooccurs,writtenin the samestyle, on manyof the bronzesfromthe same that find;it mustthereforebe assumed thesepiecesof silverwereacquired an by Etruscan who laterwas buriedwith them. The dateshouldbe earlyin the thirdcentury B.C.
A. the Bibliography: Oliver,Jr.,Silverfor Gods, Toledo, 1977, pp. 54-57 (with earlierreferences).

109. Strigil.Length27.27 cm;weight82 grams.(03.24.7) are Strigils,or scrapers, toilet accessories andwereusedchieflyby athletes scrape to awaythe oil andsandon theirskin.Like manyof the ladlesor spoons,strigilswere madefroma stripof metal.The lower, curvedpartwashammered the tradiinto tionalshape,the returnof the handle, whichsometimesterminates a leafin and shapedfinial,waslikewisehammered, the finialwasthensoldered the underside to of the curvedportion. Etruscan dottedlettersonce againmark the strigilas"ofthe tomb"(suthina). There arealsotwo monograms, andMV,sepaDA ratedby two verticaldots.

107. Amphoriskos vase),parcel (perfume gilt. Hellenistic,thirdcenturyB.C. Height 15.4 cm, to rimonly,14.12cm; diameter 7.12cm;weight120.4 grams.(03.24.5) The curvinghandlesarehammered from to stripsof silverandattached the shoulder andthe mouthof the vasewith solder.The top of the mouthslopestowardthe narrow and opening;it wasworkedseparately laid likea collaroverthe originalrimof the neck.Exceptfor theseadjuncts vase the itselfis raisedin one piece.Fromthe base acanthus leavescovspringthreeengraved eredwith gilding,andsuspended fromthe belowthe lowerattachment the of shoulder, in handles,aretwo necklaces terminating to ivy leaves.The gilt necklaces appear be tied to broadfilletswith tasselsthatare crownedaboveby a floralwreath. In additionto the word"suthina," on of punchedrather crudely the shoulder one side,a monogram composedof the lettersD andMI separated two vertical by dots appears the bottom. on 108. Pyxiswith conicalcover,parcel gilt. Height, with lid in place,8.4 cm, to top of of body 4.7 cm;diameter base5.6 cm; weight 54.9 grams.(03.24.6) The body andthe lid with its slightoverthe hangareraised; lid is toppedby a cast finial.The gilt ornamentaspindle-shaped tion on the overhang the lid is a Lesbian of thatmirrors one alongthe the kymation moldingabovethe base.Halfwaybetween thesetwo a banddecorated with anivy rinceauencircles body.On top of the lid the sevenpointedgilt leavesalternate with sevenleft plain,andbetweenthe pointsof theselongerleavesarethe tips of fourteen gilt acanthuses. The inscription "suthina" both appears on the lid andon the body. 61

110-114.

The MolltefoLtio

Hoard.

Rogers Fund, 1908. Excavations carried out in a necropolis at Montefortino (about thirty miles west of Ancona in central Italy) uncovered, in December 1895, the burial of a Gallic warrior. The tomb (number 33) contained not only iron weapons, knives, and spits, an iron strigil, a bronze cauldron with a swinging iron handle, a bronze wine jug, a bronze saucepan, two plain pointed terracotta amphorae, and numerous terracotta plates and cups but also, and this is exceptional for the cemetery, a gold ring and five silver vessels. The silver from this tomb is obviously not of local production but must have been an "importation" from another part of Italy. Since the cemetery is that of Gauls, who in the early fourth century B.C. had begun to invade central Italy and whose intermittent raids extended as far as Apulia, the early Hellenistic silver from Montefortino must represent loot. The five silver vases can be dated on stylistic grounds to the end of the
fourth century B.C. the A. Bibliography: Oliver,Jr.,Silverfor Gods, Toledo, 1977, pp. 62-66 (with earlierreferences).

110. Silver jug. Height 11.2 cm; diameter 7.53 cm; weight 242 grams. (08.258.51) The handle is cast separately and attached with solder to the mouth and the shoulder. The underside of the foot is richly profiled. 111. Silver bowl with swinging handles. Height 11.6 cm; diameter 17.27 cm; weight, as preserved, 255 grams. (08.258.50) This bowl is relatively thin-walled. The foot was worked separatelyand the swinging handles were hammered and slipped into the tubelike projections that are attached with solder on opposite sides of the rim. The shape is rare, but similar silver bowls or basins with swinging handles were found in Macedonia (cf. H. G. Horn and C. B. Riiger, Die Numidier,Bonn, 1979, pp. 295ff). 112,113. Pair of stemless silver cups. Both: height to rim 3.3 cm; diameter 13.7 cm. Width (08.258.52): 19.03 cm, (08.258.53): 18 cm; weight (08.258.52): 297 grams, (08.258.53): 309 grams.

