SEISMIC THREAT TO HIGH RISE BUILDINGS IN HYDERABAD DUE TO NEARBY ZONE-3 AREAS

KOLLIPARA.RAJESH (20111631) MASTER OF TECNOLOGY IN COMPUTER AIDED STRUCTURAL ENGINERRING (rajesh.kollipara@students.iiit.ac.in)

International Institute of Information Technology Gachibowli, Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh, INDIA 500032

CERTIFICATE

It is certified that work contained in the project titled SEISMIC THREAT TO HIGH RISE BUILDINGS IN HYDERABAD DUE TO NEARBY ZONE-3 AREAS by RAJESH KOLLIPARA, has been carried out under my/our supervision and it is not published elsewhere for a degree.

Advisor: Dr.Ramancharla Pradeep kumar

ABSTRACT This project deals how to find seismic threat to high rise buildings in Hyderabad due to nearby ZONE 3 areas. Procedure and analysis are explained by taking 3,7,10 and 15 storey building as example problem, which are existing in Hyderabad. Design of building is done by using IS 456,IS 875 part 3(wind load),IS 1893 (earthquake loads) . Pushover analysis is used to find final results using software like SAP, excel sheet, Auto Cad, Matlab.

INDEX

1) About Project 2) Calculating damage index 3) Performance point 4) Fragility curve. 5) Code for ADRS and Fragility curve 6) Building Design 7) Design of structure for 3 storied buildings 8) Slab Design 9) Wind load calculations 10) Stair case Design 11) Design of structure for 7 storied building 12) Design of structure for 10 storied building 13) Design of structure for 15 storied building 14) Comparing all results 15) Seismic threat to building in Hyderabad 16) Conclusion.

7 8 8 10 12 15 16 18 21 21 31 37 42 47 49 49

LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1 Details of G+5 storied Building Table 2 Wind load calculations Table 3 Details of 7 storied Building Table 4 Details of 10 storied Building Table 5 Details of 15 storied Building Table 6 Comparing all base shear and capacity Table 7 No. of buildings in ZONE LIST OF FIGURES 16 21 32 37 43 47 49

Page Fig1. A.P zone map Fig2. Building subjected to displacements Fig3. Pushover curve Fig4. Design spectrum Fig5. ADRS format Fig6. Total area under pushover curve (T) Fig7. Fragility curve Fig8. Stair case details Fig9. Stair case section Fig10. Pushover curve for 3 storied building Fig11. ADRS format for 3 storied building Fig12. Fragility curve for 3 storied building 7 8 8 9 10 10 11 25 25 28 29 29
5

Fig13. Sap model for 7 storied building Fig14. Pushover curve for 7 storied building Fig15. ADRS for 7 storied building Fig16. Fragility curve for 7 storied building Fig17. Pushover curve for 10 storied building Fig18. ADRS for 10 storied building Fig19. Fragility curve for 10 storied building Fig20. Pushover curve for 15 storied building Fig21. Fragility curve for 15 storied building Fig22. Comparing all pushover analysis Fig23. Comparing all fragility curves LIST OF PLAN

33 34 35 36 40 41 41 45 46 47 48

Page Plan1. 3 storied building Plan2. Reinforcement distribution details for3 storied building Plan3. Beam details for3 storied building Plan4. Beam reinforcement details for3 storied building Plan5. 7 storied building Plan6. 10 storied building Plan7. 15 storied building 17 20 20.1 20.2 31 38 42

INTRODUCTION
Hyderabad is in ZONE 2 area and surrounded by ZONE 3 areas. Generally, waves with high frequency affect nearby buildings and waves with low frequency travel long distance which damages tall buildings in other regions.

