007 - Mini Network Design RF (010215)

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Contents
This Document is copyrighted by SK Telecom and may not be reproduced without permission 1
99, SEORIN-DONG, JONGRO-GU, SEOUL, 110-110 KOREA
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Figure Contents
[FIGURE 1-1] RF NETWORK DESIGN SCOPE IN HCMC....................................................................................7
[FIGURE 1-2] RF NETWORK DESIGN SCOPE IN HANOI....................................................................................7
[FIGURE 1-3] MOS V.S. FER GRAPH..........................................................................................................8
[FIGURE 1-4] GOS V.S. CAPACITY GRAPH ..................................................................................................10
[FIGURE 1-5] RF NETWORK DESIGN PROCEDURE .........................................................................................11
[FIGURE 2-1] TRANSMISSION POWER CHANGE IN THE MOBILE STATION...................................................................18
[FIGURE 2-2] RECEIVED POWER CHANGE IN THE BTS......................................................................................19
[FIGURE 2-3] SOFT HANDOFF REGION RATIO..................................................................................................20
[FIGURE 2-4] PILOT INTERFERENCE BETWEEN CELL SITES..................................................................................21
[FIGURE 2-5] PN INCREMENT....................................................................................................................22
[FIGURE 2-6] PILOT PN OFFSET REUSE........................................................................................................23
[FIGURE 2-7] PILOT PN OFFSET REUSE PATTERN............................................................................................25
[FIGURE 2-8] NEIGHBOR SET SEARCH WINDOW SIZE.........................................................................................27
[FIGURE 2-9] HANDOFF REGION AND SERCH WINDOW SIZE.................................................................................28
[FIGURE 2-10] ANTENNA INSTALLATION ON THE ROOF......................................................................................35
[FIGURE 2-11] CABLE INSTALLATION............................................................................................................35
[FIGURE 2-12] TILT ANGLE CALCULATION......................................................................................................36
[FIGURE 2-13] MINIMUM REQUIRED SPACE FOR EQUIPMENT INSTALLATION..............................................................38
[FIGURE 2-14] MINIMUM REQUIRED SPACE FOR ANTENNA TOWER INSTALLATION (CASE1)...........................................39
[FIGURE 2-15] MINIMUM REQUIRED SPACE FOR ANTENNA TOWER INSTALLATION (CASE2)...........................................40
[FIGURE 2-16] MINIMUM REQUIRED SPACE FOR ANTENNA TOWER INSTALLATION (CASE 3)..........................................41
[FIGURE 2-17] MINIMUM REQUIRED SPACE FOR ANTENNA TOWER INSTALLATION (CASE 4)..........................................42
[FIGURE 2-18] CALCULATION FOR THE EFFECTIVE AREA EXPOSED TO THE WIND.......................................................44
[FIGURE 3-1] RF ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS PROCEDURE.....................................................................................47
[FIGURE 3-2] REGION CLUSTERING FOR HCMC.............................................................................................51
[FIGURE 3-3] REGION CLUSTERING FOR HANOI............................................................................................51
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[FIGURE 3-4] SITE SURVEY AND FIELD MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE.......................................................................52
[FIGURE 3-5] CHECKING THE TOTAL OUTPUT POWER LEVEL................................................................................58
[FIGURE 3-6] METHOD OF TAKING PHOTOS.....................................................................................................60
[FIGURE 3-7] SITE SURVEY REPORT...........................................................................................................60
[FIGURE 3-8] INSTALLATION OF THE CDMA TRANSMITTER (CMD80).................................................................61
[FIGURE 3-9] INSTALLATION OF THE FIELD MEASUREMENT TOOL (EMDM ) ...........................................................61
[FIGURE 3-10] DRIVING TEST....................................................................................................................62
[FIGURE 3-11] THE CONFIGURATION OF THE EXP2001..................................................................................65
[FIGURE 3-12] RX POWER DISTRIBUTION CHART (HCMC, VINAPHONE)..............................................................66
[FIGURE 3-13] RX POWER DISTRIBUTION CHART (HANOI, VINAPHONE).............................................................67
[FIGURE 4-1] TRAFFIC ANALYSIS PROCEDURE................................................................................................71
[FIGURE 4-2] TRAFFIC WEIGHT MAP...........................................................................................................73
[FIGURE 4-3] TRAFFIC DISTRIBUTION IN HCMC.............................................................................................75
[FIGURE 4-4] TRAFFIC DISTRIBUTION IN HANOI............................................................................................75
[FIGURE 5-1] COVERAGE DESIGN PROCEDURE...............................................................................................76
[FIGURE 5-2] RESULT OF DESIGN ON THE MAP (HCMC)................................................................................80
[FIGURE 5-3] RESULT OF DESIGN ON THE MAP (HANOI)................................................................................80
[FIGURE 5-4] SITE ACQUISITION PROCEDURE.................................................................................................81
[FIGURE 5-5] CELLPLAN STRUCTURE........................................................................................................88
[FIGURE 5-6] MEASUREMENT RESULT INTEGRATION.........................................................................................90
[FIGURE 6-1] PAGING ZONE CALCULATION....................................................................................................98
[FIGURE 7-1] DIMENSIONING PROCEDURE....................................................................................................105
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Table Contents
[TABLE 1-1] AREA AND POPULATION IN THE RF NETWORK DESIGN SCOPE ............................................................6
[TABLE 1-2] TARGET OBJECT FOR RF NETWORK DESIGN.................................................................................9
[TABLE 1-3] ACTIVITIES............................................................................................................................13
[TABLE 2-1] MAXIMUM SUBSCRIBERS AND PARAMETERS FOR EACH SERVICE............................................................15
[TABLE 2-2] MAXIMUM FA CAPACITY..........................................................................................................15
[TABLE 2-3] MAXIMUM CELL RADIUS .........................................................................................................16
[TABLE 2-4] ASSUMPTIONS AND MESSAGE LENGTHS........................................................................................30
[TABLE 2-5] PAGING CHANNEL LOAD CALCULATION (IN CASE OF HCMC)............................................................33
[TABLE 2-6] DISTANCE BETWEEN ANTENNAS...................................................................................................34
[TABLE 2-7] ANTENNA TOWER WEIGHT..........................................................................................................43
[TABLE 2-8] THE SOIL RESISTIVITY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF SOIL............................................................................46
[TABLE 3-1] REGION CLUSTERING CRITERIA..................................................................................................50
[TABLE 3-2] BUILDINGS FOR SITE SURVEY AND FIELD MEASUREMENT.....................................................................53
[TABLE 3-3] TEAM ORGANIZATION FOR SITE SURVEY AND FIELD MEASUREMENT.........................................................53
[TABLE 3-4] SITE SURVEY AND FIELD MEASUREMENT SCHEDULE............................................................................54
[TABLE 3-5] TEST EQUIPMENT LIST............................................................................................................55
[TABLE 3-6] POWER SETTING FOR CMD80..................................................................................................56
[TABLE 3-7] RESULT OF TEST EQUIPMENT VERIFICATION .................................................................................59
[TABLE 3-8] THE RESULT OF THE PATH LOSS ANALYSIS ....................................................................................63
[TABLE 3-9] INFORMATION OF THE SITES (VINAPHONE) .....................................................................................65
[TABLE 3-10] MEASUREMENT DATA.............................................................................................................66
[TABLE 3-11] MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE PATH LOSS ............................................................................................69
[TABLE 3-12] REVERSE LINK BUDGET ANALYSIS............................................................................................69
[TABLE 3-13] MINIMUM ANTENNA HEIGHT AND MAXIMUM CELL RADIUS....................................................................70
[TABLE 5-1] RESULT OF DESIGN ON THE MAP...............................................................................................79
[TABLE 5-2] CHECKING THE COVERAGE OF CANDIDATE SITES..............................................................................83
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[TABLE 5-3] TEAM ORGANIZATION AND SCHEDULE FOR SITE ACQUISITION.............................................................85
[TABLE 5-4] CANDIDATE SITE LIST (HCMC: 27 SITES)..................................................................................86
[TABLE 5-5] CANDIDATE SITE LIST (HANOI: 12 SITES).................................................................................87
[TABLE 6-1] PN SET TABLE (PILOT_INC: 8)............................................................................................96
[TABLE 6-2] PN ALLOCATION IN HCMC AND HANOI....................................................................................97
[TABLE 6-3] PAGING CHANNEL LOAD CALCULATION........................................................................................99
[TABLE 6-4] PAGING ZONE DESIGN............................................................................................................99
[TABLE 6-5] PAGING CHANNEL LOAD CALCULATION TABLE..............................................................................100
[TABLE 7-1] REQUIRED DATA FOR DIMENSIONING...........................................................................................107
[TABLE 7-2] SUBSCRIBERS IN HCMC AND HANOI.....................................................................................108
[TABLE 7-3] MOU PER SUBSCRIBER.........................................................................................................108
[TABLE 7-4] ERLANG PER SUBSCRIBER.......................................................................................................109
[TABLE 7-5] TOTAL TRAFFIC (ERLANG)......................................................................................................109
[TABLE 7-6] ANNUAL TRAFFIC ESTIMATION FOR EACH BTS (HCMC).................................................................111
[TABLE 7-7] ANNUAL TRAFFIC ESTIMATION FOR EACH BTS (HANOI)................................................................111
[TABLE 7-8] ANNUAL REQUIRED FA...........................................................................................................113
[TABLE 7-9] TRAFFIC MODEL AND CALULATION CRITERIA FOR EACH SERVICE..........................................................114
[TABLE 7-10] TOTAL REQUIRED CHANNEL ELEMENT .....................................................................................114
[TABLE 7-11] CC CALCULATION CRITERIA.................................................................................................115
[TABLE 7-12] TOTAL REQUIRED CC ........................................................................................................115
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Overview
1.1 RF Network Design Scope
RF Network Design has been performed for the main area of HCMC and HANOI for the last 3
months, 9 Oct 2000 to 26 Dec 2000. The target area of RF Network Design is 440Km
2
in HCMC
(2,093Km
2
, 5 million populations) and is 88Km
2
in HANOI (921Km
2
, 2.6 million populations).
[Table 1-1] shows the area and population of the RF Network Design target zone by districts.
[Table 1-1] Area and Population in the RF Network Design Scope
City District Communes
Area
(Km2)
Population
(Person)
Pop. Density
(Pers/Km2)
HCMC Dist. 1 10 7.6 227,874 29,983
Dist. 2 11 50.2 102,543 2,043
Dist. 3 14 4.8 223,620 46,588
Dist. 4 15 4.0 192,984 48,246
Dist. 5 15 4.1 210,708 51,392
Dist. 6 14 7.0 254,510 36,359
Dist. 7 10 35.9 112,418 3,131
Dist. 8 16 18.8 330,418 17,575
Dist. 9 13 113.1 149,333 1,320
Dist.10 15 5.7 241,192 42,314
Dist.11 16 5.0 239,318 47,864
Dist.12 10 52.5 196,285 3,739
Go Vap 12 19.2 310,415 16,167
Tan Binh 20 38.5 581,838 15,113
Binh Thanh 20 20.5 404,147 19,714
Phu Nhuan 15 5.1 184,730 36,222
Thu Duc 12 48.0 210,605 4,388
Total 238 440.0 4,172,938 9,423
HANOI Hoan Kiem 18 5.29 171,100 32,344
Hai Ba Trung 25 14.5 355,300 24,503
Ba Dinh 12 9.3 200,800 21,591
Dong Da 21 9.94 332,700 33,471
Cau Giay 7 11.96 127,700 10,677
Thanh Xuan 11 9.13 151,900 16,637
Tay Ho 8 23.94 92,000 3,843
Total 102 84.06 1,431,500 17,939
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HCMC RF Network Design Scope
[Figure 1-1] RF Network Design Scope in HCMC
HANOI RF Design Scope
[Figure 1-2] RF Network Design Scope in HANOI
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1.2 RF Network Design Objective
General service quality objective for the target area should be set up in this stage by reflecting
subscribers expectation, marketing strategy and cost. Especially the optimal objective designing is
necessary in order to maximize profit because the level of objective has direct relationship with cost.
The elements of this objective are MOS (Mean Opinion Score) of voice quality, target in the
coverage, coverage reliability and GOS (Grade of Service) of the network.
MOS (Mean Opinion Score)
MOS is the mean of voice quality scores between 1 and 5, evaluated by individual subjective test.
MOS indicates voice quality. The MOS in the wire telephone system is known as MOS 4 in general. In
CDMA cellular system, as FER (Frame Error Rate) become lower, its MOS scorebecome as same as
that of the wire telephonesystem.
[Figure 1-3] shows the relationship between FER and MOS by experimental study.
[Figure 1-3] MOS v.s. FER Graph
In the FER vs. FER graph on [Figure 1-3], if the FER in the range of 1% above would be
increased by small, the MOS of voice qualities will be degraded rapidly. As in [Figure 1-3], if FER is
more than 1%, voice quality will be degraded rapidly. Therefore, the reasonable voice quality objective
is shown as MOS 3.6 in the experiment of the relationship between FER and MOS.
MOS Vs. FER
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
%FER
M
e
a
n

O
p
i
n
i
o
n

S
c
o
r
e
MOS
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Target object in the coverage
Target object in the coverage is the place at which many subscribers are expected to make a
phone call frequently. It is recommended that target object is selected through market survey. Because
target object is closely related with the network investment cost, it should be considered together with
the investment cost. [Table 1-2] shows the target object in the coverage selected by marketing part.
[Table 1-2] Target Object for RF Network Design
Coverage Dense Urban Urban Suburban Rural
Target In-Building In-Building In-Car In-Car
Coverage Reliability
Because the signal strength at a particular point is varying by time due to the various fading,
radio network should be designed with fading margin to guarante coverage reliability. Fading margin is
arranged depending on the coverage reliability suggested as a design objective. In this project,
coverage reliability is designed as 95%.
GOS(Grade of Service)
In general, GOS means Call Blocking Ratio in cellular mobile telecommunication system.
Lower call blocking ratio makes higher customer satisfaction. But it needs higher investment cost due
to increase of channels and FAs. The optimum objective of GOS should be derived from the analysis
of trade-off relationship between customer satisfaction and investment cost.
[Figure 1-4] shows the relationship between GOS and system capacity.
As in [Figure 1-4], the capacity increases as the increase of call blocking ratio but its increase
ratio decrease rapidly afterGOS becomes larger than 1%. Compared to the customer satisfaction, too
much cost is needed to increase the network capacity. Therefore, GOS of 1% is the most appropriate
value as the objective.
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[Figure 1-4] GOS v.s. Capacity Graph
GOS vs. Capacity
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0.0% 0.1% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 2.5% 3.0% 3.5% 4.0% 4.5% 5.0% 5.5% 6.0% 6.5% 7.0% 7.5% 8.0% 8.5% 9.0% 9.5% 10.0%
GOS
E
r
l
a
n
g
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y

