CLASS 10LIGHT & Human Eye

COMMON MISTAKES AND HOW TO AVOID THEM

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Topic Light- spherical mirrors

Common slips made Confusion between concave and convex mirror Forget to draw arrows in ray diagrams The position for which a virtual image is formed in a concave mirror m = v/u

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Light Spherical mirrors

How to avoid A concave mirror has a cave in it so that the bear can walk into it! That was just a memory mnemonic to help you remember that a concave mirror is curved inwards. Always remember to put arrows whenever you draw a ray diagram. When object is between focus and pole of the mirror m = -v/u for mirrors. The mirror formula

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Sign of magnification

1 1 1 = + has a + sign f u v

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Sign of power of spherical mirrors

Confusion whether the focal length of a concave mirror is positive or negative.

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Spherical mirrors

Ray diagrams without using a pencil, scale and compass. Assumption that you know all the ray diagrams!

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Refraction light

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Refraction of light

Confusion in which direction does light bend when it enters a denser medium Solving numericals in which you have to find the speed of light in a medium and the speed of light comes out to be more than 3x108m/s.

in it and its magnification has a negative sign in it. You might find this memory mnemonic useful! Convex has an x in it. This looks like a + sign. This helps you remember that the focal length of a convex mirror is positive. Recall that the focal length of a convex lens is also positive. A neat diagram drawn with the help of pencil, scale and compass to draw the mirror certainly fetches more marks. You need to practice drawing ray diagrams, without keeping the book open in front of you. Dont forget to summarize the characteristics of the image after drawing the ray diagram. Remember it bends towards the normal when it enters a denser medium and away from the normal on entering a rarer medium. This is not possible. A very common mistake is to use n = v/c instead of n = c/v. The correct formula is n = c/v.

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Refraction of light

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Refraction of light Spherical Mirrors

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Confusion whether velocity, wavelength or frequency changes when light is refracted. Meaning of the statement refractive index of water is 1.33 Confusion between uses of concave mirrors and convex mirrors

Remember velocity and wavelength change. Frequency does not change. Another important point to remember is that velocity = wavelength x frequency. It means that the speed of light in that medium will be c/1.33. Concave mirrors have a small field of view so objects are placed at close range. So concave mirrors can be make-up mirrors, dentist mirrors etc. Convex mirrors have a large field of view so objects placed in a wide range will be visible. So to see the traffic behind you or as a store surveillance mirror you will use a convex mirror. A positive value of magnification implies that the image is erect and virtual. A value of 1/3 implies that the size of the image is 1/3rd the size of the object. Do not forget to change the focal length given in cm to m. Only then will be the power = 1/f be in dioptres(D). You must learn the definition as this is a frequently asked question. It is the ability of the eye lens to adjust its focal length To view objects placed nearby, the ciliary muscles need to contract which strains the eye. While viewing far off objects the muscles are relaxed so viewing distant objects is more comfortable. Note carefully how to draw the ray diagram for eye with corrective lens and do not get confused with the object position and image position. Note carefully that the angle of deviation is the angle between the direction of the incident ray and the emergent ray. Practice drawing this ray diagram and learn labels of all angles and rays on it. Remember that rainbow and spectrum in a prism are due to dispersion. Twinkling of stars is due to atmospheric

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Sign of magnification

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Power

Say value of magnification is +1/3. Then what can you conclude about nature and size of image? Given focal length in cm find power Definition of power of accommodation

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Human eye

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Human eye

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Defects of vision

Confusion in the fact when is the eye more relaxed, while viewing objects placed close by or those placed far away. Ray diagrams of eye with corrective lens

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Prism

Marking the angle of deviation in the ray diagram

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Various phenomena

Reason for the observation of a rainbow, spectrum in a prism,

twinkling of stars, blue color of the sky. Do not club all the reasons together and just write dispersion or refraction etc. randomly. 19. Numerical for myopic eye For numericals involving correction of distant vision, what is the object distance? For numericals involving correction of short sightedness, what is the object distance? Confusion between presbyopia and the need for bifocal lenses.

refraction. Color of the sky is due to scattering.

The object distance is taken as infinity and 1/u = 0.

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Numerical for hypermetropic eye Presbyopia

The object distance is taken as 25cm, unless some other value is specified, for near point, in the question This eye defect is age related and is due to weakening of the ciliary muscles. Did you know that the Greek word "presbus" means "old person". Bifocal lenses can be used by a person (young or old) who suffers from both myopia and hypermetropia.

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