Chem Help

CHAPTER 13
Gases
1.
The atmosphere is a homogeneous mixture (a solution) of gases.
2.
Solids and liquids have essentially fixed volumes and are not able to be compressed easily. Gases
have volumes that depend on their conditions, and can be compressed or expanded by changes in
those conditions. Although the particles of matter in solids are essentially fixed in position (the
solid is rigid), the particles in liquids and gases are free to move.
3.
A small amount of water is added to a metal can and then the can is heated so as to boil the water
and fill the can with steam (gaseous water). The heat is then removed and the can is sealed off. As
the steam in the can cools, it condenses back to a liquid. Since the gas in the can has condensed,
the pressure of the atmosphere is much larger than the pressure of gas in the can, and the
atmospheric pressure causes the can to collapse.
4.
Figure 13.2 in the text shows a simple mercury barometer: a tube filled with mercury is inverted
over a reservoir (containing mercury) that is open to the atmosphere. When the tube is inverted,
the mercury falls to a level at which the pressure of the atmosphere is sufficient to support the
column of mercury. One standard atmosphere of pressure is taken to be the pressure capable of
supporting a column of mercury to a height of 760.0 mm above the reservoir level.
5.
mix
6.
Pressure units include mm Hg, torr, pascals, and psi. The unit mm Hg is derived from the
barometer, since in a traditional mercury barometer, we measure the height of the mercury
column (in millimeters) above the reservoir of mercury.
7.
1.00 atm = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg = 101.325 kPa = 14.70 psi
8.
1 atm
= 0.446 atm
101.325 kPa
a.
45.2 kPa
b.
755 mm Hg
c.
802 torr
d.
1.04 atm
1 atm
= 0.993 atm
760 mm Hg
1 atm
101.325 kPa
= 107 kPa
760 torr
1 atm
760 mm Hg
= 790. mm Hg
1 atm

a.
14.9 psi
1 atm
= 1.01 atm
14.70 psi
267
Chapter 13:
9.
10.
11.
Gases
1 atm
= 1.05 atm
760 torr
b.
795 torr
c.
743 mm Hg
d.
99,436 Pa
101.325 kPa
= 99.1 kPa
760 mm Hg
1 kPa
= 99.436 kPa
1000 Pa

1 atm
= 0.920 atm
760 mm Hg
a.
699 mm Hg
b.
18.2 psi
c.
862 mm Hg = 862 torr
d.
795 mm Hg
760 mm Hg
= 941 mm Hg
14.70 psi
14.70 psi
= 15.4 psi
760 mm Hg

101.325 kPa
= 119 kPa
14.70 psi
a.
17.3 psi
b.
1.15 atm
14.70 psi
= 16.9 psi
1 atm
c.
4.25 atm
760 mm Hg
= 3.23 103 mm Hg
1 atm
d.
224 psi
1 atm
= 15.2 atm
14.70 psi

a.
1.54 105 Pa
b.
1.21 atm
c.
97,325 Pa
d.
1.32 kPa
1 atm
= 1.52 atm
101,325 Pa
101,325 Pa
= 1.23 105 Pa
1 atm
760 mm Hg
= 730.14 mm Hg
101,325 Pa
1000 Pa
= 1.32 103 Pa
1 kPa
268
Chapter 13:
12.
Gases

a.
6.42 atm
101.325 kPa
= 651 kPa
1 atm
b.
4.21 atm
760 torr
= 3.20 103 torr
1 atm
c.
794 mm Hg
d.
27.2 psi
1 atm
= 1.04 atm
760 mm Hg
1 atm
= 1.85 atm
14.70 psi
13.
The volume of a sample of an ideal gas at constant temperature will decrease if the pressure on
the gas is increased.
14.
Additional mercury increases the pressure on the gas sample, causing the volume of the gas upon
which the pressure is exerted to decrease (Boyles Law)
15.
pressure
16.
PV = k;
17.
a.
P1V1 = P2V2
P1 = 755 mm Hg
P2 = 780 mm Hg
V1 = 125 mL
V2 = ?
V2 =
b.
P1 = 1.08 atm
P2 = 0.951 atm
V1 = 223 mL
V2 = ?
V2 =
c.
a.
P2 = 121 kPa
V1 = 3.02 L
V2 = ?
PV
(103 kPa)(3.02 L)
1 1
=
= 2.57 L
P2
(121 kPa)
P1 = 1.15 atm
P2 = 775 mm Hg = 1.020 atm
V1 = 375 mL
V2 = ?
V2 =
b.
PV
(1.08 atm)(223 mL)
1 1
=
= 253 mL
P2
(0.951 atm)
P1 = 103 kPa
V2 =
18.
PV
(755 mm Hg)(125 mL)
1 1
= 121 mL
=
(780 mm Hg)
P2
PV
(1.15 atm)(375 mL)
1 1
=
= 423 mL
P2
(1.020 atm)
P1 = 1.08 atm
P2 = 135 kPa = 1.33 atm
V1 = 195 mL
V2 = ?
269
Chapter 13:
Gases
V2 =
c.
P1 = 131 kPa = 982.6 mm Hg
P2 = 765 mm Hg
V1 = 6.75 L
V2 = ?
V2 =
19.
a.
PV
(982.6 mm Hg)(6.75 L)
1 1
= 8.67 L
=
(765 mm Hg)
P2
P1 = 102.1 kPa
P2 = ? kPa
V1 = 19.3 L
V2 = 10.0 L
P2 =
b.
PV
(1.08 atm)(195 mL)
1 1
=
= 158 mL
(1.33 atm)
P2
PV
(102.1 kPa)(19.3 L)
1 1
=
= 197 kPa
V2
(10.0 L)
P1 = 755 torr = 755 mm Hg
P2 = 761 mm Hg
V1 = 25.7 mL
V2 = ? mL
V2 =
c.
a.
P2 = 112.2 kPa = 1.107 atm
V1 = 51.2 L
V2 = ?
P2 = ?
V1 = 125 mL
V2 = 137 mL
P2 = ?
V1 = 331 mL
V2 = 299 mL
PV
(1.08 atm)(331 mL)
1 1
=
= 1.20 atm
(299 mL)
V2
P1 = 789 mm Hg
P2 = 135 kPa = 1013 mm Hg
V1 = 3.02 L
V2 = ?
V2 =
21.
PV
(755 mm Hg)(125 mL)
1 1
= 689 mm Hg
=
(137 mL)
V2
P1 = 1.08 atm
P2 =
c.
PV
(1.05 atm)(51.2 L)
1 1
= 48.6 L
=
(1.107 atm)
P2
P1 = 755 mm Hg
P2 =
b.
= 25.5 mL
P1 = 1.05 atm
V2 =
20.
PV
(755 mm Hg)(25.7 mL)
1 1
=
(761 mm Hg)
P2
PV
(789 mm Hg)(3.02 L)
1 1
= 2.35 L
=
(1013 mm Hg)
P2
P1 = 1.02 atm
P2 = 2.99 atm
V1 = 225 mL
V2 = ?
270
Chapter 13:
V2 =
22.
23.
PV
(1.02 atm)(225 mL)
1 1
=
= 76.8 mL
(2.99 atm)
P2
P1 = P1
P2 = 2 P1
V1 = 1.04 L
V2 = ? L
V2 =
Gases
PV
(P )(1.04 L) 1.04 L
1 1
= 1
=
= 0.520 L
2
(2 P1 )
P2
P1 = 785 mm Hg
P2 = ?
V1 = 29.2 mL
V2 = 15.1 mL
P2 =
PV
(785 mm Hg)(29.2 mL)
1 1
= 1.52 103 mm Hg
=
(15.1 mL)
V2
24.
P2 =
PV
(1.00 atm)(27.2 mL)
1 1
= 27.2 atm
=
(1.00 mL)
V2
25.
Absolute zero is the lowest temperature that can exist. Absolute zero is the temperature at which
the volume of an ideal gas sample would be predicted to become zero. Absolute zero is the zeropoint on the Kelvin temperature scale (and corresponds to 273C).
26.
Charless Law indicates that an ideal gas decreases by 1/273 of its volume for every degree
Celsius its temperature is lowered. This means an ideal gas would approach a volume of zero at
273C.
27.
directly
28.
V = kT; V1/T1 = V2/T2
29.
V1 = 1.15 L
V2 = ? mL
T1 = 25.2C = 298.2 K
T2 = 78.5C = 194.5 K
V2 =
30.
V1 = 375 mL
V2 = ? mL
T1 = 78C = 351 K
T2 = 22C = 295 K
V2 =
31.
V1T2 (1.15 L)(194.5 K)