I
n
c
r
e
a
s
e

R
a
t
i
o
Erlang Capacity Increase Ratio
Traffic Model : Soft Blocking Model
BTS Type : 3 Sector
Channel : 84
Maximum User : 33
Sector Load Ratio : 1.5
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1.3 RF Network Design Procedure
RF network design has 3 stages such as design objective setup, basic data collection & analysis
and detail design.
In the stage of design objective setup, the service quality objective to be satisfied in any target
coverage will be defined. The elements of this objective are MOS (Mean Opinion Score), target object
in the coverage, coverage reliability and GOS (Grade of Service) of the network.
In the stage of basic data collection & analysis, the data for detail design should be collected
and analyzed. This stage can be divided into traffic distribution analysis, design criteria setup and
market demand estimation. The call traffic distribution for design area is derived from competitors
traffic, population and vehicle traffic volume etc and it may be referred in the stage of site acquisition
and required equipment volume calculation. Design criteria should be set up through theory and
experimental result to meet the design objective. These design criteria shall be modified depending on
the RF environment in detail design. Market demand includes annual number of subscribers and MOU
(Minutes Of Usage), and should be collected to estimate call traffic and calculate the required
equipment volume.
[Figure 1-5] RF Network Design Procedure
RF Network Design Procedure
Setting-Up
Design Criteria
Traffic Distribution
Analysis
Erlang /Sub. Estimation
Traffic Distribution Estimation
FA Capacity
Maximum Cell Radius
Soft Handoff Area Ratio
PN Increment/PN Reuse Pattern
etc..
BASIC DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
SETTING-UP DESIGN OBJECTIVE MOS , Target Object for Service (In-Building/In-Car), GOS
Market Demand
Estimation
Number of Subs.
MOU
Region Clustering
Site Survey and
Field Measurement
Wireless Environment
Analysis
MAPL
Maximum Coverage Radius
Competitor Site Location
and Coverage Analysis
Link Budget Analysis
Designing on the map
Coverage Simulation
Site Acquisition
Coverage
Design
Site Location
BTS Type
Tx Power
Antenna Orientation/Tilt
PN Assignment
System Parameter
Design
H/O Neighbor List-up
System Input Parameter
Value
Market Demand Analysis
Dimensioning
BTS Dimensioning
FA and Channel Card
Dimensioning
Yearly Plan for Equipment
Providing
DETAIL DESIGN
Paging Zone Design
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Detail design consists of RF environment analysis, coverage design, system parameter design
and the reuired equipment volume calculation. RF environment analysis is the stage to adjust the
maximum allowable cell radius acquired in design criteria setup stage, to the real situation. In addition,
in this stage, the maximum allowable cell radius is computed through the representative cell site
selection, site survey, and RF environment measurement.
In coverage design, using design criteria and traffic distribution, the location of cell sites are
arranged on the map and then, final location are decided through coverage simulation and location
selection in field. Especially, simulation tool is to confirm the coverage of firstly selected cell site and
its result is reflected on the fieldwork again.
System parameter design is to find out the initial value of the system parameter of each BTS. PN
Offset, handoff neighbor list and paging zone are designed in this work. The parameter values
acquired in this stage will be precisely modified through RF network optimization after service
launching.
The regional call traffic volume is estimated using annual subscriber number and MOU (Minutes
Of Usage) and annually required number of BTS, FA and channel card are calculated based on the
estimated call traffic and design criteria.
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1.4 Activity schedule
RF network design work for HCMC and HANOI have been performed for 3 months, and [Table 1-
3] shows detail activity and schedule.
[Table 1-3] Activities
Work WD Start End Accomplishment
SETTING-UP DESIGN OBJECTIVE 8 d 9-Oct 17-Oct
Subscriber's Needs Comprehension 6 d 9-Oct 14-Oct - Interview with Exisiting Subscriber
Setting-Up Design Objective
2 d 16-Oct 17-Oct
- MOS
- Target Objec for Service
- GOS
BASIC DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS 16 d 18-Oct 4-Nov
Setting-Up Design Criteria
10 d 18-Oct 28-Oct
- FA Capacity
- Maximum Cell Radius
- Leading Time for Dimensioning
- Soft Handoff Ratio
- PN Increment/PN Reuse Pattern
- Search Window Size
- Paging Channel Capacity and Paging Zone
- Antenna Installation
- Equipment Installation
Traffic Distribution Analysis 6 d 30-Oct 4-Nov - VinaPhone Traffic Analysis
Market Demand Estimation Data Collection
2 d 31-Oct 1-Nov
- Number of Subscriber
- MOU
DETAIL DESIGN 61 d 18-Oct 27-Dec
Wireless Environment Analysis 22 d 18-Oct 11-Nov
Region Clustering
2 d 18-Oct 19-Oct
- Dense Urban
- Urban
- Suburban
- Rural
Field Survey and Field Measurement
19 d 18-Oct 8-Nov
- HCMC : 8 Site
- HANOI : 4 Site
Competitor Coverage Analysis
6 d 1-Nov 7-Nov
- Searching for VinaPhone Site Location
- VinaPhone Coverage Analysis
Link Budget Analysis 3 d 9-Nov 11-Nov - MAPL
Coverage Design 21 d 21-Nov 14-Dec
Designing on the map
1 d 21-Nov 21-Nov
- Traffic Analysis for Initial Year
- Site Location Decision on the Map
Coverage Simulation
10 d 4-Dec 14-Dec
- Measurement Integration
- Forward/Reverse Coverage Analysis
- Soft Handoff Region Analysis
Site Acquisition
19 d 23-Nov 14-Dec
- HCMC : 24 Site
- HANOI : 12 Site
System Parameter Design 4 d 15-Dec 19-Dec
PN Assignment
2 d 15-Dec 16-Dec
- Analyzing Distance between BTSs
- PN Assignment
Handoff Neighbor List-up
2 d 15-Dec 16-Dec
- Coverage Overlap Analysis
- H/O Neighbor List-Up
Paging Zone Design
4 d 15-Dec 19-Dec
- Paging Scheme Decision
- Paging Traffic Analysis
Dimensioning 7 d 20-Dec 27-Dec
Traffic Estimation
3 d 20-Dec 22-Dec
- Market Demand Analysis
- Traffic Engineering
BTS Dimesioning 4 d 23-Dec 27-Dec - Required BTS Calcuation for each year
FA and Channel Card Dimensioning 2 d 23-Dec 25-Dec - Required FA and CHC Calcuation for each year
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Design Criteria
2.1 Design Criteria Overview
In this stage, the criteria are theoretically and experimentally set up so that design objective can
be accomplished. The result will be adjusted in detail design to meet the real RF environment.
The elements of design criteria are shown as below.
FA Capacity
Cell Coverage Criteria
Equipment Supply Margin Period Criteria
Soft Handoff Region Ratio Criteria
PN Increment and Allocation Criteria
Search Window Size Criteria
Paging Channel Capacity and Paging Zone Planning Criteria
Antenna Installation Criteria
Equipment Installation Criteria
2.2 FA Capacity
FA capacity can be expressed as below based on the service of various transmission rate and
subscribers per service.
When the summation of percent loading (%loading = Nk/Nmaxk) for each transmission service
comes to the effective maximum loading of an FA, it can be referred to as FA capacity for this FA. FA
capacity is as the summation of each data quantity (Mbits). In this case the effective maximum loading
rate is When the sum of each service loading (%loading = Nk/Nmaxk) reaches at the maximum
effective loading per FA, that can be regarded as the maximum FA capacity. And the sum of the data
quantity of each service can be regarded as BTS FA capacity. To provide stable service, the
maximum effective loading for a BTS is arranged as 85% of it.
) % 85 % 100
max
, ( ) ( _
0 0

S
k k
k
S
k
k
N
N
When Mbits Mbits Capacity FA
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Maximum subscribers (Nmaxk) for a service can be expressed as below based on the
transmission rate, voice activity and required signal-to-noise ratio. [Table 2-1] shows parameters for
each service and the maximum subscribers.
[Table 2-1] Maximum subscribers and parameters for each service
Parameter Voice Packet Data
R Transmission Rate (kbps) 9.6 9.6 32 64 128 144
Eb/Nt Reqired Eb/Nt (dB) 6 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9
PG Processing Gain (W/R) 128 128 38 19 10 9
Voice Activity 0.42 1 1 1 1 1
F Frequency Reuse Efficiency 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83 0.83
SG Sectorization Gain 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.85
Nmax Max Subs. 55 47 15 8 4 4
Note) IOC and IO in this table indicate intercell interference and intracell interference respectively,
and IOC/IO was assumed as 0.6.
[Table 2-2] shows FA capacity per BTS by data traffic ratio, that is calculated by substituting
maximum capacity (Nmaxk) in [Table 2-1] into FA capacity formula in above. Because advanced
channel-coding technology that requires lower signal-to-ratio is adopted in data service, FA capacity
increases as the data traffic ratio increases.
[Table 2-2] Maximum FA Capacity
FA Capacity(Mbits at BH)
Data Traffic Ratio
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
Omni Site 358 495 543 583 587 621
3 Sector Site 922 1,263 1,384 1,449 1,498 1,540
)
/ 6 . 0
1
where, ( ) 1
/
( max
Io Ioc
F SG
Nt Eb
F PG
N
k k
k
k
+
+
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2.3 Cell Coverage Criteria
In order to satisfy MOS objective described above, the mobile and the BTS should receive a
signal that has higher strength than the minimum allowance. And interference should be lower than the
maximum allowance.
Cell Coverage Criteria should be defined in both forward and reverse link. Cell Coverage is
designed based on Ec/Io of a pilot channel in forward link and Eb/No of a traffic channel in reverse link
respectively.
As higher Ec/Io and Eb/No criteria are arranged, better call quality can be supplied for customers
but more cost is also expected. Therefore, criteria should be arranged to meet the customer
satisfaction and cost efficiency.
In this project, coverage criteria were decided theoretically and experimentally to satisfy MOS of
3.6 (FER 1%) and their values are as follows.
For forward link, pilot channel Ec/Io: -14dB
For reverse link, traffic channel Eb/No: 6dB
The maximum theoretical coverage criteria can be computed as the distance between the BTS
and a mobile station to meet MAPL (Maximum Allowable Path Loss) acquired through Link Budget
analysis by using coverage criteria in forward and reverse link. The distance between the BTS and a
mobile station to meet MAPL was calculated using HATA Model. The Link Budget analysis used to find
out the maximum cell radius is described in section 3.5
Maximum coverage criteria by each RF environment are shown in [Table 2-3].
[Table 2-3] Maximum Cell Radius
Items Coverage Class Dense
Urban
Urban Suburban Rural Open
MAPL
(dB)
On Street 147.2 149.7 145.8 148.3 149.8
In Car 142.2 144.7 140.8 143.3 144.8
In Building 129.2 134.7 135.8 138.3 139.8
Max
Coverage
(Km)
On Street 3.96 4.67 6.90 27.26 28.20
In Car 2.85 3.37 4.97 19.66 21.71
In Building 1.22 1.75 3.58 14.18 15.65
Note) Assumption : BTS Antenna Height: 30m, Mobile Antenna Height: 1.5m
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2.4 Equipment Supply Time Criteria
To prepare for the unexpected trafffic increase, the supply failure and the construction delay,
channel card and required FA should be calculated based on required equipment volume in some
duration after the exactly arranged time. It is to obtain enough spare equipment.
Equipment supply time criteria should be decided considering the management situation and the
market growth possibility. And in initial design and service introduction stage, it is desirable to regard
Y+0.5 year as the reference to make an aggressive strategy. When the subscriber increase rate is
degraded, the reference should be changed into Y+0.25 to prevent excessive equipment supply.
In this design, Y+0.5 year is used as Equipment Supply Time Criteria.
2.5 Soft Handoff Region Ratio Criteria
Proper handoff region is required for smooth handoff in the CDMA system.
Too much handoff region requires too much resource but too little handoff region makes call
quality degradation or frequent call-drop. T_ADD and T_DROP are the parameter to decide handoff
region. T_ADD is used to add new active/candidat set and T_DROP is used to reduce the active pilot.
Because the output power of a mobile station decreases in handoff region, the interference also
decreases and the BTS capacity increases. But required channel resource also increases.
T_ADD is calculated to maximize system capacity considering the average transmission power
change of the mobile station and the received signal strength change and then Soft Handoff ratio is
aquired in accordance with T_ADD. Followings are the analysis result performed to calculate the Soft
Handoff region ratio.
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The change of the transmission power in a mobile station with the change of T-
ADD
In Soft Handoff, the transmission power of the mobile staion decreases due to the diversity
combining of various signals. Such a high Soft Handoff gain can be acquired by selecting the best
signal in a SVC (selector vocoder). In case of softer handoff, a high softer handoff gain can be obtained
by combining the signals from several sectors in a single channel element. [Figure 2-1] shows the
relationship between the transmission power change of the mobile station and the change of T_ADD.
[Figure 2-1] Transmission power change in the mobile station
In [Figure 2-1], it is assumed that handoffs would occur toward the two-tier cell from a central cell
with the uniformly distributed subscribers. As in [Figure 2-1], the average transmission power of the
mobile station will decrease slightly in the range of T-ADD < -15dB.
In case of high T_ADD, almost all of the handoff types are 2-cell Soft Handoff. Because the
mobile station should be located in the middle of the two cells, the decrease of the average
transmission power will be large. But, in case of low T_ADD, Soft Handoff region will be large. In a
handoff beginning point, because Ec/Io from one cell is large and the other is small, the small decrease
of the tramsmission power is expected.
Change in Mobile Transmit Power
-2.7
-2.5
-2.3
-2.1
-1.9
-1.7
-1.5
-18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12
T_ADD
d
B

C
h
a
n
g
e
dBChange
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The change of the received power in the BTS with the change of T-ADD
Because the transmission power of the mobile station decreases in Soft Handoff process, the
received signal strength in the BTS is expected to be small. And because the mobile station regards
received signal in the BTS as the interference except for its own signal, smaller received signal is
helpful for the mobile station to get the higer call success rate and keep quality service.
[Figure 2-2] shows the change of the received power of the BTS, as the change of T-ADD.
[Figure 2-2] Received power change in the BTS
As mentioned above, received power in the BTS will decrease as T_ADD decreases. The
decrease amount is dependent on the number of the mobile station and the decrease quantity of the
transmission power of the mobile station. Because the received power in the BTS is kind of
interference for a mobile station to overcome to make a call, if it would be reduced, the capacity will
increase. As in [Figure 2-2], the interference reduction effect in virtue of Soft Handoff in the range of
T_ADD < -15dB is almost constant.
Change in Cell Site Received Power
-0.8
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
-18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12
T_ADD
d
B