The cups, handles, and feet are cast separately and soldered together. The cone projections in the center were also made separatelyand riveted to the bowl. Each tondo is decorated with a complex floral pattern; the cone in the center of no. 112 has, in addition, nineteen tongues on its slope. The scheme of decoration is known from other silver cups, notably three in Berlin and one in London. The conical projections in the center may be derived from certain Etruscan bronze phialai of the fourth century B.C.

114. Silver kyathos. Length 20 cm; diameter of bowl 5.43 cm; weight 91 grams. Rogers Fund, 1908 (08.258.54) The handle terminates above in the head and neck of a duck or swan, with details of the head and plumage chased. This ladle is somewhat shorter than the others known of this period. An owner's graffito on the inside of the bowl gives, in Greek letters, the beginning of his name (lambda, upsilon,chi).

62

112 113

63

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64

15-124. The "Svoli Hoard" of table silve. RogersFund, 1920. Two cups,a spoutedjug, a ladle,andsix spoons arepartof a serviceof thirtypieces now dividedbetweenthe FieldMuseumof NaturalHistoryin Chicagoandthe MetropolitanMuseum.Thoughthe exactcircumstancesof the discovery not known,the are Tivoli,cannotbe disallegedprovenance, proved,nor need it be doubtedthatthe hoardwas, indeed,foundtogether:techestablish the nique,style,andowner'smarks cohesionof the group.The date,as hasbeen convincingly argued,is the lateRepublican the period,probably middleof the firstcenB.C.whenthe civilwarsin Romemay tury haveforcedthe familythatowned the silver to buryit for safekeeping.
A. the Bibliography: Oliver,Jr.,Silverfor Gods, 54 Toledo, 1977, pp. 98-109; idem, inArcheologie (June1981), pp. 53-59.

118. Spoutedpitcher. Height to top of rim 6.7 cm; diameter bowl 8.24 cm;weight of 149.4 grams.(20.49.4) The foot andthe ringhandlearecastsepato ratelyandattached the body of the The bowl wasraisedto pitcherwith solder. the desiredheightandthe long spoutwas the subsequently shapedby stretching metalthroughhammering. Thereareno inscriptions. The shapeof this pitcher, with its long with troughlike spout,has beenassociated thatof a wine ladlewhichthe Roman Varro calleda trulla,but the encyclopedist identification not absolutely is certain. 119-122. Fourspoons.Lengthsvarying from14.66 to 15.36 cm;weightsvarying from12.5 to 17 grams.(20.49.6-9) Thesefourspoons,likethe six fromthe sameset in Chicago,aremadein one piece andhammered rather thancast.The endsof the handlesterminate stylizedducks' in heads.A V-shaped grooveon the underside alongthe junctionof bowl andhandlesimulatesan attachment solderof two sepaby rateparts. 123,124. Pairof cochlearia (snailspoons). (20.49.11):length12.35 cm;weight6.1 grams.(20.49.12): length11.47cm;weight 5.9 grams Cochlearia the Latintermfor spoons was for used, as the namebetrays, eatingsnails. The pointedendsareadmirably suitedfor the extracting snailfromthe shell.The Field Museumin Chicagohassevenmoreof these spoons.