= 0.750 L
=
(298.2 K)
T1
a.
V1T2 (375 mL)(295 K)

= 315 mL
=
(351 K)
T1
V1 = 2.03 L
V2 = 3.01 L
T1 = 24C = 297 K
T2 = ?
271
Chapter 13:
Gases
T2 =
b.
V1 = 127 mL
V2 = ?
T1 = 273 K
T2 = 373 K
V2 =
c.
a.
V2 = ?
T1 = 34C= 307 K
T2 = 350 K
V2 = ? L
T1 = 0C = 273 K
T2 = 25C = 298 K
V2 = 10.0 L
T1 = 25C = 298 K
T2 = ?C
a.
V2 = ? mL
T1 = 2.3 K
T2 = 0C = 273 K
V2 = ?
T1 = 24C = 297 K
T2 = 48C = 321 K
V1T2 (9.14 L)(321 K)

= 9.88 L
=
(297 K)
T1
V1 = 24.9 mL
V2 = 49.9 mL
T1 = 12C = 261 K
T2 = ?
T2 =
c.
V1T2 (1.75 mL)(273 K)

= 208 mL (2.1 102 mL)
=
(2.3 K)
T1
V1 = 9.14 L
V2 =
b.
V2T1 (10.0 L)(298 K)

= 196 K = 77C
=
(15.2 L)
V1
V1 = 1.75 mL
V2 =
33.
V1T2 (73.5 mL)(298 K)

=
= 80.2 mL
(273 K)
T1
V1 = 15.2 L
T2 =
c.
V1T2 (49.7 mL)(350 K)

= 56.7 mL
=
(307 K)
T1
V1 = 73.5 mL
V2 =
b.
V1T2 (127 mL)(373 K)

= 174 mL
=
(273 K)
T1
V1 = 49.7 mL
V2 =
32.
V2T1 (3.01 L)(297 K)

=
= 440 K = 167C
(2.03 L)
V1
V2T1 (49.9 mL)(261 K)

= 523 K = 250.C
=
(24.9 mL)
V1
V1 = 925 mL
V2 = ?
T1 = 25 K
T2 = 273 K
272
Chapter 13:
V2 =
34.
a.
V1 = 2.01 102 L
V2 = 5.00 L
T1 = 1150C = 1423 K
T2 = ?C
T2 =
b.
V2 = ? mL
T1 = 298 K
T2 = 0
V1T2 (44.2 mL)(0 K)

= 0 mL (0 K is absolute zero)
=
(298 K)
T1
V1 = 44.2 mL
V2 = ? mL
T1 = 298 K
T2 = 0C = 273 K
V2 =
35.
V2T1 (5.00 L)(1423 K)

= 35.4 K = 238C
=
(201 L)
V1
V1 = 44.2 mL
V2 =
c.
V1T2 (925 mL)(273 K)

=
= 1.01 104 mL
(25 K)
T1
V1T2 (44.2 mL)(273 K)

= 40.5 mL
=
(298 K)
T1
V1 = 1.25L
V2 = ? mL
T1 = 291 K
T2 = 78 K
V2 =
V1T2 (1.25 L)(78 K)

= 0.335 L = 0.34 L
=
(291 K)
T1
36.
V2 =
V1T2 (125 mL)(250 K)

=
= 69.4 mL = 69 mL to two significant figures
(450 K)
T1
37.
24C + 273 = 297 K
38.
72C + 273 = 345 K
V2 =
V1T2 (375 mL)(345 K)

= 436 mL
=
(297 K)
T1
V2 =
V1T2
T1
Temp, C
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
Volume, mL
124
121
117
113
110
107
103
100
39.
directly
40.
V = an; V1/n1 = V2/n2
273
Gases
Chapter 13:
41.
Gases
V1/n1 = V2/n2
V1 = 242 mL
V2 = ? L
n1 = 0.00901 mol
n2 = 0.00703 mol
242 mL
42.
0.00703 mol
= 189 mL
0.00901 mol
V = an; V1/n1 = V2/n2
Since 2.08 g of chlorine contains twice the number of moles of gas contained in the 1.04 g
sample, the volume of the 2.08 g sample will be twice as large = 1744 (1.74 103) mL
43.
V1 = 100. L
V2 = ? L
n1 = 3.25 mol
n2 = 14.15 mol
100. L
44.
14.15 mol
= 435 L
3.25 mol
molar mass of Ar = 39.95 g

2.71 g Ar
4.21 L
1 mol
= 0.0678 mol Ar
39.95 g
1.29 mol
= 80.1 L
0.0678 mol
45.
Although the definition may seem a little strange, an ideal gas is one which obeys the ideal gas
law, PV = nRT, exactly. That is, if knowledge of three of the properties of a gas (pressure,
volume, temperature, and amount) leads to the correct value for the fourth property when using
this equation, then the gas under study is an ideal gas.
46.
Real gases most closely approach ideal gas behavior under conditions of relatively high
temperatures (0C or higher) and relatively low pressures (1 atm or lower).
47.
For an ideal gas, PV = nRT is true under any conditions. Consider a particular sample of gas (so
that n remains constant) at a particular fixed temperature (so that T remains constant also).
Suppose that at pressure P1 the volume of the gas sample is V1. Then for this set of conditions, the
ideal gas equation would be given by
P1V1 = nRT.
If we then change the pressure of the gas sample to a new pressure P2, the volume of the gas
sample changes to a new volume V2. For this new set of conditions, the ideal gas equation would
be given by
P2V2 = nRT.
As the right-hand sides of these equations are equal to the same quantity (because we defined n
and T to be constant), then the left-hand sides of the equations must also be equal, and we obtain
the usual form of Boyles law.
P1V1 = P2V2
274
Chapter 13:
48.
Gases
For an ideal gas, PV = nRT is true under any conditions. Consider a particular sample of gas (so
that n remains constant) at a particular fixed pressure (so that P remains constant also). Suppose
that at temperature T1 the volume of the gas sample is V1. Then for this set of conditions, the ideal
gas equation would be given by
PV1 = nRT1.
If we then change the temperature of the gas sample to a new temperature T2, the volume of the
gas sample changes to a new volume V2. For this new set of conditions, the ideal gas equation
would be given by
PV2 = nRT2.
If we make a ratio of these two expressions for the ideal gas equation for this gas sample, and
cancel out terms that are constant for this situation (P, n, and R) we get
PV1 nRT1
=
PV2 nRT2
V1 T1
=
V2 T2
This can be rearranged to the familiar form of Charless law