C
h
a
n
g
e
dB Change
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The change of Soft Handoff Region Ratio with the change of T_ADD
[Figure 2-3] Soft Handoff region ratio
The Soft Handoff region ratio can be secured by calculating Ec/Io of each cell site on it after
all cell sites are located on the 2-dimensional map. If T_ADD increases, the Soft Handoff region will
decrease. Especially the handoff region is negligible if T_ADD is higher than 11dB. As T_ADD
decreases, 2-cell handoff will increase for the time and then decrease. Because as T_ADD decreases,
the handoff ratio will increase and 3 or more-cell handoff also increases.
As more Soft Handoff region is arranged, better call quality and more capacity can be obtained
but more channel element are required.
In consideration of the relationship between received power in the BTS by the mobile station ratio
and Soft Handoff region ratio, the capacity increase will be degraded if the Soft Handoff region is
higher than 30% ~40%. The transmission power of the mobile station generally decreases in the Soft
Handoff region. But if the Soft Handoff region decreases, the transmission power decrease of the
mobile station is negligible in the handoff bounary area. Therefore, the average amount of the
transmission power will decrease.
So the network is designed with the Soft Handoff region ratio of 30~40% in this project.
Soft Handoff Region Ratio
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
-22 -21 -20 -19 -18 -17 -16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11
T_ADD (dB)
R
e
g
i
o
n

R
a
t
i
o

(
%
)
2Way Soft Handoff 3Way Soft Handoff Total Soft Handoff
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2.6 PN Increment and Alloction
Pilot signal is allocated in each sector of the CDMA BTS and is used to distinguish the sectors
and match the synchronization. Each pilot signal can be distinguished by shifting the same PN code
with time.
Because the distance between each BTS and the mobile station is different, each PN code will
arrive at the mobile station in different propagation delay. The pilot signal of each BTS should be
shifted with time enough to distinguish PN codes that arrive at the mobile station in different
propagation delay. But the numbers of available PN will be restricted because PN signal is periodic. So
the reuse of the same PN code is necessary. Followings are the description of the method to obtain
PILOT_INC and PN Offset Reuse Factor and to design PN Increment accordingly.
PILOT_INC parameter setting
Pilot PN sequence has the period of 2
15
chips (32768 chips). PN codes are obtained by
dividing pilot PN sequence of 32768 chips with the same interval of 64chips. Therefore, total number
of PN Offset is 512 from PN0 to PN511. Total number of available PN codes in the system can be
determined by arranging PN_INC. For example, if PN_INC is arranged as 8, the available PN codes in
the system are 0, 8, 16, 24, 32, and total number of the available PN codes in the system will be
64=512/8. The PILOT_INC in the CDMA system is one of the system parameters to be delivered from
the BTS to the mobile stations and is a basis for the mobile station to search for PN.
To describe the parameter of PILOT_INC, it is assumed that two BTSs and a mobile station are
located at p1, p2 and p respectively as shown in [Figure 2-4].
[Figure 2-4] Pilot interference between cell sites
PILOT INTERFERENCE BETWEEN SITES
p1
p2
Interference
p
r
1
chips
r
2
chips
PN Offset =
2
chips
PN Offset =
1
chips
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The mobile station can be interfered by BTS p2 when the total chip delay(=PN time shift +
propagation delay + other delays) of the pilot signal of BTS p1 is same with that of the pilot signal of
BTS p2. More exactly the delay difference between two pilots received at p is smaller than arranged
search window size (SRCH_WIN_SIZE). But no interference would be occurred if the signal strength of
p1 pilot is enough stronger than that of p2 pilot. Therefore, the condition that no interference would be
raised by pilot p2 within the SRCH_WIN_SIZE is as follows.
The weakest multi-path signal of BTS p1 is stronger than the strongest multi-path signal
of BTS p2 by threshold T(dB).
In above, provided that the pilot strength of each BTS is proportional to the pathloss in a cell
boundary area and the search_window_size is decided as the chip delay as much as 20% of cell
radius, the difference between two PN Offset (12) is calculated as follows.

12 2
10
1 1
1 2 10 2 + . ( ) r r s
T
S1 :half of srch_win_size(chip) of BTS p2
For example, it is assumed that a propagation constant
=3.3 and T = 27dB and the radius of

the interfering cell site is double than that of the interfered cell site. In this case, the minimum
PILOT_INCwith cell radius is shown as in [Figure 2-5].
For instance, if the cell radius is 1.5Km, the minimum PILOT_INC is 2.
[Figure 2-5] PN Increment
PN Increment
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10
Cell Radius (Km)
P
N

C
h
i
p

D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
P
N
_
I
N
C
Minimum Chip Difference PN Increment
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PN Offset Reuse Distance Calculation
If the same PN offset is used in the two or more cell sites, a mobile station suffers interference
from the cell sites using the same PN offset, or cell sites can not distinguish PN offset reported by a
mobile station. This kind of problem can be solved by separating the BTSs using the same PN Offset
with the proper interval.
In [Figure 2-6], Cell 1 and cell 3 have the same PN offset and parameters were defined as below.
r i
i
( , , ) 1 2 3 : cell radius(chips)
D : Distance between Cell 1 and cell 3 (chips)

s i
i,
( , ) 1 3
: half of the srch_win_size of active sets in Cell 1 and Cell 3
s
2
: larger one of half of the srch_win_size of neighbor set or remaining set for
Cell 2
[Figure 2-6] Pilot PN offset reuse
If the pilot of the cell 3 would exist within the range of the active set srch_win_size of a mobile
station in cell 1, the pilot of the cell 3 can interfere with the mobile station in the cell 1. For example if
the distance between two cells is D r 2
1
, a mobile station in the cell boundary can receive two pilots
at the same time and can be interfered with each of them. But enough distance, D, between two cells
as the following formula can eliminate such interference.
PILOT PN OFFSET REUSE
Cell 3
r
3
chips
Cell 1
r
1
chips
Phase Offset =
1
chips Phase Offset =
1
chips
Cell 2
r
2
chips
D chips
Phase Offset =
2
chips
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D r s + 2
1 1
Similarly in order to eliminate the interference of a mobile station in the cell 3 from cell 1 the
condition, D r s + 2
3 3
, should be satisfied.
Cell 1 and cell 3 should be within the hearing distance from a mobile station in cell 2 so that Cell
1 and Cell 3 can identify the pilot reported by the mobile station in Cell 2. In order to satisfy the above
identification condition regardless of the mobile stations location in the cell 2, the distance between cell
1 and cell 3 should be satisfied with the following expression.
D r s r s + + 2 2 4 2
2 2 2 2
( )
In the case that all cell sites have the same radius, r[chip], and search window size of remaining
set is r/2[chip] and larger than that of neighbor set, the minimum PN Offset Reuse Distance can be
expressed as the following.
r D 5
PN Offset Allocation
In order to allocate PN offsets to the cell sites, the following items should be considered
synthetically.
PILOT_INC Selection
Distance between the same PN cell sites
Extra PN offsets for expansion of cell sites or Microcells
A general example for PN offset allocation is as follows. If the cell radius is 10Km and
PILOT_INC is 10, the number of PN offsets is 51. 39 PN offsets are used and 12 PN offsets are left for
future expansion of cell sites. In [Figure 2-7], the numbers from 1 to 13 are allocated at each cell (that
is similar to the frequency reuse pattern N=13 in Analogue system), and PNs for every 3 sectors of
each cell can be allocated with n*640, (n+17)*640 and (n+34)*640. In this case, the PN Offset Reuse
Distance is larger than 6r where r means cell radius.
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[Figure 2-7] Pilot PN offset reuse pattern
PN offset allocation can be explained as below. Different 51 PN offsets, {0*640, 1*640, 2*640,
49*640, 50*640}, can be classified as 4 sets.
. Set I :{1*640,2*640,......,13*640}
. Set II :{18*640,19*640,......,30*640}
. Set III :{35*640,36*640,......,47*640}
. Set IV : a set of extra 12 PN offset
Pilot set I ~ can be applied for general cell sites and Pilot set IV can be reserved for particular
cell sites. Pilot set I, II III can be applied for the first, the second and the third sector of each cell site
respectively.
18
35
1
1
9
3
13
7
12
4
12
7
2
5
6
10
5
8
8
11
6
3
9
10
5
2
6
PILOT PN OFFSET REUSE PATTERN
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2.7 Search Window Size
A mobile station of the CDMA system has a rake receiver that has 3 Fingers. Each Finger detects
a multi-path-faded signal and gets the gain by combining them. A Searcher detects the positions of
multi-path-faded components and assigns them to Fingers. In order to perform this function, a
Searcher checks the multi-path faded components on the code domain for the interval that the multi-
path faded signal can be perceivable in the mobile station in reference to the corresponding PN offset.
This particular interval size is defined as Active Set Search Window Size.
The new technology, Soft Handoff, as well as Hard Handoff technology are introduced in the
CDMA system. Soft Handoff technique is that a mobile station can get multi-channels from two or
more cell sites simultaneously and can detect the signals by its Fingers. A mobile station can get
higher gain by combining the outputs of the Fingers of its rake receiver respectively in Soft Handoff.
To perform the Soft Handoff successfully, the signals from each cell site should have enough strength.
Therefore, a mobile station should always measure the signals of each cell site. In general because of
their propagation delay, the pilots of the neighbor cell sites are detected at delayed positions compared
to estimated position by the mobile station. Therefore, when the mobile station searches the neighbor
cell sites to perform the Soft Handoff, the pilots should be searched for some time interval in reference
to the PN Offset of each BTS. This particular interval is called as Neighbor Set Search Window.
The method to decide Active Set Search Window Size and Neighbor Set Search Window Size
will be described as below.
Active Set Search Window Size
In order to detect multi-path-faded components, Active Set Search Window Size should be
twice of the maximum expected delay spread. That is expressed as below.
srch_win_a 2 (largest delay spread/Tc), where Tc(PN chip duration) = 817 nsec
In general the typical delay spread is 7 sec in Urban area and 2 sec in Suburban area. For
example, if delay spread = 7sec, Active Set Search Window Size will be srch_win_A 2 x ( 7 /
0.817 ) = 17.2 chips. Thus, the parameter value for srch_win_A will be 5 or above. Considering
margin, 6 is appropriate for the initial srch_win_A. Using pilot scanning equipment, deqly spread is
measured in service area and srch_win_a can be set up using the measured data.
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Neighbor Set Search Window Size
Neighbor Set Search Window Size is decided by the PN chip size according to the difference
between the distance from a mobile station to the reference cell site and the distance from the mobile
station to the neighbor cell site. It is also decided by their delay spread. Exactly the distance
difference mentioned above will become time delay because the searcher of the mobile station use the
PN offset of the reference cell site as the center of the reference time. Therefore, search window size
for neighbor set detection should be larger than expected time delay.
srch_win_n 2 (largest distance difference/vlight+largest delay spread)/Tc
where Tc(PN chip duration) = 817 nsec, vlight= speed of light
Above formula can be used for the initial cell design. In flatland, most of the cell sites in neighbor
set are located at the geographical neighborhood. But in bent area, the signal from the neighbor cell
site can be weaker than that from the cell sites in far area due to the obstacles. In this case, Neighbor
Set Search Window Size should be largeenough to perform Soft Handoff smoothly. So Neighbor Set
Search Window Size should be optimized according to the real field situation.
[Figure 2-8] Neighbor set search window size
NEIGHBOR SET SEARCH WINDOW SIZE
Site B
Site A
y
MS
Handoff Region
x
Active Set (Site A)
Search Window
Neighbor Set (Site B)
Search Window
x-y
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[Figure 2-8] shows the relationship between active set search window and neighbor set search
window of the mobile station under the Soft Handoff in the handoff region. If a circle exists in a
hexagon in [Figure 2-8] and handoffs occur only in the outside of the circles but not in the inside of the
circles, srch_win_N and % Soft Handoff can be calculated as following formula.
[Figure 2-9] show the relationship between handoff area and neighbor set search window size for
the case of R = 1.5 km, = 30 and delay spread = 7sec. srch_win_N should be 27 chips where Soft
Handoff area is 30~34%. Therefore, srch_win_N = 7 ( 40 chips) in consideration of margin.
[Figure 2-9] Handoff region and serch window size
The parameter value for srch_win_N can be generated from the delay spread of the neighbor PN,
measured by the pilot scanning equipment in service area.
( ) + + + 2 cos 3 2 3 2 2 2 _ _
2 2
x Rx R x x y n win srch
2
2
3 3
2
1
R
x
Handoff Soft

%
Handoff Region and Search Window Size
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Handoff Boundary To Cell Site Center Distance (x R)
s
r
c
h
_
w
i
n
_
n
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%

S
o
f
t

H
a
n
d
o
f
f
srch_win_n %Soft Handoff
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2.8 Paging Channel Capacity and Paging Zone
In a CDMA System, a Paging Channel conveys information from base station to mobile stations.
There are three major types of call-processing-related message. The first is an overhead message. It
contains information required for call setup (for example, system parameter message, access
parameter message, neighbor list message, channel list messages, and extended system parameter
messages) and is updated periodically to ensure a successful call setup. The second is a page
message (or general page message). The page message is used to page the mobile. The page
message is sent when a mobile switching center (MSC) receives a call/service request for a mobile.
Depending on the paging strategy, the page messages may be sent to a large area through the paging
channel on all sectors. The third type is a channel assignment message and order message. These
messages are important for interactingwith a mobile to complete a call/service setup. The base station
usually sends these messages only to a small area(a few sectors) during the call/service setup
In addition to paging message related to call processign, there are messages associated with
supplemental services such as SMS or VMS, which can be sent through the paging channel as well
In this section, the number of maximum allowable paging will be derived from the limitation of
maximum paging load, and than the criteria for zone design will be described.
Paging Channel Capacity Calculation
The 90% of paging channel capacity to be the maximum allowable paging-channel utilization
is used, which is indicated in Table 2-4. The remaining 10% are reserved to accommodate potential
burst paging traffic. The paging channel occupancy for each message is then calculated as a fraction of
the maximum allowable paging-channel capacity. In other words, if the calculated occupancy is 20%, it
means that 20% of the 90% physical channel capacity will be needed to transport the message.
In the following, The paging channel occupancy for each message will be evaluated. This will give
us a quick answer to a variety of questions related to paging channel sizing. The BHCA is used as a
traffic reference for calculating paging channel capacity
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[Table 2-4] Assumptions and Message Lengths
General Assumptions Numerical Values
a. Paging Channel Capacity 9600 bits/sec
b. Maximum Allowable Utilization 0.9(90%)
c. Paging Strategy(number of pages per users) 2
d. Termination rate 0.35
e. Busy rate 0.03
f. BHCA per Subscriber 2
g. Number of Sectors per MSC 72(HCMC), 36(HANOI)
h. General Page Message 136 bits
i. Overhead Message I = j + K + l + m + n
j. System Parameter Message 264 bits
k. Access Parameter Message 184 bits
l. Neighbor List Message 216 bits
m. CDMA Channel List Message 88 bits
n. Extended System Parameter Message 112 bits
o. Channel Assignment Message 144 bits
p. Order Message
Voice Mail Service
q. Voice Mail Notification 720 bits
Shor Message Service
r. Data Burst Message(x = number of characters) (7x + 380) bits
s. _DONE Message 72 bits
General Page Message(Call Termination)
Base station uses the general page message to page (find) a mobile when there is a
terminated call or to notify the arrival of a special message service (for example, SMS or VMS). In
general, the base station would send the message with system-wide to locate the mobile. The paging
channel occupancy (Og, with respect to the 90% of paging channel utilization) for the general page
message can be calculated as
b a
h c e d BHCA
Og