Fig.1 (A.P zone map)

Aeronautical distance from Hyderabad to ZONE 3areas are as follows 1)Bhadrachalam, A.P (260Km) 2)Vijayawada, A.P(247 Km) 3)Latur, Maharashtra(230Km) 4)Khammam, A.P(179Km) 5)Warngal, A.P(140Km) These areas are ZONE 3 areas which are very near to Hyderabad. We require ground motions to generate damage index, but ground motions in selected areas are not available, so by considering few selected ground motion data from other areas are collected. Ground motions which are considered are as follows. 1)Bhuj 2)Chamba 3)Chamoli 4)Dharmashala
7

Above ground motions are of different g values. So they are normalized to 0.1g and 0.16g. Assuming these ground motion occurred in selected ZONE 3 areas. So, by using available data and matlab program me we can generate damage index. For pushover analysis 4 buildings are planned and designed according to Hyderabad conditions. CALCULATING DAMAGE INDEX To methods are used to generate damage index. 1) Performance point and 2) Fragility curve. PERFORMANCE POINT It is a plot between base Sa (vs) Sd. To get performance point we require capacity curve and demand curve (design spectrum) are converted to ADRS format and plotted in a single graph. Performance point is points were two curves meet at a point. Capacity curve (Base shear vs Displacement) To generate this curve pushover analysis is done. When structure is subjected to lateral load, we get strength of structure and when it is subjected to lateral displacement, we get capacity of the structure.

fig.2 (building subject to lateral force or displacement)

fig.3 (Pushover curve )

Design demand spectrum (Sa vs T) The design demand spectrum has to be developed for given site considering range of earthquakes or IS 1893-2002 code gives design response spectrum for different zones. IS 1893-2002codes gives design response spectrum for three sites i.e., rocky or hard soil, medium soil, soft soil sites is represented in figure 2.5. The classification of site into above mentioned categories is based on IS 1893-2002. The design response spectrum is for 5% damped structure. IS1893 gives modification factors for other damping values. For special structure site design spectrum has to be developed. The reduction factors given in IS1893 for other damping can be used as reduction factors to get reduced design demand response spectrum.

Fig.4(design spectrum)

To convert demand curve and pushover curve to ADRS format to show performance point, following steps are followed. 1. Pushover is a plot between base shear (vs) displacements. This plot is converted to Sa (vs) Sd. Sa=Base shear (v)/(A*W) Where A=Z/2*I/R and W=seismic weight. Sd= /(Pf*) Where =displacement Pf=participation factor and = Mode shape at roof 2. Demand curve is plot between Sa (vs) Time. This plot is converted to Sa (vs) Sd. Sd=T*T*Sa/(4*). From above steps we get ADRS curve as show below (fig 5)
9

fig 5( ADRS curve)

FRAGILITY CURVES It is a plot between displacement (vs) damage index (or) acceleration (vs) damage index. Seismic fragility curves are essential tools for assessing the vulnerability of a particular building, or a class of buildings, and offer a means of communicating the probability of damage over a range of potential earthquake ground motion intensities. Fragility curves for buildings in their retrotted condition provide a number of advantages and opportunities for building owners. This includes offering tools to evaluate alternative retrot measures for buildings, assess the regional risk to an inventory comprised of as-built and retrotted structures, or perform probabilistic return on investment examinations. Regardless of the ultimate application of such tools, fragility curves for retrotted buildings are critical pieces of the risk and reliability assessment of buildings exposed to the seismic hazard. As such, an appropriate methodology for their development is necessary. To generate fragility curve, following steps are required. 1) Find angle of line w.r.to x-axis. 2) Find total area under curve Ee. 3) Deduct elastic area E form Ee Total area T=Ee-E 4) Similarly find area for different displacement values (ti). 5) Damage Di=ti/T 6) Plot between Di (vs) displacement values. Fig below explains to calculate total area T

10

Fig 6 (area for T)

Fig 7 below explains for calculating ti values for different displacements.

fig7 (area for t (i))

For area t4=t4+t3+t2+t1. Triangular area =1/2xf(i)*(x(i)-x(i)) Where x(i)=f(i)/tan() D(i)=t(i)/T Plot D(i) vs displacement m(i) we get curve as shown (fig 8)
11

