’O’ Geography Elective

Development Notes

What? Improvement in a country’s economic and social conditions

Standard of Living in DCs Higher
in LDCs Lower

Quality of Life in DCs generally higher

in LDCs generally lower

Indicators of Development
Economic Indicator
1. Income per capita
Measures avg income each workers in a country receives in a year
Indicates wealth of ppl in a country
GDP per capita = (total income in a country in 1 year) divided by (total
population)
Increased GDP, Increased HDI rank

Why not true indicator?

-an avg figure only
-does not take into account the local cost of living
-does not reflect informal economic activities
-does not reflect social and environmental costs
2. Employment Structure
Shows the proportion of workforce in the 3 main employment sectors
Ie. Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Industries
3. Employment Opportunities

Health Indicator
1. Life Expectancy
DCs Higher then LDCs – Higher Fertility Rates in DCs

Why?
Govt has $$$ to spend on healthcare services
Accessibility to Healthcare
People in DCs can afford healthcare
2. Infant Mortality Rate
DCs lower then LDCs

Why?
People can afford food
Accessibility of Healthcare
Adequate Resources to handle disasters
"Success doesn't come to you…you go to it." Marva Collins Page 1
 ’O’ Geography Elective
Development Notes

Availability of good sanitation facilities

3. Access to water and sanitation
Main cause of deaths in most LDCs is due to poor sanitation and
contaminated drinking water
Education Indicator
Literacy Rate
% of adults who can read and write
DCs higher than LDCs

Why?
DCs have financial resources to meet educational needs
In LDCs, Education is a luxury
People In DCs can afford to send their children to sch

Human Development Index (HDI)

Scale of devt used to measure a country’s performance according to..
Economic -> Income per capita
Health -> Life Expectancy
Education -> Literacy Rate

Measurement of HDI
High 0.800 – 1.000
Mediu 0.500 – 0.799
m
Low 0.499 and
below
HDI does not take into account HUMAN RIGHTS and FREEDOM.

Core Periphery Model

CORE : Richer and developed countries/regions
PERIPHERY : Poorer and less developed countries/regions

Core Country Periphery Country

Availability of Jobs
Economy Concentrates on
Secondary (manufacturing),
Tertiary (Services) industries
Gd Infrastructure
Concentration of wealth
Few Jobs, Services and
Investments
Economy Concentrates on
Primary (Farming and
extraction of raw materials)
Limited Infrastructure
Weak poor economy

Spread Effect
"Success doesn't come to you…you go to it." Marva Collins Page 2
 ’O’ Geography Elective
Development Notes

Labour
Core and Periphery
Materials

-Resources drained out to core

-Periphery areas in disadvantaged position (deprived)
-Devt hindered

Backwash Effect
Wealth and
Core Knowledge Periphery

-Outward Expansion
-Wealth and Knowledge transferred to periphery
-Form Secondary Core

Factors that Affect Development

Social
Health
– Lack of health education and medicines
– High death rates
– Diseases such as malaria and aids
– Depletes workforce
– Limits development
Literacy
– Education expensive
– Not all go to school
– Low literacy rate
– Especially women
– Unskilled workforce
– Expertise must be bought form DCs
"Success doesn't come to you…you go to it." Marva Collins Page 3
 ’O’ Geography Elective
Development Notes

Population
– LDCs have rapid population growth
– Lack of security and high infant mortality rate
– Have more children
– Strain on resources
– Limits development
Environmental
Food
– Millions no food each day
– Undernutrition
– Tiredness
– Unable to work (malnutrition)
– Health problems
Natural Disasters
– Natural disasters occurs
– Impact more severe in LDCs then DCs
– Building not strong, rescue services not well equipped
– Lack of $$$ for rebuilding
– Setback development
Diseases &Pets
– Diseases spreading insects thrive in hot humid climate of many LDCs
– Economic cost with damage to agriculture
– Social cost to people
Historical
Colonial Rule
– Colonial powers obtain natural resources for own development and growth
– LDCs unable to fully develop
– Becomes dependant in their colonial government

Economical
Colonial Rule
– Many LDCs rich in natural resources
– Natural advantage not exploited, only controlled by a few large co.
– Little of the wealth is redistributed back to the population
– Limits development
Political
Governance1
– Political instability
– Unstable government
– Constant changes
– Foreign investors (no sense of security)
– Deters them from investing in country
Governance2
– Corrupted government
– Local and foreign investors give bribes
– Lose confidence in government

"Success doesn't come to you…you go to it." Marva Collins Page 4

 ’O’ Geography Elective
Development Notes

International Organisations
World Bank
– Provide aid to reduce poverty in form of $$$ or tech
– Provide loans to LDCs at low or no interst
– Kecamatan Development Programme(KDP) in Indonesia
– Over US$ 890 mil in funds in loans and credits supplied to KDP
– Access to clean water and reliable water supply
Asian Development Bank
– Reduce poverty and improve QOL in terms of $$$ and tech assistance
– Asia Pacific Region
– Lends $$$ to LDCs such as Bangladesh
– Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge Project
– Improve the country’s transport infrastructure

International Agreements
United Nations Milennium Development Goals
– Get LDCs out of poverty
– Poverty, Hunger, diseases and lack of adequate shelter
– Extreme poverty and hunger in Vietnam greatly reduced
United Nations Conventions on the Law of the Sea
– Control the usage of resources in the seas and oceans of the world
– Not be overused and depleted
– Coastal states have right to fish or get oil from sea
– With advancements in tech, boats travel greater dist&fish further and result
in depletion of fish stocks
– Coastal countries have a fair chance at development
– h/r landlocked countries do not benefit from it

National Development
Improving Water Supply and Sanitation Facilities
– Parivartan Slum Networking Programme
– Improve living conditions of slum dwellers and better QOL
– Basic infrastructure, access to water supply, underground sewage
– Reduce spread of diseases
"Success doesn't come to you…you go to it." Marva Collins Page 5
 ’O’ Geography Elective
Development Notes

– Death rates declined

– Fewer suffered from general illnesses succeeded
Improving Education Standards
– Royal Thai Government
– Hill tribe communities
– Extreme poverty
– No formal education, illiterate
– Lower standard of living
– Government policy to provide Education for all
– Promote literacy
– Able to find employment in cities
– Increase income, improve agricultural production
– Effectiveness limited, live in small communities, isolated
Population Ctrl
– Ctrl pop
– In china
– One Child Policy
– Difficult to implement
– Want sons, so keep giving birth
– Birth rates dropped
Job Creation& financial assistance
– Phillipines, KALAHI plan
– Improving SOL
– No formal education, no loans for SMEs so failed
– With KALAHI plan then more attention and resources given to informal sector
to develop
– Loans given to set up and run small businesses
– Ultra poor given interest free loans

"Success doesn't come to you…you go to it." Marva Collins Page 6