115. Kyathos.Length17.5cm; diameter of bowl 4.86 cm;weight 51.6 grams. (20.49.5) The ladleis of the traditional form:the hook on top of the stemterminates the in headof a duckwith eyes,ears,bill,and to plumageincised.Compared the earlier EastGreeksilverladles,of whichthe Museumhaseight, it is considerably smaller andits bowl is muchdeeper.The dotted Latininscription establishes Sattia's ownershipandthe weight (two ounces, threescruples). Here the discrepancy betweenactualandrecorded weightis a merethreegrams.See alsonos. 116,117 116,117. Pairofskyphoi. Both: heightto 10.7 top of rim9.5 cm;diameter cm. Width (20.49.2): 16 cm, (20.49.3): 16.24 cm; weight (20.49.2): 467.2 grams,(20.49.3): 449.5 grams. The bowls, handles,andfeet werecastsepaand on rately, the bowlswerefinished a lathebeforethe handlesandfeet were attached with solder.The ornamentation is in the bestHellenistictradition:a kymation on the outsideof the lip, a guillocheon the and on shoulder, a Lesbian kymation the foot. Eachcup hasconcentric circles the on underside the foot, a slightgrooveruns of allthe wayaround insideof the rim,and the fartherdown a circleis lightlyincised. Thatthe cupswereintendedas a pairis on provedby the Latindot-inscription the underside eachfoot thatstates,"[belongof ing to] Sattia,daughter(or wife) of Lucius, two [cups],two pounds,elevenounces, sevenscruples." to Compared the current a weightof the two cups,this represents loss of 45 grams,whichmayhavebeencaused by corrosionandcleaning.

65

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66

125, 126. The 1asimene Silver. A Swisscollector, industrialist the ArnoldRuesch,hadin his villa in Zuricha groupof silverobjectssaidto havebeenfoundin the tombof a womannearthe LagoTrasimeno siteof Hannibal's (the

collectionof antiquities sold at auctionin was 1936, his extensive Lucerne. the silverhoardthreelots-a pairof strigilson a Of combandpin, anda strainer-were boughtby ring,a combination William Hearst,while a fourthobject,a silverpitcher, Randolph Mr. silverpurchases that at stayedbehindin Switzerland. Hearst's saleneverwentto SanSimeonbutweresoldoverthe counterat Gimbelsin New York 1943. Therethe hoardwasfurtherreduced in anddispersed: HarrisDunscombeColt acquired strigilson a the When ringandJosephBrummer boughtthe combandthe strainer. Brummer died in 1947,allmemoryof the Trasimene hoardhadvanished.The combwasselectedby the MedievalDepartment the of Museumas one of manyobjectsboughtfromthe estate,in the beliefthatit wasof the Migrationperiod,aboutfifthcenturyA.D., andthe silverstrainer sold at auctionin New York(Parke was Art There Bernet)on May11,1947,for $50 to the Walters Gallery. the matter wouldhaverested,but in April1961,I sawthe strigilsin the collectionof HarrisDunscombeColt andthe ownergraciously This pavedthe wayto havethe comb gavethemto the Museum. fromthe samefindreclassified transferred and fromthe Medieval to the GreekandRomanDepartment 1964, so thattodayhalfthe in Trasimene is once againunited. find 125. Pairofstrigils on a ring.Roman,mid-first centuryB.C. Diameter ring 7.525 cm;lengthof eachstrigil21.7cm;total of weight109.3 grams.Gift of H. Dunscombe Colt, 1961(61.88) The strigilsareworkedfromsinglestripsof silver(asis the one fromBolsena,no. 109), but differfromthe earlier ones in thatthe handleproperis angular. carrying The ringis flaton top but angular belowthe decorative moldings.The catchon top is formedby two in slots;the catchproperis attached one slot and,whenpivoted, fitssnuglyinto the other.The protruding of the catchis in the end head.The closestparallel this pairof to shapeof a stylizedduck's of strigilson a ringis furnished the silverathleticequipment the by samedatein Berlinthatalso includesanoil bottlewith a suspension chain(cf. U. Gehrig,inBerlinerMuseen [1973], pp. 41ff). 23
A. the Bibliography: Oliver,Jr.,Silverfor Gods, Toledo, 1977, p. 112 (with earlier references).

victory over the Romans in 217 B.C.). Seven years after his death, in

Gehrig, in BerlinerMuseen23 [1973], p. 44, fig. 12), from the same hoard that also gives us the best parallelsfor the strigils.
A. the Bibliography: Oliver,Jr.,Silverfor Gods, Toledo, 1977, pp. 110-11.