V1 V2
=
T1 T2
49.
a.
P = 782.4 mm Hg = 1.029 atm; T = 26.2C = 299 K

V=
b.
V = 27.5 mL = 0.0275 L; T = 16.6C = 290 K

P=
c.
a.
PV
(1.045 atm)(0.0452 L)
=
= 257 K
nR (0.002241 mol)(0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 )
P = 782 mm Hg = 1.03 atm;

V=
b.
nRT (0.007812 mol)(0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 )(290 K)

=
= 6.76 atm
V
(0.0275 L)
V = 45.2 mL = 0.0452 L
T=
50.
nRT (0.1021 mol)(0.08206 L atm mol 1 K 1 )(299 K)

=
= 2.44 L
P
(1.029 atm)
T = 27C = 300 K

=
= 5.02 L
P
(1.03 atm)
V = 644 mL = 0.644 L
P=

=
= 3.56 atm
V
(0.644 L)
= 2.70 103 mm Hg
275
Chapter 13:
c.
Gases
P = 745 mm = 0.980 atm

T=
51.
PV
(0.980 atm)(11.2 L)
=
= 334 K
nR (0.401 mol)(0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 )
molar mass Ne = 20.18 g; 25C = 298 K

n=
PV
(1.02 atm)(5.00 L)
= 0.2086 mol Ne
=
RT (0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 )(298 K)
0.2086 mol Ne
52.
molar mass Ar = 39.95 g; 25C = 298 K

12.2 g Ar
P=
53.
molar mass of He = 4.003 g; 100C = 373 K; 785 mm Hg = 1.033 atm
V=
1 mol He
= 0.5096 mol He
4.003 g He

=
= 15.1 L
P
(1.033 atm)
molar mass Ar = 39.95 g; 40.0 g = 1.001 mol

T=
55.
1 mol Ar
= 0.3054 mol Ar
39.95 g Ar

=
= 0.747 atm
V
(10.0 L)
2.04 g He
54.
20.18 g Ne
= 4.21 g Ne
1 mol Ne
PV
(1.00 atm)(25.00 L)
=
= 304 K = 31C
nR (1.001 mol)(0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 )
T = 25C + 273 = 298 K; molar masses: He, 4.003 g; O2, 32.00 g

n=
PV
(255 atm)(100.0 L)
= 1043 mol = 1.04 103 mol
=
RT (0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 )(298 K)
1.04 103 mol of either He or O2 would be needed.
56.
1.04 103 mol He
4.003 g He
= 4.16 103 g He
1 mol He
1.04 103 mol O2
32.00 g O 2
= 3.33 104 g O2
1 mol O 2
molar mass Ne = 20.18 g; 25C = 298 K; 50C = 323 K

1.25 g Ne
1 mol
= 0.06194 mol
20.18 g
276
Chapter 13:
57.
P=

=
= 0.150 atm
V
(10.1 L)
P=

=
= 0.163 atm
V
(10.1 L)
molar mass Ne = 20.18 g; P = 500 torr = 0.6579 atm

1.0 g Ne
T=
58.
1 mol
= 0.0496 mol Ne
20.18 g
PV
(0.0659 atm)(5.00 L)
=
= 80.95 K = 81.0 K
nR (0.0496 mol)(0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 )
molar mass O2 = 32.00 g; 784 mm Hg = 1.032 atm

4.25 g O2
T=
59.
1 mol O 2
= 0.1328 mol
32.00 g O 2
PV
(1.032 atm)(2.51 L)
=
= 238 K = 35C
nR (0.1328 mol)(0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 )
5.0 kg = 5.0 103 g; molar mass Ne = 20.18 g

5.0 103 g Ne
P=
60.
1 mol Ne
= 247.8 mol Ne
20.18 g Ne
nRT (247.8 mol)(0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 )(300. K)

=
= 30.5 atm = 31 atm
V
(200. L)
Molar masses: He, 4.003 g; Ar, 39.95 g

4.15 g He
1 mol He
= 1.037 mol He
4.003 g He
56.2 g Ar
1 mol Ar
= 1.407 mol Ar
39.95 g Ar
=
= 5.07 atm
V
(5.00 L)
For He, P =
For Ar, P =

=
= 3.50 atm
V
(10.00 L)
The helium is at a higher pressure than the argon.

61.
P1 = 1.01 atm
P2 = ? atm
V1 = 24.3 mL
V2 = 15.2 mL
T1 = 25C = 298 K
T2 = 50C = 323 K
277
Gases
Chapter 13:
P2 =
62.
Gases
T2 PV
(323 K)(1.01 atm)(24.3 mL)
1 1
=
= 1.75 atm
TV
(298 K)(15.2 mL)
1 2
molar mass Ar = 39.95 g; 29C = 302 K; 42C = 315 K

1.29 g Ar
63.
P=

=
= 0.332 atm
V
(2.41 L)
P=

=
= 0.346 atm
V
(2.41 L)
P1 = 1.05 atm
P2 = 0.997 atm
V1 = 459 mL
V2 = ? mL
T1 = 27C = 300. K
T2 = 15C = 288 K
V2 =
64.
1 mol Ar
= 0.03329 mol Ar
39.95 g Ar
T2 PV
(288 K)(1.05 atm)(459 mL)
1 1
=
= 464 mL
T1 P2
(300 K)(0.997 atm)
Molar mass of H2O = 18.02 g; 2.0 mL = 0.0020 L; 225C = 498 K

0.250 g H2O
P=
65.
1 mol H 2 O
= 0.01387 mol H2O
18.02 g H 2 O

=
= 283 atm = 2.8 102 atm
V
(0.0020 L)
In deriving the ideal gas law, we assume that the molecules of gas occupy no volume, and that the
molecules do not interact with each other. Under these conditions, there is no difference between
gas molecules of different substances (other than their masses) as far as the bulk behavior of the
gas is concerned. Each gas behaves independently of other gases present, and the overall
properties of the sample are determined by the overall quantity of gas present.
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + ... Pn where n is the number of individual gases present in the mixture.
66.
As a gas is bubbled through water, the bubbles of gas become saturated with water vapor, thus
forming a gaseous mixture. The total pressure in a sample of gas that has been collected by
bubbling through water is made up of two components: the pressure of the gas of interest and the
pressure of water vapor. The partial pressure of the gas of interest is then the total pressure of the
sample minus the vapor pressure of water.
67.
molar masses: He, 4.003 g; Ne, 20.18 g; 25C = 298 K

