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Fiber Nonlinearities
As long as optical power within an optical fiber is small, the fiber can be treated as a linear medium; that is the loss and refractive index are independent of the signal power When optical power level gets fairly high, the fiber becomes a nonlinear medium; that is the loss and refractive index depend on the optical power
FIBER NONLINEARITIES
Nonlinearities effects in optical fiber arose due to (i) Increase in optical power levels. (ii) Increase in transmitted wavelengths (DWDM systems) (iii) Increase in data rate. (iv) Increase in transmission distances.
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Nonlinear effects
Response of fiber to optical power is nonlinear. Nonlinear effects appear when the power launched into fiber is high.
- Change of Refractive index : Self-Phase Modulation (SPM) Cross-Phase Modulation (XPM) Four-Wave Mixing (FWM) - Stimulated Scattering: Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS)
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FIBER NONLINEARITIES
Table 1 Single chanel Multichanel Self phase modulation (SPM) Cross phase modulation (XPM), Four wave mixing (FWM) Stimulated brilloun scattering Stimulated raman (SBS) scattering(SRS)
Scattering related
KERR EFFECTS
KERR EFFECTS CONSIST OF THREE DIFFERENT PHENOMENA. IN AN OPTICAL FIBER, THE CORE HAS A SPECIFIC REFRACTIVE INDEX THAT DETERMINES HOW LIGHT TRAVELS THROUGH IT. DEPENDING ON HOW INTENSE IS THE LIGHT TRAVELING THROUGH THE CORE, THIS INDEX CAN CHANGE. THIS INTENSITY-DEPENDENCE, KNOWN AS THE KERR EFFECT, CAN CAUSE THE FOLLOWING ISSUES: SELF PHASE MODULATION THIS OCCURS WHEN A WAVELENGTH CAN SPREAD INTO ADJACENT WAVELENGTHS ON ITS OWN. CROSS PHASE MODULATION THIS OCCURS WHEN SEVERAL DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS IN A WDM SYSTEM CAN CAUSE EACH OTHER TO SPREAD OUT. FOUR WAVE MIXING THIS OCCURS WHEN TWO OR MORE WAVELENGTHS CAN INTERACT TO CREATE AN ENTIRELY NEW WAVELENGTH.
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SCATTERING EFFECTS
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF NONLINEAR SCATTERING EFFECTS TO BE AWARE OF IN OPTICAL NETWORKS. STIMULATED RAMAN SCATTERING THIS OCCURS WHEN LIGHT LOSES ENERGY TO MOLECULES IN THE FIBER AND IS REEMITTED AT A LONGER WAVELENGTH. THIS IS DUE TO THE LOSS OF ENERGY. STIMULATED BRILLOUIN SCATTERING THIS OCCURS WHEN LIGHT WITHIN THE FIBER CREATES ACOUSTIC WAVES. THIS CAN SCATTER THE LIGHT INTO DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS AND DISRUPT THE SIGNAL. BECAUSE OF NONLINEAR EFFECTS, LIKE SCATTERING AND KERR EFFECTS, DATA CAN BE LOST OR CORRUPTED
THE SBS EFFECT IS CONFINED WITHIN A SINGLE WAVELENGTH CHANNEL IN A DENCE WAVELENGTH DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (DWDM) SYSTEM SBS SETS AN UPPER LIMIT ON THE AMOUNT OF OPTICAL POWER THAT CAN BE LAUNCHED INTO AN OPTICAL FIBER.
IT IS PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT TO CONTROL SBS IN HIGH SPEED TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS USING EXTERNAL MODULATORS AND CONTINUOUS WAVE (CW) LASER SOURCES.
STIMULATED BRILLOUIN SCATTERING (SBS) THE SBS THRESHOLD IS STRONGLY DEPENDENT ON THE OPTICAL SOURCES LINE WIDTH
FIG SHOWS HOW THE SBS THRESHOLD INCREASES PROPORTIONALLY AS THE OPTICAL SOURCE LINE WIDTH INCREASES.
BROADENING THE EFFECTIVE SPECTRAL WIDTH OF AN OPTICAL SOURCE RESULTS IN MINIMIZING THE SBS, BUT BROADENING OF LINE WIDTH OF TRANSMITTER INCREASES THE DISPERSION SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE TRANSMITTER, PRIMARILY A CONCERN WHEN OPERATING AT 1550 nm OVER NON DISPERSION SHIFTED SINGLE MODE FIBERS.