3600
) (
Overhead Message
The mobile station needs to update all overhead messages to have a successful call setup.
Reducing call setup duration can improve call setup sucess rate because the probability of losing a
strong pilot is propotional to the setup duration. The impacts of different overhead cycles on the paging
channel capacity would be evaluated. The overhead message will be sent within every n slots to a
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mobile. The occupancy is independent of the traffic demand. The system will send overhead messages
continuously. The paging channel occupancy for the overhead message (Oo) is calculated as
b a
slotcycle i
Oo
) 08 . 0 /( 1 (
Channel Assignment Message and Order Message
The base station sends channel assignment messages (CAMs) to the mobile during a call
setup (either an originated or a terminated call). Order message is used to reject registration or
acknowledge base station. The base station transmits CAMs and order messages, interacting with
mobile during the call/service setup, to the mobile through the paging channels of active sectors. The
channel assignment message and order message almost behaves as a pair for each call setup. Since
order messages also include registration reject, it has slightly higher rates. For simplicity, It is asumed
that the rates for a channel assignment message and order message are the same. It is also assumed
that the system (one MSC) has 200 sectors. The paging channel occupancy for channel assignment
and order emessages, Oco, is calculated as
b a
p o N g BHCA
Oco

+
3600
) ( ) / (
_DONE Message and SCI Bit
The base station sends the _DONE message after all messages scheduled for the slot have
been sent. Here, It is assumed that there is a _DONE message in each slot. The SCI bit is inserted in
each half frame. Therefore, the paging channel occupancy for _DONE message and SCI bits (Ods) can
be calculated as
b a
s
Ods
) 01 . 0 / 1 ( 1 ) 08 . 0 / 1 (
Voice Mail Services(VMSs)
Voice mail service has the feature with which callers can put a voice mail message on a
voice mail center. When a caller leaves a voice mail message, the voice mail center will then trigger a
request to send a notification to the mobile. There are several ways to send voice mail notification
messages. Here, two methods of the notification would be introduced. The first one is simply using a
call setup procedure. The system would send a general page message periodically until the mobile
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responds. After the regular call-setup procedure, the base station will send the voice mail fothrough a
traffic channel
The other one is the method like the SMS transmission through the paging channel. In this
method, no voice mail indication (VMI) message would be sent until the mobile powers on, registers, or
sets up a call. The system would send a general page message, after which a VMI message follows
(through the paging channel of active sector) when the base station receive the response for the
general page message from the mobile
Let Ov1 denote the paging channel occupancy for the first method and Ov2 denote the paging
channel occupnacy for the second method. Then
b a
h e BHCA v e d NOrate f BHCA
Ov

+
3600
) ] ) / 60 ( ) ( 2 ) / [(
1
b a
g q h e BHCA
Ov

3600
) / (
2
Where v is the VMS cycle duration and NOrate is the NO PAGE RESPONSE rate
Data Burst Message(Short Message Services)
The base station uses data burst messages to send SMS messages to a mobile. In addition
to the seven bits for each character in the SMS message (the size of an SMS message in bits is
denoted by r; each SMS message contains eighty characters), the data-burst-message capsule carries
approximately 380 bits of overhead. (In detail, 232 are due to IS-637 mandated overhead, 38 bits are
due to the length field and the CRC, and the remaining 110 bits are due to fields in the data burst
message). If a flood-paging scheme is assumed, every CDMA paging channel in the MSC carries an
SMS page for each delivered SMS message. In this case, every paging channel carries g * M SMS
pages/sec. The paging channel occupancy for SMS, Os, can be calculated as
b a
g h r M
Os

+
3600
) (
Given a residual capacity, the number of SMS messages for each sector can be obtained
g h r
b a Os
M
+

) 3600 (
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[Table 2-5] Paging Channel Load Calculation (In case of HCMC)
Item Load(HCMC) Load(HANOI)
General Page Message 14.5% 6.3%
Overhead Message 9.1% 9.1%
Channel Assignment Message 1.6% 0.7%
_DONE Message 11.6% 11.6%
VMS 6.5% 2.8%
SMS 0.1% 0.1%
Total 43.4% 30.5%
Assumption) BHCA(2002.E, Core Network Part forecasting data) = 51,776(HCMC),
22,343(HANOI), VMS method: Using call-setup Procedure Method (Method 1)
Paging Zone Set-up
Paging Zone should be set up to be less than the maximum allowable capacity for paging
channel. Paging Zone for both the first and second paging is designed based on MSC because the
calculated Paging-Channel Capacity is less than the paging channel Load criteria of 90%.
2.9 Antanna Installation
The antenna installation standards should be checked as the basic condition in site acquisition.
The antenna installation standards are composed of antenna separation standard, rooftop tower
installation standard, feeder cable installation standard and antenna tilting standard.
SK Telecoms standardwas used in this project. Detail standards are described as below.
Antenna Separation Standard
It is desirable to use only one antenna with polarization diversity for each sector in
consideration of the weight and the installation space. But the polarization diversity gain is negligible in
the suburban or rural area where the building density is low. Therefore, in this project, the space
diversity antenna is applied in the suburban or rural area and the polarization diversity antenna is
applied in the urban or dense-urban area.
The antenna separation standards for various antennas are described in [Table 2-6]
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[Table 2-6] Distance between antennas
Type Space diversity Polarization diversity
Single Site
Joint Site
[Vertical Separation]
Area Sub-Urban, Rural Area Dense-Urban,Urban Area
Rooftop Tower Installation Standard
In the case of the large-scale buildings, the roof of which is relatively large compared to
rooftop tower, the coverage distortion can be generated because the roofs of that buildings can act as
obstacle for the antenna radiation. In this case, the separated one-pole method is usually adopted and
antennas are installed on the edge of the building roof according to each coverage direction.
Tx/Rx-0 Tx/Rx-1
10 =3.
6m
Tx/Rx-0 Tx/Rx-1
10=3.6
m
Tx/Rx-0 Tx/Rx-1
0.3m(Mi
n)
CompetitorANT.
Tx/Rx-0 Tx/Rx-1
0.3m(Mi
n)
CompetitorANT.
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And in general buildings (house, shopping store building etc), a rooftop tower is effective for the
RF environment. If the rooftop tower is not available, antenna height is decided as below.
[Figure 2-10] Antenna installation on the roof
Feeder Cable Installation Standard
The feeder cable installation standards are shown as below.
Spec. : Return Loss : over 17 dB // VSWR : under 1.3
BTS Paths: TX/RX-0 , TX/RX-1

[Figure 2-11] Cable installation
ANTENNA INSTALLATION ON THE ROOF
H

L
Note> Assumption
Tilting degree : 10 degree[max], Antenna VHPBW : 7 degree
H
L(MAX)
H=6M
12M
H=9M
19M
H=12M
26M
H=15M
33M
7/8 inch Heliax
Cable
1/2
Cable
7/16
connector Lightening arrester
Antenna
Heliax inch
inch Heliax
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Antenna Tilting Standard
In order to reduce the interference for the adjacent cells, -3dB direction of the BTS antenna
should be toward the cell site boundary. For example, if the antenna of the half gain angle of 3 (= 2 x
1.5) is applied at the height of 30m and the BTS is needed to have the coverage radius of 1Km, the
BTS antenna should be tilted at the angle of 3.2 [3.2 = 1.5 + tan
-1
(30/1000)].
Antenna tilt angle can be calculated as follows.
Tilt angle =(HGA/2)+tan
-1
(H/R)
here, HGA : Half Gain Angle, H : antenna height, R : cell radius.
[Figure 2-12] Tilt angle calculation
Cell
R
H
TILT ANGLE CALCULATION
3dB Point
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2.10 Equipment Installation Standards
References should be prepared for the factors to be considered in site acquisition. This standard
consists of the minimum space condition for the equipment installation and the tower installation, the
fundamental load calculation of the rooftop towers and the fundamental conditions for the
telecommunication equipment site. These standards are established based on SK Telecoms design
standards in Korea.
2.10.1 The minimum space for the equipment installation and the tower installation
The minimum space of the building or land for the sites would be defined below.
The minimum area for the equipment
The minimum area for the types of towers
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The minimum space for the equipment
Indoor-type equipment : the minimum space for the equipment inside the building or
container
The minimum space for the indoor-type equipment : over 12 (based on 4FA /
1Rack)
The layout for the indoor-type equipment installation

[Figure 2-13] Minimum required space for equipment installation
The minimum space for the types of towers
[Notes]
Main equipment layout can be changed on the detail drawing stage
Ancillary facility layout can be changed on the detail drawing stage.
Terminalogy.
No Term Description No Term Description
1 Battery
Battery for back-
up
6
Open
Rack
The base steel-structure
for the installation of the
supplementary
equipment
2 AVR Auto
3 AC PDP
AC Power
Distribution Panel
7 BTS Main equipment of BTS
4 Serge PT Serge Protector 8 Air Con Air conditioner (1.5RT)
5 Rectifier
Rectifier for power
supply
9 MGB Main Grounding Bar

Battery
Retifier
Open
Rack
BTS -
Primary
Air
Con
1.5RT
MGB
AC PDP

Serge PT
AVR
Wide 2
Wide 2
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Rooftop one-pole: the minimum space on the roof of a building for the rooftop one-poles.
The minimum space for the rooftop one-poles : over 2.89
The layout and the minimum space for the rooftop one-poles.
[Figure 2-14] Minimum required space for antenna tower installation (Case1)
The layout
The minimum space for various heights of rooftop one-poles
No One-pole height
Max.
number of
antenna
Wide1 x Wide2
(mm)
Minimum
space ()
1 2.5M 1 1,700 x 1,700 2.89
2 2.5M 2 1,700 x 1,700 2.89
3 6M 1 2,300 x 2,300 5.29
4 6M 2 2,300 x 2,300 5.29
N
T
Wide
Height
Wide1
Wide2
400
Minimum space
= Wide1 x Wide2
Wide 2
Wide 2
Minimum space
= Wide1 x Wide2 x
( : foundation)
Wide 2
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Rooftop tower: the minimum space for the rooftop towers on the roof of a building
The minimum space for the rooftop towers : over 9
The layout and the minimum space for the rooftop tower.
[Figure 2-15] Minimum required space for antenna tower installation (Case2)
The layout
The minimum space for various types of rooftop towers
No
Type of rooftop
tower
Max. number
of antenna
Wide1 x Wide2
(mm)
Minimum
space ()
1 3M_3-legs / 4-legs 9 3,000 x 3,000 9.00
2 6M_3-legs / 4-legs 9 4,500 x 4,500 20.25
3 10M_4-legs 9 3,000 x 3,000 9.00
4 15M_4-legs 9 3,000 x 3,000 9.00
5 20M_4-legs 9 5,000 x 5,000 25.00
Wide
Height
Minimum space
= Wide1 x Wide2
N
T
N
T
Wide 1
Wide 2
Wide 1
Wide 2
Minimum space
= Wide1 x Wide2 x
( : foundation)
Wide 2
Wide 2
Minimum space
= Wide1 x Wide2 x
( : foundation)
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Monopole on the ground : the minimum space for the monopole on the ground
The minimum space for the monopoles on the ground : over 19.36
The layout and the minimum space for the monopoles on the ground.
[Figure 2-16] Minimum required space for antenna tower installation (Case 3)
The layout
The minimum space for various heights of monopoles on the ground
No
Monopole
height
Max. number of
antenna
Wide1 x Wide2
(mm)
Minimum space
()
1 12M 9 4,400 x 4,400 19.36
2 15M 9 4,520 x 4,520 20.43
3 20M 9 4,700 x 4,700 22.09
4 25M 9 5,300 x 5,300 28.09
5 30M 9 5,900 x 5,900 34.81
6 35M 9 6,400 x 6,400 40.96
7 40 9 6,700 x 6,700 44.89
Wide
Height
Minimum space
= Wide1 x Wide2 x
( : foundation)
Wide 1
Wide 2
N
T
N
T
Wide 2
Minimum space
= Wide1 x Wide2 x
( : foundation)
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Tower on the ground : the minimum space for the towers on the ground
The minimum space for the towers on the ground : over 6.25
The layout and the minimum space for the towers on the ground.
[Figure 2-17] Minimum required space for antenna tower installation (Case 4)
The layout
The minimum space for various heights of towers on the ground
No
Towers
height
Max. number of
antenna
Wide1 x Wide2
(mm)
Minimum space
()
1 10M 9 2,500 x 2,500 6.25
2 15M 9 3,000 x 3,000 9.00
3 20M 9 4,040 x 4,040 16.32
4 25M 9 4,500 x 4,500 20.25
5 30M 9 4,800 x 4,800 23.04
6 35M 9 4,820 x 4,820 23.23
7 40M 9 4,920 x 4,920 24.20
8 45M 9 5,100 x 5,100 26.01
9 45M-CT 9 8,400 x 8,400 70.56
Wide
Height
N
T
N
T
Wide 1
Wide 2
Minimum space
= Wide1 x Wide2 x
( : foundation)
The wind-exposed effective area
by antenna types is
calculated
(Example) CBi 15-60
o Size H:1,650 W:345,D:110
o The effective area of
antenna exposed to the wind
(0.345x1.65x0.7 = 0.398 )
3-sectors antennas (6 EA)
the calculation of the
wind-exposed effective area
2.922 / 3sector
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2.10.2 The fundamental load calculation for the rooftop towers
and the conditions for the communication equipment site
In regard to site acquisition, the fundamental load calculation for the rooftop towers on the
building and the fundamental conditions for the communication equipment site are described as below.
Total weight for rooftop tower by types (including foundation weight)
Fundamental load calculation method
Fundamental building conditions for the communication equipment site
The total weight of rooftop tower by types
Total weight of rooftop tower by types is shown in [Table 2-7].
[Table 2-7] Antenna tower weight
Items Height
Max. number of
antenna
Weight of tower
body
Weight of
foundation
Total weight
One-pole
2.5M 1 162 480 642
2.5M 2 183 480 663
6M 1 330 560 890
6M 2 349 560 909
3-legs tower
3M 9 1,745 1,800 3,545
6M 9 2,297 2,700 4,997
4-legs tower 10M 9 2,307 1,993 4,300
15M 9 2,919 2,522 5,441
20M 9 5,827 5,040 10,867
Note > Above [Table 2-7] is based on SK Telecoms standard tower blueprint. The tower whose
foundation type is different from SK Telecoms standard is not available in [Table 2-7]..
by antenna types is
calculated
(Example) CBi 15-60
o Size H:1,650 W:345,D:110
(0.345x1.65x0.7 = 0.398 )
2.922 / 3sector
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The fundamental load calculation for rooftop tower
After calculating effective area of the tower and antenna exposed to the wind and the wind
pressure against maximum wind velocity, fundamental load calculation of the steel tower can be
obtained by computing the instant moment.
The effective area exposed to the wind