Fig.8 (fragility curve)

General code for getting ADRS format and FRAGILITY curve using matlab is as below. % Program to find performance point and damage of a 3-storey structure clear all; clc; % Loading values of capacity curve obtained from SAP push=load('Book2.txt'); % Base shear Vs Roof disp roof_disp=push(:,1); Vb=push(:,2); % Constants g=9.81; pi=22/7; % Input from user storey=input('\n'); E=5000*sqrt(fck); disp('enter Mass at each floor'); for i=1:1:storey; m(i)=input('\n'); end disp('enter stiffness'); for i=1:1:storey; k(i)=input('\n'); end W=m*g; % Determination of Dynamic properties M=zeros(storey,storey); for i=1:1:storey
12

M(i,i)=m(i); end k(storey+1)=0; K=zeros(storey,storey); for i=1:1:storey for j=i:1:storey K(i,j)=k(j)+k(j+1); k(i,j+1)=-k(j+1); k(i+1,j)=-k(j+1); end end [m_shape,lamda]=eig(K,M); womega=sqrt(lamda(storey,storey)); for i=1:storey for j=1:storey phi(j,i)=m_shape(j,i)/m_shape(storey,i); end end totalm=0; % Determination of modal contribution for i=1:storey sum1=0; sum2=0; for k=1:storey sum1=sum1+W(k)*phi(k,i); sum2=sum2+W(k)*(phi(k,i)^2); end pf(i)=sum1/sum2; modalm(i)=(sum1^2)/(g*sum2); totalm=totalm+modalm(i); end PF=pf(1); alpha=modalm(1)/totalm; % capacity curve for i=1:length(push(:,1)) Sa(i)=Vb(i)/(alpha*wt)*9.81; Sd(i)=roof_disp(i)/(PF*abs(phi(storey,1))); end %T(1)=0; T=0:0.1:4; % Demand curve for i=1:length(T) if T(i)<=0.1 Sa1(i)=(1+15*T(i));
13

end if T(i)>0.1 && T(i)<=0.4 Sa1(i)=2.5; end if T(i)>0.4 && T(i)<=4 Sa1(i)=(1/T(i)); end Sd1(i)=(T(i)^2/(4*pi^2))*Sa1(i); end % Plotting capacity spectrum plot(Sd,Sa,Sd1,Sa1); xlabel('Spectral displacement Sd'); ylabel('Spectral acceleration Sa'); title('Capacity & Demand curves using MATLAB'); legend('Capacity','Demand'); %Damage curve Emax=trapz(roof_disp,Vb); slope=((Vb(2,1)-Vb(1,1))/(roof_disp(2,1)-roof_disp(1,1))) angle=atan(slope) for i=2:length(Vb) for j=1:i X(j)=push(j,1); Y(j)=push(j,2); end E=trapz(X,Y); X1(i)=Y(i)/tan(angle) area(i)=X1(i)*Y(i)*0.5 E1(i)=E; end for i=2:length(Vb) damage(i)=((E1(i)-area(i))/(Emax-area(length(Vb)))); end figure(1); plot(roof_disp,damage); title('fragility curve') xlabel('Displacement in m'); ylabel('Damage Index'); disp(enter displacement value from response spectrum); rsdisp=input(\n); damagefactor=interp1(roof_disp,damage,rsdisp)

14

Building Design Most of the building in Hyderabad is open to parking at ground floor, this causes soft story effect. in this project soft story affect is considered. Project is done for complete Hyderabad location, so total number of building in Hyderabad are collected from GHMC and based on height of buildings classification is done. Classification of building is as follows. 1) 2) 3) 4) 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) up to 3 storied buildings as class 1 up to 7 storied buildings as class 2 up to 10 storied buildings as class 3 more than 10 storied buildings as class 4

Design procedure is as follows. Procuring typical building plan (as per client requirement ) Rough orientation columns and beam. Modeling in SAP tool. Calculate live load and dead load for design of slab. We get slab thickness. Calculate load coming from slab to beam using yield line theory and also calculate wall load to beam. Then apply loads to beams. 6) Calculate wind loads as per IS 875. 7) Calculate earthquake force as per IS 1893. 8) By using 53 load combinations building is designed. During design orientation of column and beam will be finalized. After passing of all sections in structure, building is analyzed for pushover analysis. From this we get capacity curve. By plotting demand curve and capacity curve in a single plot gives as performance point.