126. Combination combandpin. Roman,mid-first centuryB.C. Length17.7cm;weight13.8 grams.Fletcher Fund,1947 (47.100.27) The flatcombis set into a taperingoctagonalhandle,the junction ornamental cuff.In the areabelowthe camouflaged a rectangular by teeth,the two sidesof the combcombinedillustrate lion hunt.A a smallAmorkneelson a rockto the left andlooksback;for protection he haswrapped cloakaroundhis left armandhandin the a time-honored traditionof lion huntersthatcanbe tracedbackin Greekartto the sixthcenturyB.C.In his righthandhe holdsa a weapon,perhaps bow.To hisleft a houndin frontof a treeleaps to the attack. the othersideof the combtheirprey,a lion, On to charges the left, againin frontof a tree.The contoursof the the with lighterlines figures, rock,andthe treesareengraved, for innermarkings, the background stippled. and is A similar silvercomb-and-pin foundin a Romantombof was a womannearAnconatogetherwith a pairof bronzestrigilson an iron ring,a smallsilverkantharos, gold earrings, gold two a threegold rings,anda bronzemirror. the stippled For necklace, of background the huntingscene,aswell as the breedof hound, the decorative bandon a smallsilverpitcherin Berlin(U. compare

67

127. Silverplate.Roman,latefirstto early secondcenturyA.D. Height 0.8 cm;diameter 12.67 cm; weight 161grams.Rogers Fund, 1918 (18.145.37) The platewascastandfinished a lathe. on On the rim,in low relief,two femaleand two maletheatrical masksalternate: the womenfaceleft, the men right.Behindeach on maskis a structure whichcakesareset. Besideeachmalemaskis a lagobolon(hunting stick)andnextto eachfemalemaskis a thyrsos;the lagoboloiandthyrsoiareberibbetween boned.Two of the four animals the heads,a lionessanda hound,faceright; the others,a wild goat anda wolf, arerunning to the left. On the underside the platea dotted of M. Latininscription, C. FLA,givesthe inicursive tialsof an owner.A lightlyscratched has been interpreted AlanK. by inscription
Bowman to read "Aria ... nidis." The genidaughter of ... ides." For the masks and

128. Silverhandleof a vaseor lamp.Saidto havebeenfoundnearRome. Roman,perhapsfirstcenturyA.D. Height 4.5 cm; weight26 grams.RogersFund,1910 (10.210.41) to The casthandlewasonce attached a small a cup (or perhaps lamp),the bodyof which is now missing.The forepart a panther of emergesfroma flowerandbendsover,both frontlegs extendedhorizontally. lower The finialshowsthe frontalheadof a lion in relief. Forthe modelingof the panther's head, the finialof a silverkyathosfromAsia Minormaybe compared (Boston61.159;A. the Toledo,1977, Oliver,Jr.,Silverfor Gods, p. 115).

tive endingsuggestssomethinglike"Aria, animals a compare silvercup in Vienna (VII A 12).

A. the Bibliography: Oliver,Jr.,Silverfor Gods, Toledo, 1977, pp. 150-51.

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Saidto be fromEgypt. 129. Silvermirror. Roman,firstcenturyA.D. Length,20.4 cm; diameter 12.11cm;weight 192 grams. RogersFund,1907 (07.286.127) The disk,the handle,andthe leaf-shaped and supportarecastseparately joinedwith solder.The slightlyconvexside,whichwas is usedasthe mirroring surface, plain, backis decowhereas slightlyconcave the framedby beading ratedwith a kymation circles.Also alongthe rimandby concentric on the back,to the rightof the leafsupport, is a Latininscription(readby AlanK. Bowman)thatgivesthe owner'sname, followedby a ligature basedon the "Iris,"

letterA andthe weightof one-halfpound, one ounce,ten scruples (202.5 grams), whichcorresponds closelyto its actualcurrentweight.Lossof weightis normalowing to corrosionandrepeated cleaning.
A. the Bibliography: Oliver,Jr.,Silverfor Gods, Toledo, 1977, p. 139, no. 92.

69

130. Silver handle of a large dish, parcel gilt. Roman, second century A.D. Length 36.5 cm; weight 1438.5 grams. Rogers Fund, 1906 (06.1106) The lower edge of the cast handle is grooved to fit into the rim of a dish (now lost), which probably had a diameter of 58.5 cm. There would have been another crescent-shaped cast handle on the opposite side that, on the analogy of the pair found in the harbor ofBizerte (Tunisia), would have been the same shape and size but not necessarily identical in decoration. This handle shows in relatively high relief a lion hunt in a landscape. A lioness has been cornered in her lair. One hunter, partly shielded by an elevation in the ground and keeping his balance by holding on to a branch of the big tree in the center, attacks from above; another, mounted and accompanied by a hound, attacks from the right. A gazelle and a doe run away from the confrontation. Six animal heads, two of lions in