2.41 g He
1 mol He
= 0.602 mol He
4.003 g He
2.79 g Ne
1 mol Ne
= 0.138 mol Ne
20.18 g Ne
278
Chapter 13:
Phelium =
Pneon =
Gases
nhelium RT (0.602 mol)(0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 )(298 K)

=
= 14.2 atm
(1.04 L)
V
nneon RT (0.138 mol)(0.08206 L atm mol 1 K 1 )(298 K)

=
= 3.25 atm
(1.04 L)
V
Ptotal = 14.2 atm + 3.25 atm = 17.5 atm

68.
molar masses: Ne, 20.18 g; Ar, 39.95 g; 27C = 300 K

1.28 g Ne
1 mol Ne
= 0.06343 mol Ne
20.18 g Ne
2.49 g Ar
1 mol Ar
= 0.06233 mol Ar
39.95 g Ar
Pneon =
Pargon =
nneon RT (0.06343 mol)(0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 )(300 K)

=
= 0.1582 atm
(9.87 L)
V
nargon RT
V
(0.06233 mol)(0.08206 L atm mol 1 K 1 )(300 K)

= 0.1555 atm
(9.87 L)

69.
52.5 g O2 = 1.641 mol O2; 65.1 g CO2 = 1.479 mol CO2; total moles = 3.120 mol
Poxygen = 9.21 atm
1.641 mol O 2
= 4.84 atm O2
3.120 mol total
Pcarbon dioxide = 9.21 atm
1.479 mol CO 2
= 4.37 atm CO2
3.120 mol total
Once the partial pressure of O2 had been calculated, we also could have calculated the partial
pressure of CO2 as the difference between the total pressure (9.21 atm) and the partial pressure of
O2 (4.84 atm).
70.
925 mm Hg = 1.217 atm; 26C = 299 K; molar masses: Ne, 20.18 g; Ar, 39.95 g
n=
PV
(1.217 atm)(3.00 L)
=
= 0.1488 mol
RT (0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 )(299 K)
The number of moles of an ideal gas required to fill a given-sized container to a particular
pressure at a particular temperature does not depend on the specific identity of the gas. So 0.1488
mol of Ne gas or 0.1488 mol of Ar gas would give the same pressure in the same flask at the
same temperature.
71.
mass Ne = 0.1488 mol Ne
20.18 g Ne
= 3.00 g Ne
1 mol Ne
mass Ar = 0.1488 mol Ar
39.95 g Ar
= 5.94 g Ar
1 mol Ar
Poxygen = Ptotal Pwater vapor = 772 26.7 = 745 torr
279
Chapter 13:
72.
Gases
molar masses: He, 4.003 g; Ar, 39.95 g; 273C = 546 K

1.15 g He
1 mol He
= 0.2873 mol He
4.003 g Ne
2.91 g Ar
1 mol Ar
= 0.07284 mol Ar
39.95 g Ar
nhelium RT (0.2873 mol)(0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 )(546 K)

=
= 2.452 atm
(5.25 L)
V
Phelium =
Pargon =
nargon RT
V
(0.07284 mol)(0.08206 L atm mol 1 K 1 )(546 K)

= 0.6216 atm
(5.25 L)
73.
Poxygen = Ptotal Pwater vapor = (755 23) mm Hg = 732 mm Hg = 0.9632 atm

T = 24C + 273 = 297 K; V = 500. mL = 0.500 L
n=
74.
PV
(0.9632 atm)(0.500 L)
=
= = 1.98 102 mol O2
1
1
RT (0.08206 L atm mol K )(297 K)
1.032 atm = 784.3 mm Hg; molar mass of Zn = 65.38 g

Phydrogen = 784.3 mm Hg 32 mm Hg = 752.3 mm Hg = 0.990 atm
V = 240 mL = 0.240 L; T = 30C + 273 = 303 K
nhydrogen =
PV
(0.990 atm)(0.240 L)
=
= 0.00956 mol hydrogen
RT (0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 )(303 K)
0.00956 mol H2
1 mol Zn
= 0.00956 mol of Zn must have reacted
1 mol H 2
0.00956 mol Zn
65.38 g Zn
= 0.625 g Zn must have reacted
1 mol Zn
75.
A law is a statement that precisely expresses generally observed behavior. A theory consists of a
set of assumptions/hypotheses that is put forth to explain the observed behavior of matter.
Theories attempt to explain natural laws.
76.
A theory is successful if it explains known experimental observations. Theories that have been
successful in the past may not be successful in the future (for example, as technology evolves,
more sophisticated experiments may be possible in the future).
77.
assume that the volume of the molecules themselves in a gas sample is negligible compared to the
bulk volume of the gas sample: this helps us to explain why gases are so compressible.
78.
pressure
79.
kinetic energy
280
Chapter 13:
Gases
80.
no
81.
The temperature of a gas reflects, on average, how rapidly the molecules in the gas are moving.
At high temperatures, the particles are moving very fast and collide with the walls of the
container frequently, whereas at low temperatures, the molecules are moving more slowly and
collide with the walls of the container infrequently. The Kelvin temperature is directly
proportional to the average kinetic energy of the particles in a gas.
82.
If the temperature of a sample of gas is increased, the average kinetic energy of the particles of
gas increases. This means that the speeds of the particles increase. If the particles have a higher
speed, they will hit the walls of the container more frequently and with greater force, thereby
increasing the pressure.
83.
The molar volume of a gas is the volume occupied by one mole of the gas under a particular set
of temperature and pressure conditions (usually STP: 0C, 1 atm). When measured under the
same conditions, all ideal gases have the same molar volume (22.4 L at STP).
84.
Standard Temperature and Pressure, STP = 0C, 1 atm pressure. These conditions were chosen
because they are easy to attain and reproduce experimentally. The barometric pressure within a
laboratory is likely to be near 1 atm most days, and 0C can be attained with a simple ice bath.
85.
molar masses: CaO, 56.08 g; CO2; 44.01 g

1.25 g CaO
1 mol CaO
= 0.02229 mol CaO
56.08 g CaO
From the balanced chemical equation, 0.02229 mol CaO would absorb 0.02229 mol CO2
0.02229 mol CO2
44.01 g CO 2
= 0.981 g CO2
1 mol CO 2
Since one mole of an idea gas occupies 22.4 L at STP, 0.02229 mol of CO2 would occupy
0.02229 mol CO2
86.
22.4 L
= 0.499 L at STP
1 mol
Molar mass of C = 12.01 g; 25C = 298 K

1.25 g C
1 mol
= 0.1041 mol C
12.01 g
Since the balanced chemical equation shows a 1:1 stoichiometric relationship between C and O2,
then 0.1041 mol of O2 will be needed
V=
87.

=
= 2.50 L O2
(1.02 atm)
P
2C8H18(l) + 25O2(g) 16CO2(g) + 18H20(l)

molar mass C8H18 = 114.2 g
10.0 g C8H18
1 mol C8 H18
= 0.08757 mol C8H18
114.2 g C8 H18
281
Chapter 13:
Gases
0.08757 mol C8H18
25 mol O 2
= 1.095 mol O2
2 mol C8 H18
At STP, one mole of an ideal gas occupies 22.4 L of volume.