15

For class 1, Design of structure for 3 storied buildings

Building is used as hostel in Hyderabad location. Table 2(Details of G+3 storied Building)

TYPE OF BUILDING

HOSTEL

AREA OF PLOT

725sq.m

GRADE OF CONRETE

M25

GRADE OF STEEL NO.OF FLOORS

Fy415 G+3

NO.OF COLUMS

56

MAX SIZE OF COLUME

800x230mm

MAX SIZE OF BEAM

500x230mm

TOTAL SEISMIC WEIGTH

31466.683 kN

PEAK DISPLACEMENT ( FROME RESPOUNSE 0.049979m SPECTRUM ANALYSIS DUE TO 0.1g AND 0.16g)

16

AUTO CAD plan

Plan.1 (3 storied building)

17

Slab design in excel sheet

Design of Two waySlab Master bed room Fy = Fck = Clearcover PANEL (P1) 500 20 20 N/mm N/mm mm Ly = Lx = 1.550 1.550 m m

Slab thickness = D.L.of slab = Floor finishes = Partition Live load = Total

150 3.750 1.500 0.000 10.000 15.250

mm

Beam width Ley = Lex =

230 1.446 1.446

mm m m

dx= dy= kN/m

126 118

Ly/Lx =

1.000

Ast Required

Ast Provided

Edge Condition= Mx- = Mx+ =

Interior panel x*1.5*w*lx = x*1.5*w*lx = 0.031 0.024 1.51 1.13 kN-m kN-m

Ast 180 180

8 279 279

mm c/c c/c

8 175 175

8 My- = My+ = y*1.5*w*lx = y*1.5*w*lx = 0.032 0.024 1.53 1.15 kN-m kN-m 180 180 279 279

mm c/c c/c

8 175 175

Check for deflection fs = Pt = d required = d provided = 182 0.23 27.8 126.0 O.K Modification factor = 2.00

18

Design of One way Slab CORRIDOR Slab Fy = Fck = Clearcover Slab thickness = D.L.of slab = Floor finishes = Live load = Total P9 500 20 25 125 3.13 4.00 3.00 10.125 kN/m dx= dy= 95 85 Ast Required Ast M=1.5*(W*Lx/10)= 3.744 kN-m 150 10 523 8 Distribution steel=0.12*1000*d/100= Check for deflection fs = Pt = d required = d provided = 83 0.55 39.3 95.0 O.K Modification factor = 2.00 150 335 m m c/c m m c/c Ast Provided 10 150 8 175 N/mm N/mm mm mm Beam width 230 mm Lx = 1.570 m

19

Reinforcement distribution for slab (plan2)