The effective area exposed to the wind refers to the average area of the tower and all the
antennas projected from the direction of the wind.
[Figure 2-18] Calculation for the effective area exposed to the wind
The criteria of the maximum wind velocity

- Towers and monopoles on the ground : 60 m/sec
- Rooftop towers : 50m/sec
Direction of wind movement
by antenna types is
calculated
(Example) CBi 15-60
o Size H:1,650 W:345,D:110
(0.345x1.65x0.7 = 0.398 )
2.922 / 3sector
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Wind pressure calculation by the maximum wind velocity

- EIA/R6/222C ; P = q x C x A [kg]
- q = K x V
2
= 0.004 x 111.846 x 4.882= 244 kg/
K : Conversion factor for wind = 0.004
Lbs/ft
2
= 4.882 Kg/m
2
V : Wind velocity = 50 m/sec =111.8 mile/hour = 180 Km/hour
C : Characteristic constant for the type of tower (3-legs:1.55,
4-legs:1.75, circle-legs:0.67)
A : Area of cross-section for the tower [m
2
]
The calculation of the delivered moment

- Wind pressure x Height (from ground to antenna-installed height) [Kg m]
The fundamental load calculation

- Delivered moment [kg.m] Antenna width [m]
- Antenna width : the length from the center to the end point on ground side of tower
Site conditions for the communication equipment
Followings are the method to check the safety load of the buildings for the telecommunication
equipment and tower facilities with naked eyes.
- To avoid wooden buildings or brick-laid buildings if possible for long-term safety.
- Minimum pillar condition : width of over 20 cm and cross-section area of over 0.6 m
2
.
- Total load of the rooftop tower should be delivered to the pillar of building.
- Load-bearing wall width of over 15 cm.
- Crack of a window, a doorframe, a wall and a ceiling : under 0.4cm.
- No leakage trace on the ceiling of roof.
- No crack or deviation of the tile at the toilet
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Grounding condition for the communication equipment
The grounding should be established in order to protect the communication system and
human life from the lightening or excess voltage. To acquire good grounding-resistance, soil resistivity
is suggested in [Table 2-8].
[Table 2-8] The soil resistivity of various types of soil
type of soil soil resistivity (.m) type of soil soil resistivity (.m)
clay 5 ~ 51 Gneiss 800 ~ 100,000
sand 0.5 ~ 1,000 Slate 60 ~ 1,000
(sand)stone 0.8 ~ 12 Water clay ~ 150
mud stine (mud) 8 ~ 16 Clay 10 ~ 200
sandstone 0.8 ~ 1,000
paddies and dry fields
(drift sand)
100 ~ 1,000
Calcic stone 5 ~ 1,500 biogenic soil 200 ~ 2,000
whinstone 800 ~ 100,000 biogenic soil (rock bed) 2,000 ~ 5,000
ophite 800 ~ 100,000
Riverbank
(gravel, gem stone)
1,000 ~ 5,000
granite 800 ~ 100,000
Note> Definition of soil resistivity : There are 3 factors to decide the grounding resistance.
The first factor is the conduction resistance of grounding cable and grounding rod, but is
negligible. The second one is the contact resistance between the surface of grounding rod and the soil,
but is also negligible. The third one is the soil own resistance around the grounding rod, and the
grounding resistance is mainly decided by the potential difference between them. It is called as soil
resistivity. As soil resistivity is smaller, gounding is easier.
Recommended grounding resistance for the communication equipment
- BTS equipment : under 5
- Switch equipment : under 2
- Transmission equipment : under 5 in the BTS, under 2 in the Switching room
The minimum required space for grounding facility
Grounding installation method slightly varies with soil resistivity and the minimum required space
varies with grounding installation method. But generally various grouding installation method can be
applied with the space of over 10m2 regardless of soil resistivity by the soil type.
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RF Environment Analysis
3.1 Overview of the RF Environment Analysis
The RF environment analysis (RFEA) is the stage to adjust the maximum cell radius acquired in
the Design Criteria Planning stage to the target area and get the maximum cell radius. And the
minimum antenna height is calculated for the service coverage area by each RF environment.
In RFEA stage, there are several sub-stages as followings to get the maximum cell radius and the
minimum antenna height
- region clustering for the service coverage
- site survey and field measurement
- competitors coverage analysis
- link budget analysis
[Figure 3-1] RF environment analysis procedure
Region clustering
Target area shall be clustered as dense urban area, urban area, suburban area, and rural area
in accordance with the population, size, call traffic amount of the existing system, building density, and
vehicle traffic volume within each area.
WIRELESS NETWORK ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
Link Budget
Analysis
Competitor s Coverage
Analysis
Region Clustering
Site Survey and
Field Measurement
Maximum Cell Radius and
Minimum Site Height
Calculation
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Site survey and field measurement
A site is selected to represent each area and then site survey & field measurement shall be
followed. After analyzing the result of the site survey and the field measurement, wave propagation
loss can be calculated by each area. The field measurement data shall be used to correct the
propagation model in the CellPLAN tool.
Competitors coverage analysis
Information related with the existing service providers cell site such as cell site location &
height and direction of its antenna etc should be collected as one of the reference data. And the field
measurement for GSM service should be performed to gather the service quality information and to
find out the service trouble area. All the result shall be used as the basic data to make a cell design on
a map and decide the location of the cell sites.
Link budget analysis
As the result of the link budget analysis on the forward and reverse link, the maximum
allowable path loss (MAPL) shall be produced. In the analysis, design criteria resulted from the Basic
Data Collection & Analysis stage and parameters related to the CDMA system and RF environment
shall be used as a fundamental input data
Maximum cell radius and minimum cell height
According to each of the RF environment, minimum cell height shall be acquired by analyzing
the consequence of the site survey and the competitors service coverage analysis. Maximum
allowable cell radius can be computed based on the following three data. One is the wave propagation
path loss obtained in the site survey and field measurement, the second is MAPL in the link budget
analysis and the last one is the minimum cell height.
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3.2 Region Clustering
In this section, target area shall be clustered as dense urban area, urban area, suburban area,
and rural area in accordance with the population, size, call traffic volume of the existing system,
building density, and vehicle traffic volume etc within each area. Distinguishing target area by four
regions and adapting the appropriate design criteria to them, more accurate network design can be
accomplished.
General region clustering is ambiguous and is dependent on the cultural difference and the
subjective decision. Therefore, the quantitative clustering should be used to prevent the ambiguity
generated from the simple qualitative clustering.
Region clustering is performed as follows,
region clustering by the geographical configuration(Flat, Hilly, Mountainous)
general clustering by the map data
extraction of the regional parameter values such as BSD(Building Size Distribution),
BAI(Building Area Index), BHD(Building Height Distribution), VI(Vegetation Index) etc., using
the geometry function
Applying the extracted parameters to the target area to achieve more detail region clustering
Precisely divided region clustering
Followings are the definitions of the region parameters to make the quantitative clustering.
Building Size Distribution (BSD): The mean and the standard deviation of BSD are generally
utilized. The small standard deviation means that building size in a region is almost same.
And the large standard deviation indicates that there are various sizes of buildings in a
region.
Building Area Index (BAI): BAI indicates the distribution of the space occupied by the
buildings
Building Height Distribution (BHD): The mean and the standard deviation are used to find the
average and the variance of the building height in a region.
Vegetation Index (VI): VI means the distribution of the space occupied by the forest and the
park in a region.
In [Table 3-1], there are criteria values for the classified region
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[Table 3-1] Region Clustering Criteria
Region Class BAI (%)
BSD (m2) BHD (Floors)
VI (%)
Avg Std Avg Std
Rural Flat, Hilly, Mountain < 12 - - - - -
Suburban Residential (open) 12 ~ 20 95 ~ 115 55 ~ 70 2 1 2.5
Residential (no open) 20 ~ 30 100 ~ 120 70 ~ 90 2 ~ 3 1 5
High-rise residential 12 500 90 4 1 2
Urban Shopping area 45 ~ 50 200 ~ 250 180 4 1 0
Commercial area 30 ~ 40 150 ~ 200 160 3 1 0
Industrial area 35 ~ 45 250 200 2 ~ 3 1 1
Dense
Urban
Shopping area 50 200 ~ 250 180 4 1 0
Commercial area 40 150 ~ 200 160 6 1 0
Industrial area 45 250 200 7 ~ 8 1 1
Because there was not any systematic building information about the target area, the accurate
clustering criteria could not be obtained. But the relatively correct clustering was performed by the
repeated site survey and with the aid of the local staffs.
[Figure 3-2] and [Figure3-3] show the result of the region clustering in HCMC and HANOI.
RF ENG
Region Clustering(HCMC)
[Figure 3-2] Region clustering for HCMC
Region Clustering(HANOI)
[Figure 3-3] Region clustering for HANOI
RF ENG
3.3 Site Survey and Field Measurement
Site is selected to represent each area and then site survey & field measurement is practiced. By
means of analyzing the result of the site survey and the field measurement, wave propagation loss can
be calculated by each area and shall be used as the basic data in designing a network on the map.
The field measurement data shall be used as input data into MI (Measurement Integration) to correct
the propagation model in the CellPLAN tool.
Site survey and the field measurement can be divided into the three stages as below.
- Planning stage to select representative sites and make a schedule,
- Test Equipment Examination stage to check the output of the measurement equipment and
the cable loss,
- Site Survey, Field Measurement & Analysis stage to survey the sites, measure the field
status, and analyze their result.
[Figure 3-4] shows details of each stage in the site survey and the field measurement.
[Figure 3-4] Site survey and field measurement procedure
Selection of Target Buildings
for Site Survey
Scheduling for Site Survey
and Field Measurement
Planing for Drive Route
Planning
Checking of the spectrum analyzer
Self-generated Noise level & accuracy
Setting up the CMD80 parameters and
Checking the CMD80 Output Power level
by using Spectrum Analyzer
Checking the LPA Gain by using Signal
Generator and Spectrum Analyzer
Measurement of Cable Loss
a. Between CMD80 and LPA
b. Between LPA and Antenna
Test Equipment
Verification
Checking of equipment and
going to the roof of target site
Taking a photograph and
Filling of the site survey report form
Installing of the Transmitter on the roof
and setting of parameters
Installing of the EmDmII in car
Driving Test
Site Survey and Field Measurement
Result Analysis
After above, All Test Equipment Setup
And Checking the LPA Output Power
Site Survey, Field Measurement
and Analysis
SITE SURVEY AND FIELD MEASUREMENT PROCEDURE
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3.3.1 Planning
In this stage, sites shall be selected in each classified region to represent the characteristics
of that region and then, team organization and scheduling for the site survey and the field
measurement shall be made. And the measurement path should be decided based on the main road
and the road condition.
Site Selection for the Site Survey
Many sites were adopted as candidates in each classified region and some information such
as the building height, the entry easiness, and the space for the equipment was collected and checked
with respect of site. And then the sites were selected for the site survey and the field measurement.
8 sites in HCMC and 4 sites in HANOI were selected and the detail data is in
[Table 3-2] Buildings for site survey and field measurement
City Region ID Location Height (Floors)
HCMC Dense
Urban
DU2 Yoco Building 11
DU3C 627 Ham Tu Str, Dist 5 5
DU4 Hong Vy Hotel 9
Urban U2C B7 An Loc Nguyen Anh Dist12 5
U3 387A Hung Vuong str. Dist6 5
Suburban SU1 26/4 Vo Van Ngan str, Thu Duc Dist 4
SU2B SKY VIEW 13
Rural R1B Building(Long Thanh my ward) Dist9 2
HANOI Dense
Urban
HA1DU Vinagiay 9
HA2DU TT HTTN Tre 10
Urban HA3U Vinaconex 15
Suburban HA4SU University 8
Team Organization
Two teams were organized for the site survey and the field measurement.
[Table 3-3] Team organization for site survey and field measurement
Company Team A Team B Remark
SKT
Lee. Y. B
Jung. S. W
Kim. T. Y
Kim. J. H
HCMC & HANOI
SPT
Mr.Son, Mr. Phoung Mr.Sy, Ms. Hong An HCMC & HANOI
Ms.Wien Mr.Tuan HANOI
RF ENG
Scheduling
Site survey and field measurement was done for about 12 days from the 26
th
of October to the
8
th
of November and the detail is as below.
[Table 3-4] site survey and field measurement schedule
Date City A Team B Team
26/Oct (Thur)
HCMC
DU3C (Sample Test)
27/Oct (Fri) DU3C U3
28/Oct (Sat) SU2B DU2
30/Oct (Mon) R1B SU1
31/Oct (Tue) U2C DU4
1/Nov(Wed) go to Hanoi
2/ Nov (Thur)
HANOI
HA2DU HA1DU
3/Nov (Fri) HA4SU HA3U
4/Nov (Sat) Analysis of the measurement result
6/Nov (Mon) Supplementary test for incomplete sites
7/Nov (Tue) Go to HCMC
8/Nov (Wed) HCMC Synthetic analysis of the measurement result
Measurement Path Design
For the efficiency of the measurement, the main road and the measurable path within 10km
from the transmitter were distinguished and included in the measurement path.
3.3.2 Test Equipment Examination
CDMA transmitter(CMD80) and CDMA signal receiver(EmDM ) were used to fulfill the field
measurement. In advance to the measurement, path loss and gain checking in each component was