1.095 mol O2
88.
22.4 L
= 24.5 L O2 at STP
mol
Molar mass of Mg = 24.31 g; STP: 1.00 atm, 273 K

1.02 g Mg
1 mol
= 0.0420 mol Mg
24.31 g
As the coefficients for Mg and Cl2 in the balanced equation are the same, for 0.0420 mol of Mg
reacting we will need 0.0420 mol of Cl2.
V = 0.0420 mol Cl2
89.
22.4 L
= 0.941 L Cl2 at STP.
1 mol
27C = 300 K; 26 C = 299 K; molar mass NH4Cl = 53.49 g

mol NH3 present = n =
PV
(1.02 atm)(4.21 L)
=
= = 0.174 mol NH3
RT (0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 )(300 K)
mol HCl present = n =
PV
(0.998 atm)(5.35 L)
=
= = 0.218 mol HCl
RT (0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 )(299 K)
NH3 and HCl react on a 1:1 basis: NH3 is the limiting reactant.
0.174 mol NH3
90.
1 mol NH 4 Cl 53.49 g NH 4 Cl
= 9.31 g NH4Cl produced

1 mol NH 3
1 mol NH 4 Cl
molar mass CaC2 = 64.10 g; 25C = 298 K

2.49 g CaC2
1 mol
= 0.03885 mol CaC2
64.10 g
From the balanced chemical equation for the reaction, 0.03885 mol of CaC2 reacting completely
would generate 0.03885 mol of acetylene, C2H2
91.
V=

=
= 0.941 L
(1.01 atm)
P
V=

=
= 0.870 L at STP
(1.00 atm)
P
CuSO45H2O(s) CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(g)

350C = 623 K; molar mass CuSO45H2O = 249.7 g
5.00 g CuSO4=5H2O
1 mol CuSO 4. 5H 2 O
= 0.02002 mol CuSO45H2O
249.7 g CuSO 4. 5H 2 O
282
Chapter 13:
0.02002 mol CuSO45H2O

V=
92.
5 mol H 2 O
= 0.1001 mol H2O
1 mol CuSO 4. 5H 2 O

=
= 4.92 L H2O
(1.04 atm)
P
Molar mass of Mg3N2 = 100.95 g; T = 24C = 297 K; P = 752 mm Hg = 0.989 atm

10.3 g Mg3N2
1 mol
= 0.102 mol Mg3N2
100.95 g
From the balanced chemical equation, the amount of NH3 produced will be
0.102 mol Mg3N2
V=
2 mol NH 3
= 0.204 mol NH3
1 mol Mg 3 N 2

=
= 5.03 L
(0.989 atm)
P
This assumes that the ammonia was collected dry.

93.
Molar masses: He, 4.003 g; H2, 2.016 g; 28C = 301 K

14.2 g He
1 mol He
= 3.55 mol He
4.003 g He
21.6 g H2
1 mol H 2
= 10.7 mol H2
2.016 g H 2
total moles = 3.55 mol + 10.7 mol = 14.25 mol

V=
94.

=
= 357 L
(0.985 atm)
P
Molar masses: O2, 32.00 g; N2, 28.02 g; T = 35C = 308 K; P = 755 mm Hg = 0.993 atm
26.2 g O2
1 mol O 2
= 0.819 mol O2
32.00 g O 2
35.1 g N2
1 mol N 2
= 1.25 mol N2
28.02 g N 2
total moles = 0.819 mol + 1.25 mol = 2.07 mol

V=
95.

=
= 52.7 L
(0.993 atm)
P
P1 = 892 mm Hg
P2 = 1.00 atm = 760 mm Hg
V1 = 25.2 mL
V2 = ?
T1 = 95C + 273 = 368 K
T2 = 273 K
283
Gases
Chapter 13:
V2 =
96.
Gases
T2 PV
(273 K)(892 mm Hg)(25.2 mL)
1 1
=
= 21.9 mL
T1 P2
(368 K)(760 mm Hg)
molar masses: He, 4.003 g; Ar, 39.95 g

5.02 g He
1 mol He
= 1.254 mol He
4.003 g He
1.254 mol He
42.1 g Ar
1 mol Ar
= 1.054 mol Ar
39.95 g Ar
1.054 mol Ar
97.
22.4 L
= 28.1 L
1 mol
22.4 L
= 23.6 L
1 mol
molar masses: O2, 32.00 g; N2, 28.02 g; CO2, 44.01 g; Ne, 20.18 g
5.00 g O2
1 mol O 2
= 0.1563 mol O2
32.00 g O 2
5.00 g N2
1 mol N 2
= 0.1784 mol N2
28.02 g N 2
5.00 g CO2
5.00 g Ne
1 mol CO 2
= 0.1136 mol CO2
44.01 g CO 2
1 mol Ne
= 0.2478 mol Ne
20.18 g Ne
Total moles of gas = 0.1563 + 0.1784 + 0.1136 + 0.2478 = 0.6961 mol

22.4 L is the volume occupied by one mole of any ideal gas at STP. This would apply even if the
gas sample is a mixture of individual gases.
0.6961 mol
22.4 L
= 15.59 L = 15.6 L
1 mol
The partial pressure of each individual gas in the mixture will be related to what fraction on a
mole basis each gas represents in the mixture.
Poxygen = 1.00 atm
0.1563 mol O 2
= 0.225 atm O2
0.6961 mol total
Pnitrogen = 1.00 atm
0.1784 mol N 2
= 0.256 atm N2
0.6961 mol total
Pcarbon dioxide = 1.00 atm

Pneon = 1.00 atm
0.1136 mol CO 2
= 0.163 atm CO2
0.6961 mol total
0.2478 mol Ne
= 0.356 atm Ne
0.6961 mol total
284
Chapter 13:
98.
Gases
Molar masses: He, 4.003 g; Ne, 20.18 g

6.25 g He
1 mol He
= 1.561 mol He
4.003 g He
4.97 g Ne
1 mol Ne
= 0.2463 mol Ne
20.18 g Ne
ntotal = 1.561 mol + 0.2463 mol = 1.807 mol
As 1 mol of an ideal gas occupies 22.4 L at STP, the volume is given by

1.807 mol
22.4 L
= 40.48 L = 40.5 L.
1 mol
The partial pressure of a given gas in a mixture will be proportional to what fraction of the total
number of moles of gas the given gas represents
99.
PHe =
1.561 mol He
1.00 atm = 0.8639 atm = 0.864 atm
1.807 mol total
PNe =
0.2463 mol Ne
1.00 atm = 0.1363 atm = 0.136 atm
1.807 mol total
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)

molar mass Na = 22.99 g
4.81
100.
1 mol Na
= 0.2092 mol Na
22.99 g Na
0.2092 mol Na
1 mol Cl2
= 0.1046 mol Cl2
2 mol Na
0.1046 mol Cl2
22.4 L
= 2.34 L Cl2 at STP
1 mol
2C2H2(g) + 5O2(g) 2H2O(g) + 4CO2(g)

molar mass C2H2 = 26.04 g
1.00 g C2H2
1 mol
= 0.0384 mol C2H2
26.04 g
From the balanced chemical equation, 2 0.0384 = 0.0768 mol of CO2 will be produced.
0.0768 mol CO2
101.
22.4 L
= 1.72 L at STP
1 mol
FeO(s) + CO(g) Fe(s) + CO2(g)