Plan.2 (3 storied building reinforcement details

20

Wind load calculations

CALCULATION OF DESIGN WIND PRESSURE FOR INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS Cpe for Basic Terrain, Design Design Building Building Surface Wind Risk Height and Topography Wind Wind Building Dimensions Height Height Plan for wind in Cpi S.No. Speed Factor structure Factor Velocity Pressure Ratio Rario up to K3 Vz in Pz in X Vb in K1 size factor h/w l/w m/s K2 m/s KN/sqm l direction w h 1 10 44 1.00 0.88 1.00 38.72 0.90 42.00 27.00 30.00 1.11 1.56 0.5 0.7 Design Design Building Building Cpe for Wind Wind Height Plan Surface Cpi Cp Pressure Pressure Ratio Rario for wind in in X in Z h/w l/w Z direction direction direction 1.11 1.56 0.5 0.7 1.2 1.08 2 15 44 1.00 0.94 1.00 41.36 1.03 42.00 27.00 30.00 1.11 1.56 0.5 0.7 1.2 42.00 27.00 30.00 1.11 1.56 0.5 0.7 1.2 1.23 3 20 44 1.00 0.98 1.00 43.12 1.12 42.00 27.00 30.00 1.11 1.56 0.5 0.7 1.2 42.00 27.00 30.00 1.11 1.56 0.5 0.7 1.2 1.34 4 30 44 1.00 1.03 1.00 45.32 1.23 42.00 27.00 30.00 1.11 1.56 0.5 0.7 1.2 42.00 27.00 30.00 1.11 1.56 0.5 0.7 1.2 1.48 5 50 44 1.00 1.09 1.00 47.96 1.38 42.00 27.00 30.00 1.11 1.56 0.5 0.7 1.2 42.00 27.00 30.00 1.11 1.56 0.5 0.7 1.2 1.66 1.66 1.48 1.34 1.23 1.08

Building Dimensions Cp l 1.2 42.00 w 27.00 h 30.00

Design Of Critical Closed Staircase

Length of span Length of Flight Width of Flight Depth of Slab Height of riser Width of tread Clear cover Grade of concrete Grade of Steel Density of R.C.C Density of P.C.C Max dia of bar used Loads on stair slab: self weight Weight on plan = = = = = = = = = = = = 5.60 2.77 1.20 175 0.15 0.30 20 20 500 25 24 16 m m m mm m m mm N/mm N/mm KN/m KN/m mm
2 2

(fck) (fy)

3 3

= =

0.175 4.375 0.30

x 25

4.375

KN/m2

x sqrt(0.3^2+0.15^2)
2

4.89

KN/m

21

Weight of steps

= = = = =

1 0.30

x KN/m 2 KN/m 2 KN/m KN/m

2 2

0.15*0.3 x 2

24

Floor finish Live load Total Loads on Landing: self weight Floor finish Live load Total

1.8 1.5 3.0 11.19

= = = =

0.175 1.5 3.0 8.88

x 25 2 KN/m 2 KN/m KN/m

2

4.375

KN/m2

8.88

KN/m2

2.32

KN/m2 B Rb m 28.04

Ra 1.40 m 2.77 5.60 m m

1.40

Support Reactions: Ra, Rb Taking Moments about A : : Rb= Ra= Max. B.M Distance of Zero Shear Force 28.05 - ( (8.88+2.32)*x )=0 2.51 m 28.04103 28.0754

KN KN

: x Mx = = =

(28.05 * 2.51) - ((2.32 +8.88)* (2.51^2/2)) 35.13 KN.m

22

FACTORED

Mu

= =

Mx * 1.50 52.69 KN.m

Design of slab: Effective depth of slab = = Mulim = = Mu < 175-20-8 147 0.133 57.48 OK mm fck bd2

KN-m

Mulim

Ast Required

= =

(1-SQRT(1-4.6*Mu*1000000/Fck/b/1000/d/d/1000/1000)) *0.5*Fck/Fy*b*d*1000*1000 824.566965 201.0619298 5 290 125 8 1608.50 Sq.mm Sq.mm Nos mm mm Nos Sq.mm

Area of Bar No of Bars Required Spacing Required Spacing Provided No of Bars Provided Ast Provided

= = = = = =

> OK

Ast Required

Provide # Distribution steel:

16

125

mm

c/c

Min steel required

= =

0.12 176.40 150 50.24 334.93

%bd mm mm mm mm
2 2 2

Provide # Area of each bar Ast provided Deflection check:

@ = =

c/c

23

l/d Provided

5600/147

38.10

Ast provided Pt = = Fs = =

1608.50 100*Ast/bd 0.91

mm %

0.58*fy* Ast required/Ast provided 148.66 MIN(1/(0.225+0.00322* fs+0.625*LOG(F48)), 2) 1.47 26 F*26 29.49 N/mm
2