done to find out the exact EIRP of the CDMA transmitter. The accurate path loss can be calculated
from the exact EIRP.
Test Equipment Examination procedure is as follows.
- Checking the self-generated noise and the accuracy of the spectrum analyzer
- Checking the output power of the CMD80
- Checking the LPA(Linear Power Amplifier) gain
- Measuring the cable loss
- Checking the total output power
[Table 3-5] shows the measurement equipment list.
RF ENG
[Table 3-5] Test Equipment List
No. Section Equipment Name Volume
1
CDMA
Transmitter
Main Body
CMD80(CDMA Signal Generator) 1
2 LPA(Linear Power Amplifier) 1
3
Accessory
Power supply Unit(For operating LPA) 1
4 Power Cable (CMD80) 1
5 LPA Interface Cable 1
6 Power meter 1
7 RG-214 Cable(Coaxial cable) 1
8
Field
Measurement
Tool
Main Body
EmDm2 1
9 Mobile phone 2
10 GPS antenna 1
11
Notebook PC installed EmDm2 & IDA2
Program
1
12
Accessory
LAN Card 1
13 LAN Cable 1
14 AC / DC Power Inverter 1
15 DC Cigar to Cigar Jack 1
16 Mobile Phone Diagnostic Cable 2
Followings are detail procedures, method and the result of the test equipment examination.
Checking the self-generated noise and the accuracy of a spectrum analyzer
Frequency bandwidth & span range setup
Bandwidth resolution setup (Resolution bandwidth = 300KHz, Visual Bandwidth = 30KHz)
Self-generated noise level measurement
Setting up the CMD80 parameters and checking the output power of the
CMD80
CMD80 parameter setup as [Table 3-6] (The total output power of the CMD80 : - 13dBm)
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[Table 3-6] Power setting for CMD80
Code channel Allocation power Output power Setting value of the CMD80 Parameters
Traffic Channel 6.43 % 1.286 Watt - 11.9 dB
Paging Channel 8.68 % 1.735 Watt - 10.6 dB
Sync Channel 2.37 % 0.475 Watt - 16.2 dB
Pilot Channel 23.95 % 4.79 Watt - 6.2 dB
OCNS 58.57 % 11.74 Watt - 2.3 dB
Checking the output power level of the CMD80 using a spectrum analyzer
- Spectrum analyzer turn-on and the parameter setup
- Checking the output power of the CMD80
- Comparing the setup values of the CMD80 and measured value in the spectrum analyzer
- If the values are not the same, the output power of the CMD80 should be adjusted until
the spectrum analyzer shows the output power of 13dBm.
Checking the LPA gain
Test equipment setup to check the LPA gain
- Connecting a cable between the signal generator and the LPA
- Connecting the coaxial cable to the output port of the LPA
- Connecting a 40dB directional coupler to the end of the coaxial cable
- Setting up an antenna
- Turning on the signal generator and the spectrum analyzer
- Setting the output power of the signal generator and connecting the input port of the LPA
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Setting the output power of the signal generator to inject the signal to the LPA
Turning on the LPA and checking the output power of the LPA by using the spectrum
analyzer at the end of the 40dB directional coupler
Calculating the LPA gain
Measuring the cable loss
Between the CMD80 and the LPA (SMA Cable)
- Arranging the power of the signal generator and connecting the cable with the spectrum
analyzer
- Checking the power level using the spectrum analyzer
- Calculating the cable loss
Between the LPA and the antenna (1/2 inch coaxial cable): same as the above
GAIN
LPA
= Output Power
LPA
Input Power
LPA
(that is, Output Power of the Signal
Generator)
Cable Loss = Output Power
Spectrum Analyzer
Input Power
Signal Generator
AC 220 Volt
Conventional Power or
Power Generator
40 dB
Directional Coupler
DC 24 ~ 27 Volt
PSU
(Power Supply Unit)
AC 220 Volt
Spectrum
Analyzer
Linear Power Amplifier
(LPA)
CDMA Signal Generator
(CMD80)
CHECKING THE TOTAL OUTPUT POWER LEVEL
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Checking the total output power
Installing all the test equipment as in [Figure 3-5]
[Figure 3-5] Checking the total output power level
Turning on the power of the equipment
Checking the output power of the LPA : It should be 43dBm (20Watt)
The result of the equipment examination is as in [Table 3-7]
RF ENG
[Table 3-7] Result of Test Equipment Verification
Item Result Remark
CMD80 Outpower Level - 13 dBm O.K !
Cable Loss
Between CMD 80 and LPA 1.00 dB SMA Cable
Between LPA and Antenna 1.41 dB Coaxial Cable
LPA Gain 56 dB O.K !
Total Power 43 dBm (20 Watt) O.K !
3.3.3 Site Survey, Field Measurement and Analysis
The condition and the environment of the site should be checked at first of all, and the field
measurement should be performed using the CDMA transmitter (CMD80) and the field measurement
tool (EmDM ). Path Loss shall be calculated by analyzing the measurement result.
The procedure is as follows,
Checking the site including taking pictures and making the survey report
Installing the CDMA Transmitter & the EmDM
Carrying out the driving test
Analyzing the measurement result
Checking the site, taking pictures of it and making the survey report
The first thing is to take pictures in each of the four cardinal directions of the site. The three
photos are taken in each cardinal direction overlapping the side photos with the main directional photo
by 30 as in [Figure 3-6]
Each photo number, the average height and the name of the main buildings should be recorded
in the site survey report.
And the height, the address, the altitude and the longitude of the site and the antenna height
should also be recorded as the form in [Figure 3-7].
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[Figure 3-6] Method of taking photos
[Figure 3-7] Site Survey Report
4
Date :
Site ID :
Visitor :
Bldg. Address :
Bldg. Height : Steel Tower Height : m
Latitude : Longitude :
Special Comment :
Department store,
Government office,
Competitor site,
Hotel, University,
Above the10th-story bldg.
Picture No :
Avg. Bldg. Height :
Major Bldg .:
Picture No :
Avg. Bldg. Height :
Major Bldg .:
Picture No :
Avg. Bldg. Height :
Major Bldg .:
Picture No :
Avg. Bldg. Height :
Major Bldg .:
Picture No :
Avg. Bldg. Height :
Major Bldg .:
Picture No :
Avg. Bldg. Height :
Major Bldg .:
Picture No :
Avg. Bldg. Height :
Major Bldg .:
Picture No :
Avg. Bldg. Height :
Major Bldg .:
Picture No :
Avg. Bldg. Height :
Major Bldg .:
SITE SURVEY REPORT
Picture No :
Avg. Bldg. Height :
Major Bldg .:
Picture No :
Avg. Bldg. Height :
Major Bldg .:
Picture No :
Avg. Bldg. Height :
Major Bldg .:
1
st
Picture
3
rd
Picture
2
nd
Picture
30
0, 90, 180, 270
TAKING A PHOTOGRAPH
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Installing the CDMA Transmitter & EmDM
[Figure 3-8] is the description about the installation of the CDMA Transmitter (CMD80) on the
top of the building. Powermeter was used to measure the total power of the LPA and coaxial cable and
0dBi antenna were used to transmit the signal.
[Figure 3-8] Installation of the CDMA Transmitter (CMD80)
[Figure 3-9] is the description on the installation of the field measurement tool (EmDM ). Two
mobile phones were used in the field measurement.
[Figure 3-9] Installation of the field measurement tool (EmDM )
CDMA TRANSMITTER (CMD80) INSTALLATION
CDMA Transmitter
(CMD80)
Conventional Power
or Power generator
Linear Power Amplifier
(LPA)
Power
Meter
PSU
(Power Supply Unit
Total Output Power Level Checking
by using Power Meter
Antenna
EmDm INSTALLATION
The Power Supply
(In car)
DC/AC
Converter
EmDm
Notebook PC
(Installed EmDm and IDA Program)
GPS Ant MS#1
MS#2
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Carrying out the driving test
[Figure 3-10] Driving Test
Driving test is to measure the strength of the received signal in each point of the test path made
in the Planning stage. To make the efficient measurement, the transmitter of each site is made to
transmit the signal in the different frequency and one EmDM is settled to receive the two signals
transmitted in the two sites. Like this, each of the two EmDM is assigned to measure the half of the
region. And after the field measurement, total result can be acquired by combining each of the result
according to the frequencies.
FA A
(Central Channel# 196)
FA B
(Central Channel# 270)
Team A
Team B
MS_1
MS_2
MS_3 MS_4
1
0
K
m
10K
m
Site A
Site B
M
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DRIVING TEST
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Analyzing the measurement result
Analyzing the measured data, the path loss can be calculated in accordance with each
distributed region. Path loss is computed by the difference between the output of the CDMA
Transmitter and the strength of the received signal. Based upon the path loss of each small region,
path loss slope can be made. And the wave propagation model can be made based upon the
relationship with the Hata Model for each region. The formula to calculate the path loss is as below,
After calculating the path loss by the site, the correction value for each model was calculated as
in [Table 3-8].
[Table 3-8] The result of the path loss analysis
Site ID Basic Propagation Model (HATA Model) Adjusting Value (dB)
DU3C
Dense Urban Large City
5.58
DU2 2.05
HA1DU 1.92
HA2DU 4.64
DU4 2.67
U3
Urban Medium City
2.24
HA3U 2.41
SU2B
Suburban Large City
1.12
SU1 1.58
U2C 0.10
HA4SU -4.40
R1B Rural Large City -14.33
3.4 Competitors Coverage Analysis
Competitors coverage analysis shall be practiced by way of collecting information of the
competitors system and measuring its service quality.
After collecting information of the troublesome area among the competitors service coverage by
the sector or the site, it shall be used as reference data in the site acquisition process.
Path Loss = CDMA Transmitter Power Received Power
RF ENG
Collecting information about the specification of the competitors system
Because the result of the service coverage analysis is highly rely on information about the
specification of the competitors system, that information should be collected at first through the local
engineers.
Required information about the competitors system is as follows,
The site location
The height of the building and the tower
Antenna type
The direction and the angle of the antenna
Control channel number and the output power by each sector
Measuring the service quality
The field measurement path should include the main roads and the high ways in each region
and the driving speed should be kept lower than 60Km/hour to collect all information related with each
competitors site.
The items to be collected is as follows,
- GPS Data (Altitude & longitude)
- Cell ID (Best Server / Neighbor Cell)
- Rx Power (Best Server / Neighbor Cell)
- BCCH (Best Server / Neighbor Cell)
3.4.1 Information of the competitors system
The location of Vinaphones system on the map was collected in HCMC and HANOI. And then a
visit-check was performed to gather information such as the height of the building, the height & angle of
antenna and the exact location of the site. Using the highest strength of the received signal, each
sector information also was extracted. [Table 3-9] shows the result of analyzing the information of
Vinaphones.
RF ENG
[Table 3-9] Information of the sites (Vinaphone)
City Area_Type Number of Sites Distance Between Sites (m)
Min Max Avg
HCMC Dense Urban 27 325 951 514
Urban 44 236 2,499 786
Suburban 7 1,059 4,689 2,207
Rural 0 - - -
Sub Total 84 2,011 11,575 1,227
HANOI Dense Urban 23 273 885 495
Urban 17 474 1,252 757
Suburban 9 778 1,704 1,045
Rural - - - -
Sub Total 56 273 3415 800
3.4.2 The field measurement to analyze the competitors service quality
EXP2001 made by LCC (American Company) was used as the field measurement tool and it
consists of the Phone Module, the Scanning Receiver and the GPS Module. The Phone Module can
receive the control message of the GSM site, and the Scanning Receiver can measure the strength of
the received signal, and the GPS Module can find out the altitude and the longitude. The configuration
of the GSM measurement tool is as in [Figure 3-11]
[Figure 3-11] The configuration of the EXP2001
After deciding the test route by each region, the measurement was carried out in HCMC and
HANOI. Control message and GPS data are stored into the Note PC in the binary form using the data
collection program of COLLECT Ver4.3 and then converted into the text file using the data analysis
program of CMA.
EXP2001 INSTALLATION
The Power Supply
(In car)
DC/AC
Converter
GSM Phone Module
Notebook PC
(Installed Collect Program)
GPS
Ant
GSM
Phone
Scan Receiver
GPS Module
Rcv
Ant
EXP2001
RF ENG
There is a measured data in the form of a text file in [Table 3-10]
[Table 3-10] Measurement Data
The average strength of the received signal in HCMC is 55.73dBm, and bad quality area in
which the signal strength is lower than 90dBm is 0.05% of the total target area. The average strength
of the received signal is 59.12dBm in HANOI and the bad quality area is 0.7%.
Followings are distribution charts of the strength of the received signal and total best server plot
and the coverage plot are attached in Appendix
[Figure 3-12] Rx Power Distribution Chart (HCMC, Vinaphone)
IndexHO Hr Min Sec Latitude Longitude ReportType CALLMODERXFREQBCCHBSIC RXLEVFULLRXQUALFULL TXPWRCELL IDBEST_NB LEV BEST_NB FREQ BEST_NB BSIC
1 10 50 45 21. 02752105. 8438Call Mode No Svc
2 10 50 45 21. 02752105. 8438Call Mode Idle
3 10 50 45 21. 02752105. 8438Cell ID 1142
4 10 50 46 21. 02752105. 8438Idle 30 - 56 - 58 40 20
5 10 50 46 21. 02752105. 8438Paging
6 10 50 46 21. 02752105. 8438Idle Channel 30 20
7 10 50 47 21. 02752105. 8438Paging
8 10 50 47 21. 02752105. 8438Paging
9 10 50 48 21. 02752105. 8438Paging
10 10 59 8 21. 02752105. 8441Call Mode Idle
Rx Power Distribution
(HCMC)
0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
3.0%
3.5%
4.0%
4.5%
5.0%
-
1
1
0
-
8
6
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8
3
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Rx Power (dBm)
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Disribution Ratio Acumulative Disribution Ratio
Average
-55.73dBm
RF ENG
[Figure 3-13] Rx Power Distribution Chart (HANOI, Vinaphone)
3.5 Link Budget Analysis
Link budget analysis is the process to calculate the maximum allowable path loss to meet the
objective service quality. It shall be used as basic data to get the maximum radius of the cell site.
In case of CDMA system, the maximum allowable path loss is more controlled by the reverse link