molar mass FeO = 71.85 g; 1.45 kg = 1.45 103 g
1.45 103 g FeO
1 mol FeO
= 20.18 mol FeO
71.85 g FeO
285
Chapter 13:
Gases
Since the coefficients of the balanced equation are all one, if 20.18 mol FeO reacts, then 20.18
mol CO(g) is required and 20.18 mol of CO2(g) is produced.
20.18 mol
22.4 L
= 452 L
1 mol
4.52 104 L CO(g) is required for reaction and 4.52 104 L CO2(g) are produced by the reaction.
102.
125 mL = 0.125 L
0.125 L
1 mol
= 0.00558 mol H2
22.4 L
From the balanced chemical equation, one mole of zinc is required for each mole of hydrogen
produced. Therefore, 0.00558 mol of Zn will be required.
0.00558 mol Zn
65.38 g Zn
= 0.365 g Zn
1 mol
103.
kelvin (absolute)
104.
twice
105.
Gases consist of tiny particles, which are so small that the fraction of the bulk volume of the gas
occupied by the particles is negligible. The particles of a gas are in constant random motion and
collide with the walls of the container (giving rise to the pressure of the gas). The particles of a
gas do not attract or repel each other. The average kinetic energy of the particles of a gas is
reflected in the temperature of the gas sample.
106.
a.
PV = k; P1V1 = P2V2
b.
V = kT; V1/T1 = V2/T2
c.
V = an; V1/n1 = V2/n2
d.
PV = nRT
e.
P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
107.
sum
108.
First determine what volume the helium in the tank would have if it were at a pressure of 755 mm
Hg (corresponding to the pressure the gas will have in the balloons).
8.40 atm = 6384 mm Hg
V2 = (25.2 L)
6384 mm Hg
= 213 L
755 mm Hg
Allowing for the fact that 25.2 L of He will have to remain in the tank, this leaves 213 25.2 =
187.8 L of He for filling the balloons.
187.8 L He
1 balloon
= 125 balloons
1.50 L He
286
Chapter 13:
Gases
109.
A decrease in temperature would tend to make the volume of the weather balloon decrease. As
the overall volume of a weather balloon increases when it rises to higher altitudes, the
contribution to the new volume of the gas from the decrease in pressure must be more important
than the decrease in temperature (the temperature change in kelvins is not as dramatic as it seems
in degrees Celsius).
110.
According to the balanced chemical equation, when 1 mol of (NH4)2CO3 reacts, a total of 4 moles
of gaseous substances is produced.
molar mass (NH4)2CO3 = 96.09 g; 453 C = 726 K
52.0 g
1 mol
= 0.541 mol
96.09 g
As 0.541 mol of (NH4)2CO3 reacts, 4(0.541) = 2.16 mol of gaseous products result.
V=
111.

=
= 124 L
(1.04 atm)
P
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

774 torr = 1.018 atm; 55C + 273 = 328 K; molar mass CaCO3 = 100.1 g
10.0 g CaCO3
1 mol
= 0.0999 mol CaCO3
100.1 g
From the balanced equation, 0.0999 mol CO2 will be produced.

V=
112.

=
= 2.64 L CO2
(1.018 atm)
P
CaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) Ca2+(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

molar mass CaCO3 = 100.1 g; 60C + 273 = 333 K
10.0 g CaCO3
1 mol
= 0.0999 mol CaCO3 = 0.0999 mol CO2 also
100.1 g
Pcarbon dioxide = Ptotal Pwater vapor

Pcarbon dioxide = 774 mm Hg 149.4 mm Hg = 624.6 mm Hg = 0.822 atm
Vwet =

=
= 3.32 L wet CO2
(0.822 atm)
P
Vdry = 3.32 L
113.
624.6 mm Hg
= 2.68 L
774 mm Hg
2S(s) + 3O2(g) 2SO3(g)

350.C + 273 = 623 K; molar mass S = 32.07 g
5.00 g
1 mol S
= 0.1559 mol S
32.07 g S
287
Chapter 13:
Gases
0.1559 mol S
V=
114.
3 mol O 2
= 0.2339 mol O2
2 mol S

=
= 2.28 L O2
(5.25 atm)
P
2KClO3(s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)

molar mass KClO3 = 122.6 g; 25C + 273 = 298 K; 630. torr = 0.829 atm
50.0 g KClO3
1 mol KClO3
= 0.408 mol KClO3
122.6 g KClO3
3 mol O 2
= 0.612 mol O2
2 mol KClO3
0.408 mol KClO3

V=
115.
116.
117.
118.

=
= 18.1 L O2
(0.829 atm)
P
molar mass He = 4.003 g

10.0 g He
1 mol He
= 2.498 mol He
4.003 g He
2.498 mol
22.4 L
= 56.0 L He
1 mol
101,325 Pa
= 1.00 105 Pa
760 mm Hg
a.
752 mm Hg
b.
458 kPa
c.
1.43 atm
d.
842 torr = 842 mm Hg
a.
0.903 atm
b.
2.1240 106 Pa
c.
445 kPa
d.
342 torr = 342 mm Hg
a.
645 mm Hg
1 atm
= 4.52 atm
101.325 kPa
760 mm Hg
= 1.09 103 mm Hg
1 atm
760 mm Hg
= 686 mm Hg
1 atm
760 mm Hg
= 1.5931 104 mm Hg
101,325 Pa
760 mm
= 3.34 103 mm Hg
101.325 kPa
101,325 Pa
= 8.60 104 Pa
760 mm Hg
288
Chapter 13:
119.
b.
221 kPa = 221 103 Pa = 2.21 105 Pa
c.
0.876 atm
d.
32 torr
a.
1002 mm Hg = 1.318 atm
101,325 Pa
= 8.88 104 Pa
1 atm
101,325 Pa
= 4.3 103 Pa
760 torr
V = 123 L
b.
4.56 atm
= 426 L
1.318 atm
25.2 mm Hg = 0.0332 atm

P = 0.0332 atm
c.
a.
68.1 kPa
= 2.87 104 L
1.05 kPa
1.00 mm Hg = 1.00 torr

V = 255 mL
b.
760 mm Hg
= 3.0 L > 2.5 L. The balloon will burst.
500 mm Hg
1.52 L = 1.52 103 mL

755 mm Hg
123.
1.0 kPa
= 9.8 L
0.133 kPa
Assume the pressure at sea level to be 1 atm (760 mm Hg). Calculate the volume the balloon
would have if it rose to the point where the pressure has dropped to 500 mm Hg. If this calculated
volume is greater than the balloons specified maximum volume (2.5 L), the balloon will burst.
2.0 L
122.
1.0 kPa
= 1.3 102 L
101.325 kPa
1.0 mm Hg = 0.133 kPa

V = 1.3 L
121.
1.00 torr
= 128 mL
2.00 torr
1.0 atm = 101.325 kPa

V = 1.3 L
c.
634 mL
= 0.127 atm
166 mL
511 torr = 6.81 104 Pa = 68.1 kPa

V = 443 L
120.
Gases
1.52 103 mL
= 2.55 103 mm Hg
450 mL
22C + 273 = 295 K; 100C + 273 = 373 K