Modification Factor (F)

= =

l/d l/d Allowable

= =

l/d Provided

<

l/d Allowable

ok

Summary:

Provide 175 mm Depth of Slab with 16 @ 125 mmC/C as Main Steel 8 @ 150 mm c/c as Distribution Steel

24

Stair case plan Fig.8

fig 9 (stair case section x-x )

25

Sap model

26

SAP BUILDING MODEL

27

PUSHOVER ANALYSIS Pushover analysis is done on SAP TOOL.

(Fig.10 (pushover curve for 3 storied building))

Seismic weight (W) = 31466.683KN Alfa=Z/2*I/R*Sa/g Vd=Alfa*W Z=0.1, I=1.5 (HOSTEL BUILDING), R=3, T=.0075*H^ (.75) =.0499 Sa/g=2.5 Vb=1966.625KN (DEMAND) Capacity = 6.78x10^3KN. (Capacity is more than demand)
28

(Fig.11(ADRS

format

for

storied

building))

(Fig 12 (fragility curve for 3 storied building))

29

To find damage of the building we need to consider a particular displacement value, for that value we conduct response spectrum analysis. As mentioned earlier we consider 4 ground motions i.e. 1)Bhuj 2)Chamba 3)Chamoli 4)Dharmashala Which are normalized to 0.1g and 0.16g. By conducting response spectrum analysis we get max displacement that can happen to the building due to above ground motions. From sap we can compute analysis, max displacement occurred is 0.049979 meters and corresponding damage value is 0.1121.

30

For class 2, Design of structure of 7 storied buildings.

This building is used for residential located in Hyderabad.
Plan.5 (7 storied building plans)

Elevation

31

Table 3 (Details of 7 storied Building)

TYPE OF BUILDING

RESIDENTIAL

AREA OF PLOT

1846.46sq.m

GRADE OF CONRETE

M25

GRADE OF STEEL NO.OF FLOORS

Fy415 G+7

NO.OF COLUMS

120

MAX SIZE OF COLUME

100X300mm

MAX SIZE OF BEAM

500x300mm

TOTAL SEISMIC WEIGTH

132786.482KN

PEAK DISPLACEMENT ( FROME RESPOUNSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS DUE TO 0.1g AND 0.016977m 0.16g)

32

SAP model (fig 13)

33

Pushover curve. (fig14)

Seismic weight (W)= 132786.482KN Alfa=Z/2*I/R*Sa/g Vd=Alfa*W Z=0.1, I=1.0(RESIDENTIAL BUILDING), R=3, T=.0075*H^ (.75) =.073 Sa/g=1.5 Vb=3319.66KN (DEMAND) Capacity = 10.9x10^3KN. Capacity is more than demand, but has no performance point. In this case Fragility curve is used to find damage index.

34

ADRS (fig18)

35

Fragility curve (fig16)

Max displacement value from response spectrum is 0.016977 and corresponding damage factor is 0.2396.

36

For class 3, Design of structure of 10 storied buildings.

This building is used for residential located in Hyderabad. Table 4 (Details of 10 storied Building)
RESIDENTIAL TYPE OF BUILDING 1069.12 AREA OF PLOT M25 GRADE OF CONRETE Fy415 GRADE OF STEEL NO.OF FLOORS G+10

NO.OF COLUMS

51

MAX SIZE OF COLUME

1500x450mm

MAX SIZE OF BEAM

530x300

TOTAL SEISMIC WEIGTH

140152.584KN

PEAK DISPLACEMENT ( FROME RESPOUNSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS DUE TO 0.1g AND 0. 021172m 0.16g)

37

Building plan (plan 6)

38

SAP model

39

Pushover curve (fig17)

Seismic weight (W)= 140152.584KN Alfa=Z/2*I/R*Sa/g Vd=Alfa*W Z=0.1, I=1.0(RESIDENTIAL BUILDING), R=3, T=.0075*H^ (.75) =1.032 Sa/g=1 Vb=2335.87KN (DEMAND) Capacity = 6.28x10^3KN. Capacity is more than demand, but has no performance point.