than by the forward link. Therefore, the maximum allowable path loss should be calculated in the
maximum output power of the mobile station by the link budget analysis. And the forward channel
power should be adjusted to meet the maximum allowable path loss by the forward link budget
analysis.
The definition and the value of the parameters used in the link budget analysis are as follows, and
the details of the analysis result are in [Table 3-9].
Data rate
The data rate is 9.6Kbps.
Mobile station output power
The maximum output power of the mobile station is 0.2Watt(23dBm)
Mobile antenna gain
The mobile antenna gain is assumed as 0dBi.
Noise figure of the BTS Receiver
Rx Power Distribution
(HANOI)
0.0%
0.5%
1.0%
1.5%
2.0%
2.5%
3.0%
3.5%
4.0%
4.5%
5.0%
-
1
1
0
-
9
8
-
9
6
-
9
4
-
9
2
-
9
0
-
8
8
-
8
6
-
8
4
-
8
2
-
8
0
-
7
8
-
7
6
-
7
4
-
7
2
-
7
0
-
6
8
-
6
6
-
6
4
-
6
2
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6
0
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8
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6
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5
4
-
5
2
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5
0
-
4
8
-
4
6
-
4
4
-
4
2
Rx Power (dBm)
P
o
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D
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i
b
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0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
P
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A
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Disribution Ratio Acumulative Disribution Ratio
Average
-59.12dBm
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The proper value of the BTS Receiver is supposed to be 5dB.
Required Eb/No
The minimum Eb/No should match with the FER (forward error rate) requirement
considering the moving speed of the mobile station and the fast fading in the multipath of the
RF environment. Eb/No of 5 ~ 8 dB is required to satisfy 1% FER.
BTS Receiver sensitivity
With Noise Figure of 5dB, Eb/No of 6dB, and the processing gain of 21dB, the BTS receiver
sensitivity is 120.2dBm.
BTS antenna gain
Antenna of 16dBd and 14dBd was considered in the link budget analysis. The path loss in
the link budget analysis is calculated in EIRP and the antenna used in the calculation is 18dBi
or 16dBi.
Losses caused by Cables and Connectors
The cable loss used in the link budget analysis is 3dB. CellPLAN tool can do more detail
analysis on the RF environment with the exact information about the installed cable in each
site.
Shadow loss standard deviation
Slow fading shows the normal distribution and is usually described by its standard deviation.
Slow fading has different distribution according to the environment of each region but
generally it is 10dB in dense urban area, 8dB in urban and suburban area and 6dB in rural
area.
Coverage reliability
Coverage reliability is usually expressed by the cell area reliability and the cell edge
reliability (or contour reliability). The cell area reliability and the cell edge reliability are
dependent upon slow fading and the attenuation index of wave propagation. Cell edge
reliability of 87% in dense urban area, of 86% in urban & suburban area, of 83% in rural area,
and of 75% in open area should be met to acquire the cell area reliability of 95%.
Soft Handoff gain
In the theoretic simulation, more than 4dB is used as Soft Handoff gain but in real RF
environment it is less than 3dB.
Traffic loading margin
The service coverage relies on the amount of the cell loading. Traffic loading margin is to
arrange the margin of the cell loading. Interference margin is 3dB for the cell loading of 50%.
Maximum allowable path loss(MAPL)
Since the coverage of the CDMA system is restricted by the reverse link, the maximum
allowable path loss should be analyzed by the reverse link. The maximum allowable path loss
is dependent on the character of the region and the service quality objective.
Unit Value Remark
Frequency MHz 877 Customer
Bandwidth MHz 1.2288 Spec.
Data Rate bps 9600 Customer
Processing Gain dB 21 Calculated
%Loading % 50% Customer
Required Area Reliability % 95% Customer
Morhpology Class D.Urban Urban S.Urban Rural Open Remark
At Mobile Station (TX)
Mobile Tx Power dBm 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 Spec.(ClassIII)
Antenna Gain dBi 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Customer
Body Loss dB 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 Customer
At Base Station (RX)
Noise Density(KT) dBm/Hz - 174.0 - 174.0 - 174.0 - 174.0 - 174.0 Spec.
Noise Figure(F) dB 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Vendor Spec.
Noise Bandwidth dB 60.9 60.9 60.9 60.9 60.9 Spec.
Noise(KTBF) dBm - 108.1 - 108.1 - 108.1 - 108.1 - 108.1 Calculated
Required Eb/Nt dB 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 Vendor Spec. for 1% FER
Loading Correction (1- x) dB 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
Sensitivity dBm - 120.2 - 120.2 - 120.2 - 120.2 - 119.2 Calculated
Receive Antenna Gain dBi 18.0 18.0 14.1 14.1 14.1 Customer
Cable & Diplexer Loss dB 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 Customer
SHO Gain dB 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 Customer
At Radio Channel
Slow Fading dB 10.0 8.0 8.0 6.0 3.0 Customer
Atten. Factor of Propagation dB/dec 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 Calculated
S.F/A.F 2.9 2.3 2.3 1.7 0.9 Calculated
Fade Margin dB 11.0 8.5 8.5 6.0 3.5 Calculated
At Service Condition
Required Contour Reliability % 87.0 86.0 86.0 83.0 75.0 Calculated
Penetration Loss (in car) dB 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Customer
Penetration Loss (in building) dB 18.0 15.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Customer
Output
Max. Allow. PL (on street) dB 147.2 149.7 145.8 148.3 149.8 Calculated
Max. Allow. PL (in car) dB 142.2 144.7 140.8 143.3 144.8 Calculated
Max. Allow. PL (in building) dB 129.2 134.7 135.8 138.3 139.8 Calculated
MS Antenna Height 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
BS Antenna Hegiht 21.0 25.0 30.0 45.0 45.0
Max. Allow. Distance(on street) km 5.1 6.6 5.6 8.3 9.2 Calculated
Max. Allow. Distance(in car) km 3.7 4.8 4.1 5.9 6.6 Calculated
Max. Allow. Distance(in building) km 1.63 2.5 2.9 4.2 4.7 Calculated
SK Telecom CDMA Link Budget Template
RF ENG
Generally, the propagation loss into a car is 5 ~ 15dB according to the position and the
propagation loss into a building is experimentally about 15dB near the window, and 25dB in
the center of the building. In this project, the propagation loss into a car, into a building in
dense urban & urban and suburban & rural are considered as 5dB, 18dB, and 10dB
respectively.
[Table 3-11] Maximum allowable path loss
Morphology/Area Max Path Loss (dB)
In-Building
Max Path Loss(dB) In-Car
Dense Urban 129.2 142.2
Urban 134.7 144.7
Suburban 135.8 140.8
Rural 138.3 143.3
Open 140.8 145.8
[Table 3-12] Reverse Link Budget Analysis
RF ENG
3.6 Minimum antenna height and maximum cell radius
According to each of the RF environment, minimum cell height is acquired through analyzing the
consequence of the site survey and the competitors service coverage analysis. Maximum allowable
cell radius can be computed based on the following three data. One is the wave propagation path loss
obtained in the site survey and field measurement, the second is MAPL in the link budget analysis and
the last one is the minimum cell height got in above.
Followings are the acquired minimum antenna height and maximum cell radius.
[Table 3-13] Minimum antenna height and maximum cell radius
Region
Type
Site Measurement Height Adjusting Result
Height(m) Radius(Km) Height(m) Radius(Km) Height(m) Radius(Km)
Dense
Urban
DU3C 20.5 1.5 21 1.5 21 1.2
DU2 38.5 1.6 21 1.2
DU4 30 1.5 21 1.3
HA1DU 31.5 1.4 21 1.2
HA2DU 33 1.7 21 1.4
Urban U3 19.5 1.7 25 1.9 25 1.8
HA3U 49 2.6 25 1.9
Suburban SU1 17.5 4.2 30 5.5 30 4.8
U2C 19.5 4.0 30 5.0
HA4SU 30 3.7 30 3.7
SU2B 43.5 6.5 30 5.3
Rural R1B 10.5 4.5 45 9.7 45 6.5
RF ENG
Traffic Analysis
4.1 Overview of Traffic Analysis
The mobile service providers should estimate the Carried Traffic in each region and install
enough system to support required service traffic with the quality service.
To calculate the required amount of the equipment, it is necessary to spread estimated traffic into
each region and distribute the traffic in each site. For this, the distribution chart should be made out of
the analysis on traffic statistics of existing network or out of the examination of the population migration
tendency in the target region. The traffic analysis of existing network as well as the statistic analysis of
the population density should be considered to draw more accurate traffic distribution chart. Therefore,
the call traffic statistics in a service providers network was analyzed.
4.2 Call Traffic Analysis
Because there was no traffic data of the GSM system, just usual traffic analysis procedure is
described in the followings.
This operation consists of collecting the statistics in the present system,and checking the validity
& reliability, and computing the Carried Traffic data & blocking rate, and extracting the Offered Traffic
by sectors of the BTS.
[Figure 4-1] Traffic Analysis Procedure
PEG Data Collection and
Validity Check
Site/Sector s Representative Carried Traffic
and Blocking Rate Calculation
Site/Sector s Offered Traffic Calculation
EXSITING NETWORK TRAFFIC ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
PEG count data collection for 2 Weeks
Abnormal data deletion (Beyond the limit of Avg Traffic t 50%)
- Too small traffic by an obstacle of BTS
- Excessive traffic by PEG counting errors
Representative Carried Traffic = Avg Carried Traffic + 1.28 * Std
( Range of 90% reliability)
Blocking rate calculating for each sector and site
Offered Traffic = Carried Traffic
* (1+BlockingRate )
1 2 3
Initial Traffic Weight Map Design
(Mobile Telecom Introduction Stage)
Factors to be considered
Vehicle Traffic Quantity
Population Density
Land Usage Type
Residents Life Style
Traffic Weight Map Verification & Correction
(Under Mobile Telecom Service)
Additional Factor to be considered
Call Traffic by BTS setors
1 2 3
RF ENG
To collect the statistic data in the present system and check its validity &
reliability
At first, the call traffic data by hours of all the BTSs in the target region should be collected
from the performance management system. The hour-to-hour call traffic data for two weeks (exclusive
of holidays) is required to perform the accurate statistic data analysis. After building up the database
out of the call traffic data from each switch, abnormally Carried Traffic data which is more than 1.5 time
of the average or less than half of the average should be extracted. Among the extracted data, low
Carried Traffic due to the troubled BTS should be removed and high Carried Traffic data without any
reason traffic also should be removed because it may be generated from the error of the statistic data
in the switch.
To calculate the Carried Traffic data by sectors of the BTS
Because even it has been collected for the short duration of two weeks, the Carried Traffic has
too much different standard deviation day by day, representative values for an hour may be designed
through the statistic processing. Because day-to-day data collected for the long duration has generally
the normal distribution, representative values can be decided using the mean and the standard
deviation.
The following is the procedure to decide the representative values.
Representative Carried Traffic by hours = average traffic by hours K standard deviation
K : reliability coefficient
In above formula, the representative traffic by hours is proportional to K. Therefore, a margin of
the representative Carried Traffic is selected by controlling K.
Because busy hour of each BTS is different, the highest value among the Carried Traffic by
sectors of each BTS is selected as the representative value accordingly.
To extract the Offered Traffic data by each sector of the BTS
In this stage, the Offered Traffic is acquired using the Carried Traffic data and blocking rate.
The formula to calculate the Offered Traffic is as follows.
Offered Traffic by sectors = Representative Carried Traffic (1Blocking Rate)
1 2 3
Population Density
Land Usage Type
1 2 3
RF ENG
4.3 Traffic Distribution
Traffic weight is the ratio of the traffic amount in each region to the total in the whole target area
and is used to distribute the total traffic amount into each region. This process is comprised of drawing
an initial traffic weight map, its verification and correction.
There are two kinds of method to draw a traffic weight map such as drawing when the cellular
service exists and drawing when not exist. Before the cellular network is introduced, there is no traffic
data. Therefore, a traffic weight map is produced based on any information from that the call traffic
can be inferred, such as the vehicle traffic amount, population density, and the land usage type etc. In
a traffic weight map, the whole area is divided into small unit regions and then the weight is decided
using mentioned information in above. The total sum of all the weights is 1 (one).
[Figure 4-2] Traffic Weight Map
1 2 3 m
n
1
2
3
W
ij
W
11
W
n
m
TRAFFIC WEIGHTING
MAP
Population Density
Land Usage Type
Dividing total area by unit(A
IJ
)
Weight value(W
IJ
) decision
W
IJ
= 1
Offered Traffic calculation by each sector
Weight calculation by each sector
W in each region
Comparison between the weight from Offered Traffic and W in each sector
If the difference is so large, calculated weight from offered traffic is assigned to the unit
W
12
W
13
W
21
W
22
W
23
W
31
W
32
W
33
W
i
j
W
n
m
1 2 3 m
n
1
2
3
W
ij
W
11
W
n
m
W
12
W
13
W
21
W
22
W
23
W
31
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32
W
33
W
i
j
W
n
m
Site C
Site B Site D
RF ENG
In case of there is any cellular mobile service, traffic weight can be calculated based on the
Offered Traffic by sectors of each BTS and then the regional weight shall be obtained. Normalization is
needed to make the total sum of all the weights become 1 (one).
Traffic weight can be changed by time. Therefore, a traffic weight map should be examined and
