Chapter 3

Intermolecular Forces

3.1 Electronegativity, polar bond and polar molecule

1. What is electronegativity of an element? The electronegativity of an element is the measure of the attractive power of its atoms for shared pair electrons in a covalent bond It is a number between 0 to 4 Metals have low electronegativity Non-metals have high electronegativity (fluorine highest, oxygen, nitrogen)

2. In a covalent bond between the two different atoms, one atom has a greater attraction for electrons than other atom. The atoms with greater attractive power for electrons (greater electronegativity) pull electrons of the covalent bond closer to it. This atom acquire a partial negative charge,- and the other atom acquires a partial positive charge,+. There is an unequal sharing of electrons and the covalent bond is said to be polar (covalent bond with ionic character) 3. A covalent bond between two identical atoms is not polar. 4. A molecule which has a partial positive charge on one end and a partial negative charge on the other is a polar molecule. The molecule has a dipole and possesses a dipole moment. A molecule is polarized if Its bond is polar It is asymmetrical. Answer Scheme *Lewis Structure *Symmetrical/asymmetrical molecule *Dipole moment 0 / Dipole moment = o * Polar / Non-polar molecule

3.2 Polarity and Bonding

1. When two atoms come together to form a chemical bond, an electrovalent bond is formed if the difference in electronegativity is large/more than 1.5 2. An ionic bond will acquire a degree of covalent character if the positive ion can attract electron density from the negative ion back into the region between the nuclei. The covalent character arises because the valence electrons will then be partially shared. The extent to which a positive ion can do this is called polarizing power. 3. The polarizing power depends on : a. Positive charge (the larger the positive charge, the greater the polarizing power) b. Size (The smaller the size of the positive ion, the greater the polarizing power) 4. This covalent character also depends on the polarisability of the negative ion (how easy it polarized by +ion) Large,highly charged negative ions can be polarized easily.

3.3 Van de Waals Forces

There are two types of Van de Waals forces a. Permanent dipole-dipole force b. Temporary dipole-dipole force/instantaneous dipole induced dipole 1. Permanent dipole-dipole force between polar molecules

*The polarity is permanent within the polar molecule. 2. TEMPORARY DIPOLE-DIPOLE FORCE between non-polar molecules - The electrons in an atom are in constant movement - At any moment, the electron distribution maybe slightly displaced towards one side on an atom or molecule - Side slightly charged - The temporary dipole induces dipole in the neighboring molecules. - Dipole attracts one another, producing weak force of attraction between molecules. Strength of the Van de Waals force depends on o Size,relative masses of the particles o Shape, surface area. Long molecules are polarized easily.

3. Dipole-dipole forces are much weaker than covalent bonds and electrovalent bonds.

3.4 Hydrogen Bonds

1. What is hydrogen bonds? - When hydrogen is bonded to a very electronegative atom (F, O, N), the electron cloud is greatly distorted towards the electronegative atom, thus exposing the hydrogen nucleus. - The strong positive charge of thinly shielded hydrogen nucleus is then attracted by the lone pair of electron of the electronegative atom from the 2nd molecule. 2. Hydrogen bonds are stronger than ordinary dipole attraction but weaker than covalent and electrovalent bonds. 3. Effect of hydrogen bond on the physical properties. a. Solubility of some covalent substances in water b. Boiling Points c. Anomalous R.M.M d. Ice has lower density than water e. The structure of protein 4. There are two types of hydrogen bonding, namely intermolecular and intramolecular. a. Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding Hydrogen bond between different molecules b. Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding Hydrogen bond between atoms of the same molecules Example : Nitrophenol