40

ADRS (fig18)

Fragility curve (fig 19)

Max displacement value from response spectrum is 0. 021172m and corresponding damage factor is 0.0203.
41

For class 4, Design of structure of 15 storied buildings.

This building is used for residential located in Hyderabad.

plan 7 (15 storied building plan)

42

Table 5 (Details of 15 storied Building)

TYPE OF BUILDING

RESIDENTIAL

AREA OF PLOT

1566.71sq.m

GRADE OF CONRETE

M25

GRADE OF STEEL

Fy415

NO.OF FLOORS

G+15

NO.OF COLUMS

138

MAX SIZE OF COLUME

1850x300mm

MAX SIZE OF BEAM

530x300mm

TOTAL SEISMIC WEIGTH

398921.376KN

PEAK DISPLACEMENT ( FROME RESPOUNSE 0.010977m SPECTRUM ANALYSIS DUE TO 0.1g AND 0.16g)

43

SAP

model

44

Pushover curve (fig20)

Seismic weight (W)= 398921.376KN Alfa=Z/2*I/R*Sa/g Vd=Alfa*W Z=0.1, I=1.0(RESIDENTIAL BUILDING), R=3, T=.0075*H^ (.75) =1.3 Sa/g=.75 Vb=4986.51KN (DEMAND)

45

Fragility curve (fig21)

Max displacement value from response spectrum is 0.010977m and corresponding damage factor is 0.0068.

46

Pushover curve all together (fig22)

Table.6 (comparing all base shears and capacity)

Base shear W KN (seismic (Demand) wt) KN 31466.683 132786.48 140152.58 398921.36 1966.66 3319.6 2335.84 4986.51

Z 3 floors 7 floors 10 floors 15 floors 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

I 1.5 1 1 1

R Sa/g 3 3 3 3 2.5 1.5 1 0.75

Ah=z/2*I /R*Sa/g 0.0625 0.025 0.0166 0.0125

Capacity KN 6780 10900 6280 10531.52

factor 3.4474 3.2834 2.6885 2.112

47

Fragility curve all together (fig23)

Damage factors:D 1(3 storied) = 0.1121 D2 (7 storied) = 0. 2396 D3 (10 storied) =0.0203 D4 (15 storied) =0.0068 It means that gradual increase of damage index from 3 to 7 storied building, then gradual decrease of index from 7 to 10 storied. So in Hyderabad, 7 storied building has more damage index than compared to others buildings.

48

Seismic Threat to Buildings in Hyderabad GHMC Hyderabad is divided into 5 zones. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) East zone South zone West zone East zone Central zone

On average every year 9500 new building are constructed in Hyderabad. Data from GHMC is taken from 2010-2012 to know which zone has more risk of damage. Table 7 (no. of buildings as per zones) MORE Ht of up to up to up to THEN G+6 G+10 G+10 building/Zone G+3 EAST 4128 257 15 2 CENTRAL 1837 231 30 27 SOUTH 1422 1363 12 2 WEST 3057 610 36 25 NORTH 4111 210 12 8 From above data SOUTH zones is more vulnerable. Conclusion:Even though Hyderabad is in ZONE 2, building can be affected by nearby ZONE 3 areas. To find damage index two methods are used 1) performance point and 2) Fragility curve. From pushover curve we can tell that all building have more capacity than demand ( when it is design according to IS 456, IS 1893 and IS 875) but for few building performance point cannot be achieved, in that case Fragility curve is used to find damage index. Due to nearby ZONE 3 areas second category building are affected. From GHMC date, more no. of second category buildings is in SOUTH zone. So, south zone is more vulnerable for seismic.

49