729 mL
373 K
= 922 mL
295 K
289
Chapter 13:
Gases
124.
74C + 273 = 347 K; 74C + 273 = 199 K
a.
100. mL
b.
100C + 273 = 373 K

373 K
125.
199 K
= 57.3 mL
347 K
600 mL
= 448 K (175C)
500 mL
c.
zero (the volume of any gas sample becomes zero at 0 K)
a.
0C + 273 = 273 K
273 K
b.
44.4 L
= 541 K (268C)
22.4 L
272C + 273 = 1 K; 25C + 273 = 298 K

1.0 103 mL
c.
40C + 273 = 233 K

233 K
126.
0.781 mol
= 30.3 L
0.160 mol
For a given gas, the number of moles present in a sample is directly proportional to the mass of
the sample. The problem therefore can be solved even though the gas is not identified (so that its
molar mass is not known).
23.2 g
129.
465 K
= 123 mL
285 K
5.12 g O2 = 0.160 mol; 25.0 g O2 = 0.781 mol

6.21 L
128.
1000 L
= 7.21 103 K (6940C)
32.3 L
12C + 273 = 285 K; 192C + 273 = 465 K

75.2 mL
127.
298 K
= 0.30 mL
1K
a.
10.4 L
= 2.59 g
93.2 L
V = 142 mL = 0.142 L
T=
b.
V = 1.23 mL = 0.00123 L
P=
c.
PV
(21.2 atm)(0.142 L)
=
= 84.9 K
nR (0.432 mol)(0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 )

=
= 2.25 atm
(0.00123 L)
V
P = 755 mm Hg = 0.993 atm; T = 131C + 273 = 404 K
290
Chapter 13:
V=
130.
a.

=
= 0.993 atm
(0.00173 L)
V
P = 1.23 mm Hg = 0.00162 atm; T = 152C + 273 = 425 K

V=
131.
PV
(1.034 atm)(0.0212 L)
=
= 61.8 K
nR (0.00432 mol)(0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 )
V = 1.73 mL = 0.00173 L
P=
c.

=
= 15.8 L = 1.58 104 mL
(0.993 atm)
P
V = 21.2 mL = 0.0212 L
T=
b.

=
= 1.66 104 L
(0.00162 atm)
P
molar mass N2 = 28.02 g; T = 26C + 273 = 299 K

n = 14.2 g N2
P=
132.
Gases
1 mol N 2
= 0.507 mol N2
28.02 g N 2

=
= 1.24 atm
(10.0 L)
V
27C + 273 = 300 K

The number of moles of gas it takes to fill the 100. L tanks to 120 atm at 27C is independent of
the identity of the gas.
n=
PV
(120 atm)(100. L)
=
= = 487 mol
RT (0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 )(300 K)
487 mol of any gas will fill the tanks to the required specifications.
molar masses: CH4, 16.0 g; N2, 28.0 g; CO2, 44.0 g
for CH4: (487 mol)(16.0 g/mol) = 7792 g = 7.79 kg CH4
for N2: (487 mol)(28.0 g/mol) = 13,636 g = 13.6 kg N2
for CO2: (487 mol)(44.0 g/mol) = 21,428 g = 21.4 kg CO2
133.
molar mass He = 4.003 g

n = 4.00 g He
T=
1 mol He
= 0.999 mol He
4.003 g He
PV
(1.00 atm)(22.4 L)
=
= 273 K = 0C
nR (0.999 mol)(0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 )
291
Chapter 13:
134.
Gases
molar mass of O2 = 32.00 g; 55 mg = 0.055 g

n = 0.055 g
1 mol O 2
= 0.0017 mol
32.00 g O 2
V = 100. mL = 0.100 L; T = 26C + 273 = 299 K

P=
135.
P1 = 1.0 atm
P2 = 220 torr = 0.289 atm
V1 = 1.0 L
V2 = ?
T1 = 23C + 273 = 296 K
T2 = 31C = 242 K
V2 =
136.

=
= 0.42 atm
(0.100 L)
V
T2 PV
(242 K)(1.0 atm)(1.0 L)
1 1
=
= 2.8 L
T1 P2
(296 K)(0.289 atm)
P1 = 1.13 atm
P2 = 1.89 atm
V1 = 100 mL = 0.100 L
V2 = 500 mL = 0.500 L
T1 = 300 K
T2 = ?
T2 =
T1 P2V2 (300 K)(1.89 atm)(0.500 L)

=
= 2.51 103 K
PV
(1.13
atm)(0.100
L)
1 1
Note that the calculation could have been carried through with the two volumes expressed in
milliliters because the universal gas constant does not appear explicitly in this form of the ideal
gas equation.
137.
molar mass of O2 = 32.00 g; 25C + 273 = 298 K

50. g O2
1 mol O 2
= 1.56 mol O2
32.00 g O 2
total number of moles of gas = 1.0 mol N2 + 1.56 mol O2 = 2.56 mol
P=
138.

=
= 13 atm
(5.0 L)
V
molar masses: N2, 28.02 g; He, 4.003 g; STP: 1.00 atm, 273 K
12.1 g N2
1 mol N 2
= 0.432 mol N2
28.02 g N 2
4.05 g He
1 mol He
= 1.01 mol He
4.003 g He
Total moles of gas = 0.432 mol + 1.01 mol = 1.44 mol

V=

=
= 32.3 L
(1.00 atm)
P
292
Chapter 13:
139.
Gases
The pressures must be expressed in the same units, either mm Hg or atm.

Phydrogen = Ptotal Pwater vapor
1.023 atm = 777.5 mm Hg

Phydrogen = 777.5 mm Hg 42.2 mm Hg = 735.3 mm Hg
42.2 mm Hg = 0.056 atm

Phydrogen = 1.023 atm 0.056 atm = 0.967 atm
140.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)

molar mass of NH3 = 17.03 g; 11C + 273 = 284 K
5.00 g NH3
141.
1 mol NH 3
= 0.294 mol NH3 to be produced
17.03 g NH 3
0.294 mol NH3
1 mol N 2
= 0.147 mol N2 required
2 mol NH 3
0.294 mol NH3
3 mol H 2
= 0.441 mol H2 required
2 mol NH 3
Vnitrogen =

=
= 3.43 L N2
(0.998 atm)
P
Vhydrogen =

=
= 10.3 L H2
(0.998 atm)
P
C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)

molar mass of C6H12O6 = 180. g; 28C + 273 = 301 K
5.00 g C6H12O6
1 mol C6 H12 O 6
= 0.02778 mol C6H12O6
180. g C6 H12 O6
0.02778 mol C6H12O6

Voxygen =
6 mol O 2
= 0.1667 mol O2
1 mol C6 H12 O6

=
= 4.22 L
(0.976 atm)
P
Because the coefficients of CO2(g) and H2O(g) in the balanced chemical equation happen to be
the same as the coefficient of O2(g), the calculations for the volumes of these gases produced are
identical: 4.22 L of each gaseous product is produced.
142.
2Cu2S(s) + 3O2(g) 2Cu2O(s) + 2SO2(g)

molar mass Cu2S = 159.2 g; 27.5C + 273 = 301 K
25 g Cu2S
1 mol Cu 2S
= 0.1570 mol Cu2S
159.2 g Cu 2S
293
Chapter 13:
Gases
0.1570 mol Cu2S