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I) KEEPING THE OPTICAL POWER OF WDM CHANNELS BELOW THE SBS THRESHOLD. FOR LONG HAUL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, THIS MAY REQUIRE A REDUCTION IN No. OF OPTICAL AMPLIFIER .
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(ii) INCREASING THE LINE WIDTH OF THE SOURCE. THIS CAN BE ACHIEVED THROUGH DIRECT MODULATION OF SOURCE (AS OPPOSED TO EXTERNAL MODULATION) SINCE THIS CAUSES THE LINE WIDTH TO BROADEN BECAUSE OF CHIRPING EFFECTS. BUT IT MAY RESULT IN LARGE DISPERSION PENALTY. (III) SLIGHTLY DITHERING THE LASER O/P IN FREQUENCY, ROUGHLY AT 100TO 200 MHZ TO RAISE THE BRILLOUIN THRESHOLD.
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FOR A SINGLE CHANNEL SYSTEM THRESHOLD IS AROUND 500 mw NEAR 1550 nm FOR A 20 CHANNEL SYSTEM THRESHOLD PTH EXCEEDS 10 mw AND IT IS AROUND 1 mw FOR A 70 CHANNEL SYSTEM.
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Transmission Fiber
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THE SPM EFFECTS CAN BE NEGLIGIBLE WHEN THE PEAK POWER IS BELOW 166 mW OR 18 dbm AVERAGE POWER.
BY USING DISPERSION COMPENSATING FIBERS (DCF), SPM CAN BE REDUCED.
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AS AN OPTICAL PULSE TRAVELS DOWN THE FIBER, THE TRAILING EDGE OF THE PULSE CAUSES THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF THE FIBER TO RISE, RESULTING IN BLUE SHIFT IN FREQUENCY (TOWARDS HIGHER FREQUENCIES OR SHORTER WAVELENGTHS). THE LEADING EDGE OF THE PULSE DECREASES THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF THE FIBER CAUSING A RED SHIFT (TOWARDS LOWER FREQUENCIES OR LONGER WAVELENGTHS). THESE RED AND BLUE SHIFTS INTRODUCE A FREQUENCY CHIRP ON EACH EDGE WHICH INTERACTS WITH FIBER'S DISPERSION TO BROADEN THE PULSE AS SHOWN IN FIG
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IN ADVANCE NETWORK DESIGNS, SPM CAN BE USED TO PARTLY COMPENSATE FOR THE EFFECTS OF CHROMATIC DISPERSION. THIS PHENOMENON ALSO RESULTS IN FORMATION OF SOLITON PULSES.
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EFFECTS OF NONLINEARITES
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CROSS PHASE MODULATION (XPM) IN CASE OF CROSS PHASE MODULATION REFRACTIVE INDEX NONLINEARITIES CONVERTS OPTICAL INTENSITY FLUCTUATIONS IN A PARTICULAR WAVELENGTH CHANNEL TO PHASE FLUCTUATIONS IN ANOTHER CO PROPAGATING CHANNEL. IN FACT, SPM IS ALWAYS PRESENT WHEN XPM OCCURS. TO AVOID THE XPM FOR TWO CHANNEL SYSTEM THE LIMITING CHANNEL POWER IS AROUND 56 mw (17.5 dbm). FOR A TEN CHANNEL WAVELENGTH SYSTEM THE LIMIT IS AROUND 10 mw. IN FACT SEPARATION BETWEEN DWDM CHANNELS ALSO AFFECTS THE XPM. AN INCREASE IN THE SEPARATION WILL DECREASE THE PENALTY OF POWER DUE TO XPM. FOR DIRECT DETECTION OPTICAL FIBER SYSTEMS THE IMPACT OF XPM IS LESS WHEREAS THE XPM COULD BE A PROBLEM FOR HIGH RATE DWDM SYSTEMS AND WHEN COHERENT DETECTION SCHEMES ARE USED.
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TO AVOID HIGH DISPERSION PENALTIES G 655 FIBERS WERE INTRODUCED HAVING CHROMATIC DISPERSION OF 3 TO 9 PS/NM/KM WHICH IS SUFFICIENT TO SUPPRESS FWM EFFECTS.
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w1 w2 w3
w4 = w1 + w2 - w3
The total number of mixing components increases dramatically with the number of channels
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CORNING LEAF
Corning LEAF has an effective area 32% larger than conventional NZ-DSF Claimed result is lower FWM
Impact on system design is that it allows higher fibre input powers so span increases
Section of DWDM spectrum NZ-DSF shows higher FWM components LEAF has lower FWM and higher per channe\l power DWDM channel FWM component
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Dispersion Characteristics
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