three-quarter view and four of goats and eagles in profile, form part of the ornamental frame. The landscape, in addition to the big tree in the center, also includes stylized rocks, small plants lightly engraved on the background, stumps of two other trees, and the skull of a bull. The gilding is limited to the leaves of the tree; the mantles of the hunters; the saddle cloth; parts of the rocky outcroppings; the mane, hooves, bridle, and rein of the horse; the fur of the lioness, the deer, and the hound; the horns of the gazelle; parts of the heads of the lion, the eagles, and the goats; the skull; and three unidentified objects on the ground (two diamond-shaped, the third oval).
A. the Bibliography: Oliver,Jr.,Silverfor Gods, Toledo, 1977, cover,pp. 152-53 (with earlier references).

70

131. Silverhandleof a dish,originally gilt. Saidto havebeenfoundin Iranbetween Hamadan Kirmanshah. and Roman,early thirdcenturyA.D.Length,aspreserved, 22.7 cm;weight672.7 grams.Rogers Fund, 1954 (54.11.8) The dishto whichthishandlewasonce attached wouldhavehada diameter of about38.1 cm. The loweredge of the handle is straight, grooved,but tracesof not soldershowhow it wasattached the to bowl.The subject,the Indiantriumphof in is Bacchus, rendered relatively high relief, a whichnecessitated castingtechnique to peculiar some Romanvesselsof the third Herethe highestpartsof eachfigcentury. urearecastseparately purersilverandfitin ted into bedsnow readily visiblein the areas wherethe insertshavefallenout andbeen lost; alsomissingis the wheelof the chariot of Bacchus. procession His movesfromleft to right.Two lionessespullthe vehicle.The god is accompanied Panandthreesatyrs by who carryelephant tusks,a syrinx,a plant with threeblossoms,anda stick.The motif

of a triumphis furtherstressed the prein dellaby the two trophiesconsistingof and helmet,cuirass, shields;the helmets, andsheathed swordsnearthe midgreaves, seatednextto dle; andtwo pairsof captives the trophies.In the centerof the lowerregistera pairof cymbals arranged is symOf metrically. the gilding,only traces remainin some of the folds of Bacchus's of tunic,the headof his thyrsos,the harness one lioness,andone of the elephant tusks. The Indiantriumphof Bacchus popular was on Romansarcophagi, whichhelpto date this silverreliefin the earlythirdrather than
the second century A.D.
C. inMMABulletinn.s. 14 Bibliography: Alexander, (1954-55), pp. 64-67; A. M. McCann,RomanSarin Museum cophagi TheMetropolitan ofArt, 1978, pp. 88-89, fig. 99.

Acknowlegments
The authorgratefullyacknowledgesthe support and help he has receivedover the years from PierreAmandryand AndrewOliver,Jr.,mostly on questions pertainingto the East Greeksilver,and from Dr. MichaelPfrommeron the problemsof Hellenistic chronology.Other, more specific in appear the captions.Dr.JoanMertens, acknowledgments of Curatorand Administrator Greekand RomanArt, renin assistance the planningandorganization deredinvaluable of of thisBulletin. Department Conservation The (underthe supervisionof JamesFrantz and RichardStone) worked ShinichiDoi, andHermes Cleveland, long hourswith Carlie the Knauerto cleanand restorecarefully manyobjectsthat had not been on publicview for decades.WalterYeeof the Photo Studio took greatpainsto photograph,and in many the casesto rephotograph, gold and silverhere illustrated. JoanHolt andSuePottershowedmuchpatiencein handling a long and somewhat unwieldy text and struggling with deadlines. The Department also wishes to single out for special thanksthe manydonors,whosenames(exceptfor thosewho in wish to remainanonymous)appear the creditlines.Their for proposedin the unstintingsupport,especially purchases last eighteen years, is largely responsiblefor the present strengthof the collection. The Bibliography: bestgeneralaccountof GreekandRoman and handbook,Greek gold andsilveris the lateD. E. Strong's and Roman Gold SilverPlate (1966).The exhibitioncatalogue Silver the Gods(1977) by AndrewOliver,Jr., and Kurt for Lucknerbrings the story up to date and goes more deeply into manyaspects.The entrieson the 119objectsshown in Toledo,Kansas City,andFortWorth,fromOctober1977 to April1978, arefullydocumented,andthe generalintroduction gives an excellentsurvey.

72

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