Voxygen =

=
= 5.8 L O2
(0.998 atm)
P
0.1570 mol Cu2S

Vsulfur dioxide =
143.
3 mol O 2
= 0.2355 mol O2
2 mol Cu 2S
2 mol SO 2
= 0.1570 mol SO2
2 mol Cu 2S

=
= 3.9 L SO2
(0.998 atm)
P
2NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g)

molar mass NaHCO3 = 84.01 g; 29C + 273 = 302 K; 769 torr = 1.012 atm
1.00 g NaHCO3
1 mol NaHCO3
= 0.01190 mol NaHCO3
84.01 g NaHCO3
0.01190 mol NaHCO3
1 mol H 2 O
= 0.00595 mol H2O
2 mol NaHCO3
Because H2O(g) and CO2(g) have the same coefficients in the balanced chemical equation for the
reaction, if 0.00595 mol H2O is produced, then 0.00595 mol CO2 must also be produced. The
total number of moles of gaseous substances produced is thus 0.00595 + 0.00595 = 0.0119 mol.
Vtotal =
144.

=
= 0.291 L
(1.012 atm)
P
One mole of any ideal gas occupies 22.4 L at STP.

35 mol N2
145.
P1 = 0.987 atm
P2 = 1.00 atm
V1 = 125 L
V2 = ?
T1 = 25C + 273 = 298 K
T2 = 273 K
V2 =
146.
22.4 L
= 7.8 102 L
1 mol
T2 PV
(273 K)(0.987 atm)(125 L)
1 1
=
= 113 L
T1 P2
(298 K)(1.00 atm)
molar masses: He, 4.003 g; Ar, 39.95 g; Ne, 20.18 g

5.0 g He
1 mol He
= 1.249 mol He
4.003 g He
1.0 g Ar
1 mol Ar
= 0.02503 mol Ar
39.95 g Ar
294
Chapter 13:
3.5 g Ne
Gases
1 mol Ne
= 0.1734 mol Ne
20.18 g Ne
Total moles of gas = 1.249 + 0.02503 + 0.1734 = 1.447 mol

22.4 L is the volume occupied by one mole of any ideal gas at STP. This would apply even if the
gas sample is a mixture of individual gases.
1.447 mol
22.4 L
= 32 L total volume for the mixture
1 mol
The partial pressure of each individual gas in the mixture will be related to what fraction on a
mole basis each gas represents in the mixture.
147.
PHe = 1.00 atm
1.249 mol He
= 0.86 atm
1.447 mol total
PAr = 1.00 atm
0.02503 mol Ar
= 0.017 atm
1.447 mol total
PNe = 1.00 atm
0.1734 mol Ne
= 0.12 atm
1.447 mol total
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

molar mass of CaCO3 = 100.1 g
1 mol CaCO3
= 0.275 mol CaCO3
100.1 g CaCO3
27.5 g CaCO3
From the balanced chemical equation, if 0.275 mol of CaCO3 reacts, then 0.275 mol of CaCO3
will be produced.
0.275 mol H2
148.
22.4 L
= 6.16 L
1 mol
The solution is only 50% H2O2. Therefore 125 g solution = 62.5 g H2O2
molar mass of H2O2 = 34.02 g; T = 27C = 300 K; P = 764 mm Hg = 1.01 atm
62.5 g H2O2
1 mol
= 1.84 mol H2O2
34.02 g
1.84 mol H2O2

V=
1 mol O 2
= 0.920 mol O2
2 mol H 2 O 2

=
= 22.4 L
(1.01 atm)
P
295

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CHAPTER 13

The atmosphere is a homogeneous mixture (a solution) of gases.

1.00 atm = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg = 101.325 kPa = 14.70 psi

1.00 atm = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg = 101.325 kPa = 14.70 psi

1.00 atm = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg = 101.325 kPa = 14.70 psi

862 mm Hg = 862 torr

1.00 atm = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg = 101.325 kPa = 14.70 psi

1.00 atm = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg = 101.325 kPa = 14.70 psi

1.00 atm = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg = 101.325 kPa = 14.70 psi

P2 = 775 mm Hg = 1.020 atm

P2 = 135 kPa = 1.33 atm

P1 = 131 kPa = 982.6 mm Hg

P1 = 755 torr = 755 mm Hg

P2 = 112.2 kPa = 1.107 atm

P2 = 135 kPa = 1013 mm Hg

V = kT; V1/T1 = V2/T2

V1T2 (1.15 L)(194.5 K)

V1T2 (375 mL)(295 K)

V1T2 (9.14 L)(321 K)

V1T2 (1.75 mL)(273 K)

V2T1 (10.0 L)(298 K)

V1T2 (73.5 mL)(298 K)

V1T2 (49.7 mL)(350 K)

V1T2 (127 mL)(373 K)

V2T1 (3.01 L)(297 K)

V2T1 (49.9 mL)(261 K)

V1T2 (44.2 mL)(0 K)

V2T1 (5.00 L)(1423 K)

V1T2 (925 mL)(273 K)

V1T2 (44.2 mL)(273 K)

V1T2 (1.25 L)(78 K)

V1T2 (125 mL)(250 K)

24C + 273 = 297 K

72C + 273 = 345 K

V1T2 (375 mL)(345 K)

V = an; V1/n1 = V2/n2

V = an; V1/n1 = V2/n2

molar mass of Ar = 39.95 g

This can be rearranged to the familiar form of Charless law

P = 782.4 mm Hg = 1.029 atm; T = 26.2C = 299 K

V = 27.5 mL = 0.0275 L; T = 16.6C = 290 K

P = 782 mm Hg = 1.03 atm;

nRT (0.007812 mol)(0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 )(290 K)

nRT (0.1021 mol)(0.08206 L atm mol 1 K 1 )(299 K)

nRT (0.210 mol)(0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 )(300 K)

nRT (0.0921 mol)(0.08206 L atm mol 1 K 1 )(303 K)

P = 745 mm = 0.980 atm

molar mass Ne = 20.18 g; 25C = 298 K

molar mass Ar = 39.95 g; 25C = 298 K

molar mass of He = 4.003 g; 100C = 373 K; 785 mm Hg = 1.033 atm

nRT (0.5096 mol)(0.08206 L atm mol 1 K 1 )(373 K)

molar mass Ar = 39.95 g; 40.0 g = 1.001 mol

nRT (0.3054 mol)(0.08206 L atm mol 1 K 1 )(298 K)

T = 25C + 273 = 298 K; molar masses: He, 4.003 g; O2, 32.00 g

1.04 103 mol of either He or O2 would be needed.

1.04 103 mol He

1.04 103 mol O2

molar mass Ne = 20.18 g; 25C = 298 K; 50C = 323 K

nRT (0.06194 mol)(0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 )(298 K)

nRT (0.06194 mol)(0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 )(323 K)

molar mass Ne = 20.18 g; P = 500 torr = 0.6579 atm

molar mass O2 = 32.00 g; 784 mm Hg = 1.032 atm

5.0 kg = 5.0 103 g; molar mass Ne = 20.18 g