verified continuously to design the RF network accurately and expand the system network with stability.
At first, to verify the traffic weight map, the weight extracted from the statistic traffic data in existing
network should be compared with the old weight data from regional information. If the difference is so
much, newly calculated weight should be distributed into that unit region or that sector.
Followings are the traffic distribution using the traffic data of the existing cellular mobile service
network in HCMC and HANOI.
RF ENG
Traffic Distribution of HCMC
[Figure 4-3] Traffic Distribution in HCMC
Traffic Distribution of HANOI
[Figure 4-4] Traffic Distribution in HANOI
RF ENG
Coverage Design
5.1 Overview
In coverage design, site location and initial value of coverage related factors and parameters
such as antenna height and transmitting power are determined.
[Figure 5-1] Coverage Design Procedure
Coverage design consists of design on the map, site acquisition and coverage simulation.
Especially, site acquisition and coverage simulation is verified and modified repeatedly to achieve
optimal coverage design.
Design on the map
In this stage, the site location is decided on the map by means of using the maximum cell
radius, competitors site location and the result of the coverage analysis with consideration of estimated
traffic in future.
The result shall be utilized as the reference to select the site location and as input data for
simulation.
COVERAGE DESIGN PROCEDURE
Outputs
- Sites location
- Antenna type
- Antenna tower height
- Antenna orientation / tilt
- Overhead channel Output power
- Candidate site location
- Site acquisition report
- Coverage Plot
- Recommendation on
next candidate sites Considering Factors
- Maximum cell radius
- Traffic distribution
- Competitor s coverage
Designing on the Map
Finding-out
Sites Location and
Initial Parameter Values
Site Acquisition
Coverage Simulation
RF ENG
Site Acquisition
Available building should be listed up based on the site location designed on the map and on
the minimum site height to each RF environment. And then site survey is followed.
In the site survey of the candidate building, the environment report with photos should be made
after checking the environment where the coverage shall be formed. Considering the load and the size
of the equipment, the internal space and the top of the building is inspected thoroughly with
photographing of them.
Simulation
Founded on the result of design on the map and the site acquisition, coverage simulation is
performed in regard to each candidate site and the appropriate site coverage and the handoff coverage
is considered at the same time.
Through thorough coverage simulation, the site location is modulated to get the optimal service
coverage in the target area.
Site Location Selection and Parameter Decision
In this stage, site location is confirmed and the site related parameters are decided by
analyzing the result of the site location and the coverage simulation. The result made in this stage
shall be used to operate the initial system and be used to calculate annually required equipment list and
its quantity. The parameter value designed in this stage shall be rearranged in the field optimization.
The output of this stage is as follows.
Site Location
Antenna Tower Height
Antenna Type/Direction/Tilt
Overhead Channel Tx Power
Normalized Sector Traffic
RF ENG
5.2 Design on the map
In this stage, the site location is decided on the map by means of using the maximum cell
radius, competitors site location and the result of the coverage analysis with consideration of estimated
traffic in future. The result shall be utilized as a reference to select the site location and as input data
for simulation.
After distributing the traffic into each region, site location selection in a city is started with
reference to the most heavily traffic concentrated region in a dense urban area. That is, the first site
location is selected near the main road passing across the center of the city by considering the
relationship with the heavy traffic area and the shape of the road.
After that the first site location is decided, the other sites should be selected in order that the main
road is fully serviced considering the maximum cell radius and the shape of the road. And adequate
handoff coverage should be arranged.
The traffic used in design on the map is calculated as 3,600 Erlang if total subscribers are
150,000 and Erlang per subscriber is 0.024.
And the traffic distribution chart in which the total traffic is distributed into the target region is used
to select the site location. The main road referred to select the first site were Nguyen Thi Minh Khai in
HCMC and Pho Hang Bai in HANOI.
After designing on the map of HCMC and HANOI, 22 sites were decided in HCMC and 11 in
HANOI. And the details are showed in [Table 5-1], [Figure 5-2] and [Figure 5-3].
RF ENG
[Table 5-1] Result of Design on the Map
City Site ID Longitude Latitude
Radius
(Km)
Height
(m)
Estimated Traffic
(Erlang)
HCMC HC01 106.6995 10.7797 1.2 21
HC02 106.6844 10.7823 1.2 21
HC03 106.6898 10.7675 1.2 21
HC04 106.6747 10.7639 1.2 21
HC05 106.6846 10.752 1.2 21
HC06 106.6663 10.7514 1.2 21
HC07 106.649 10.7473 1.2 21
HC08 106.7107 10.795 1.8 23
HC09 106.686 10.7995 1.8 23
HC10 106.6621 10.7915 1.8 23
HC11 106.6498 10.7699 1.8 23
HC12 106.6315 10.7557 1.8 23
HC13 106.7565 10.8018 4.8 30
HC14 106.7223 10.7246 4.8 30
HC15 106.6566 10.7135 4.8 30
HC16 106.6114 10.7239 3.2 25
HC17 106.7156 10.8244 3.2 25
HC18 106.6599 10.8321 3.2 25
HC19 106.6347 10.7963 3.2 25
HC20 106.7832 10.8643 6.5 45
HC21 106.681 10.8592 4.5 30
HC22 106.6284 10.8427 4.5 30
HANOI HA01 105.8418 21.0379 1.2 21
HA02 105.8539 21.0235 1.2 21
HA03 105.8373 21.0213 1.2 21
HA04 105.851 21.0083 1.2 21
HA05 105.8207 21.0268 1.8 23
HA06 105.8248 21.0049 1.8 23
HA07 105.8698 20.9988 1.8 23
HA08 105.8414 20.9728 2.5 24
HA09 105.8101 21.0639 3.2 25
HA10 105.7802 21.0317 3.2 25
HA11 105.798 20.984 3.2 25
RF ENG
Coverage Plat (HCMC, Result of Design on the Map)
[Figure 5-2] Result of Design on the Map (HCMC)
Coverage Plot (HANOI, Result of Design on the Map)
[Figure 5-3] Result of Design on the Map (HANOI)
5.3 Site Acquisition
RF ENG
Site acquisition is the practical implementation of selecting the appropriate site location to realize
optimal coverage based on the design on the map with the results of the traffic engineering and the RF
engineering.
Followings are to be considered for the optimal site acquisition.
- Geographical conditions such as the road, the building density, and the height of the building
and the ground
- Legal conditions related with contract
- Transmission line supply condition
- Power supply condition
- Facility conditions such as equipment installation, tower build-up and grounding etc
[Figure 5-4] Site Acquisition Procedure
SITE ACQUISITION PROCEDURE
Pre-visit Analysis and
Rank Candidate Sites
All Sites
Unacceptable
Visit Sites
Performand Evaluate
Drive Test
Notify Real Estate
Visit Search Area
Revise Objectives
Redesign System
Release SAMs for Site
Search
YES
NO
RF ENG
The first is to identify the multiple candidates for each site, and to evaluate them by various
criteria and rank them accordingly. After this procedure, the best suitable candidates are short-listed.
If all candidate sites are rejected due to any reason, alternatives should be found, or the objectives and
candidate sites should be revised and re-evaluated. Nonetheless if not all candidates are appropriate,
re-design should be performed.
The details for each procedure are as follows.
Pre-visit Analysis and Ranking Candidate Sites
The purpose in this stage is to analyze the expected service coverage and the handoff region
of the candidate site before the site survey. Candidate site should be rated according to its objectives
(such as call traffic share, coverage expansion, and road service etc) to perform successful site survey.
Following is the result of the service coverage and the handoff region for each candidate site.
RF ENG
[Table 5-2] Checking the coverage of candidate sites
City No Site Service Target Neighbor Site
HCMC
22 Sites
1 HC01 Dense Urban HC02, HC03, HC04, HC08
2 HC02 Dense Urban HC01, HC03, HC04,
3 HC03 Dense Urban HC01, HC04, HC05
4 HC04 Dense Urban HC01, HC02, HC03, HC05, HC06
8 HC08 Urban HC01, HC09, HC13, HC17
12 HC12 Urban HC11, HC16, HC19
13 HC13 Urban HC08, HC20
14 HC14 Urban HC01, HC15
15 HC15 Suburban HC14, HC16
17 HC17 Suburban HC08, HC09, HC13, HC20
19 HC19 Suburban HC10, HC12, HC22
HANOI
11 Sites
1 HA01 Dense Urban HA02, HA09
2 HA02 Dense Urban HA01, HA03, HA04
3 HA03 Dense Urban HA02, HA04
4 HA04 Dense Urban HA03, HA06, HA07
5 HA05 Urban HA03, HA06, HA09, HA10, HA11
6 HA06 Urban HA03, HA04, HA05, HA08, HA11
7 HA07 Urban HA02, HA04, HA08, HA11
8 HA08 Urban HA04, HA06, HA07, HA11
9 HA09 Urban HA01, HA05, HA10
10 HA10 Suburban HA05, HA06,HA09, HA11
11 HA11 Suburban HA06, HA08,HA10
RF ENG
Visit Inspection
The purpose in stage is to check and collect candidate site data for the final decision, such as
the detailed RF environment, the height (building & steel tower) and direction of the antenna and the
possibility to set up the facilities.
The procedure is as follows.
Preparing the list of the candidate site to visit
- HCMC : 22 sites
- HANOI : 11 sites
Preparing the check list & tools and Coordinating with other departments (RF & Construction)
- Setting the check list
Site Survey Report - RF Part (1set)
Site Survey Report - Construction Part (1set)
- Tools : Map, Compass, Camera, GPS, Binoculars etc
Practicing site survey
- Site survey to make the site survey report RF Part
- Site survey to make the site survey report Construction Part
Latitude and Longitude
Blocking obstructions
Direction of the antenna
Measurement
Photographing
Special Issues
RF ENG
Site survey was performed as in [Table 5-3]
[Table 5-3] Team Organization and Schedule for Site Acquisition
HCMC Name COM 24/Nov ~ 03/Dec
Team-A Kim Ki Sun SKT
Candidate site information collection
- RF Engineerer : 4 person
- Construction Engineerer : 2 person
- Visited site : 27 Site
Ko Young Ju
Mr. Phong SPT
Team-B Ku Min Woo SKT
Heyon Mu Jin
Ms. Hong Anh SPT
HANOI Name COM 05/Dec ~ 09/Dec
Team-A Kim Ki Sun SKT
Candidate site information collection
- RF Engineerer : 4 person
- Construction Engineerer : 2 person
- Visited site : 12 Site
Cho Chai whon
Mr. Tuan Anh SPT
Team-B Heyon Mu Jin SKT
Kwon Byong Jun
Ms. Vinh SPT
Driving Test
The objective of driving test is to evaluate the candidate site by checking the service coverage
and the handoff possibility.
Driving test should be performed for all candidate sites to check its suitability as a cell site. But
because the initial driving test was fulfilled to check the RF environment analysis, it was practiced when
it was required absolutely.
In this project, driving test was replaced by Cell Planning analysis as follows.
Establishing the routes and locations
Commenting on the coverage and the handoff
Site Decision
Ranking and Final Decision
The purpose in this stage is to decide the best suitable site in terms of RF engineering and
construction. In visit inspection stage, candidate sites are rated based on the RF environment, facility,
driving test (Cell Planning analysis) result and the leasing possibility of transmission line. 24 sites in
HCMC and 12 sites in HANOI were selected finally.
RF ENG
[Table 5-4] Candidate Site List (HCMC: 27 Sites)
Seq. Site Type Address
Decision
RF CON
1 HC01 3S 170 HAI BA TRUNG STREET, DISTRICT 1 OK OK
2 HC02 3S 323 LE VAN SY STREET, DISTRICT 3. OK OK
3 HC03 3S 97 NGUYEN THI MINH KHAI QUAN 1 OK OK
4 HC04 3S 362 / 1 LY BIEN To Street , DIST.10 OK OK
5 HC04-01 3S 896 DIEN BIEN PHU ST. DIST 10 (1
st
Candidate) OK OK
6 HC05 3S 268 TRAN HUNG DAO ST,DIST 1(POLICE OFFICE ) OK OK
7 HC06 3S CHUNG CU QUAN 5, NGUYEN TRAI ST.,DIST.5 OK OK
8 HC07 3S 25 HUNG VUONG P.6 QUAN 6(TEL: 8557545) OK OK
9 HC08 3S 6A DIEN BIEN PHU STREET[SIGN: TIGER BEER] OK OK
10 HC09 3S 62 PHAN DANG LUU STREET, PHU NHUAN DISTRICT OK OK
11 HC09-01 3S 87/861 NGUYEN VAN NGHI P.7-Q. GO
VAP(TEL:8955912)
NO OK
12 HC10 3S VAN ANH HOTEL(16/4 HOANG VIET ST., TAN BINH
DIST)
OK OK
13 HC10-01 3S GARDEN HOTEL(309B-311 NGUYEN VAN TROI ST.) NO OK
14 HC11 3S 210 LAC LONG UQAN DIST 11(TEL: 8652670) OK OK
15 HC12 3S 115 HUONG LO 14 TAN BINH DISTRICT OK OK
16 HC13 3S 628A AN BINH, AN PHU COMMUNE DIST2 (PARK VIL) OK OK
17 HC14 3S LOT CR3-6, CR 3-7 TAN PHU WORD DIST 7 OK OK
18 HC15 3S 3 PHAN DANG LUU. STREET. PHU NHUAN DIST OK OK
19 HC16 3S 29 HO NGOC LAM BINH CHANH DIST OK OK
20 HC17 3S 33-5A HIGHWAY13 BINH THANH OK OK
21 HC18 3S 7B/3A 11 WARD, QUAN TRUNG STREET GOVAP OK OK
22 HC19 3S 364 CONG HOA ST, DIST TB [REE TECH] OK OK
23 HC20 3S 9/16H TAN NHON, TAN PHU DIST 9 OK OK
24 HC21 3S 19B2 HA QUIGIAP STR. DIST, 12 (THANH LOC
WARD)
OK OK
25 HC22 3S 119 QUOC LO 22 KP7 P.DONG HUNG THUAN Q12 OK OK
26 HC23 3S 2A-4A-TON-DUC -THANG DIST.1,HCMC(SAIGON
RIVERSIDE OFFICE CENTER) TEL: 82347545-
8232114
OK OK
27 HC24 3S 79A HAM NGHI:INCOM BANK (TEL:8214186) OK OK
RF ENG
[Table 5-5] Candidate Site List (HANOI: 12 Sites)
Seq Site Type Address
Decision
RF CON
1 HA01 3S 125 TRUC BACH SAPPHIRE H/T(84-4-8291280) OK OK
2 HA02 3S 30-LY THAI TO STREET (ELECTRICAL HOTEL) OK OK
3 HA03 3S 65-Van Mieu Development strategy
Institute(Tel(84)8232640)
OK OK
4 HA04 3S 15 TO HIEN THANH-HANOI(TEL84-4-9760133) OK OK
5 HA05 3S 6 NGOC KHANH STR.HANOI [ROSE GARDEN
TOWER(TEL:844-8318-777/888)]
OK OK
6 HA06 3S 33 THAI HA STR. DONG DA DIST[HANOI CAPITAL
H/T(TEL: 04-8573137)]
OK OK
7 HA07 3S 308 MINH KHAI STR.HANOI[TEL:84-4-8628980] OK OK
8 HA08 3S 6 PHO KIM DONG OK OK
9 HA09 3S 58 TAY HO ROAD TAY HO DISTRICT
HANOI,VIETNAM[TAY HO HOTEL]
OK OK
10 HA10 3S TRUONG TAI HOE QURGRA (NATIONAL UNI.) OK OK
11 HA11 3S H10-THANH XUAN STREET[COSCNGHIEN CUU,VIEN
KINHTE HOC]
OK OK
12 HA12 3S NO. 8 HOANG QUOC VIET STR[DIRECTORATE FOR
STANDARDS AND QUALITY]
OK OK
Redesign
The objective of redesign is to relocate the position of the candidate sites, when all sites can
not satisfy the requirement of the service coverage and the handoff region considered in the first
design.
Identifying sites to be redesigned
Redesign
Modifying Site specification
RF ENG
5.4 Coverage Simulation
CellPLAN
that has been developed by SK Telecom was used as a simulation tool to design the
RF network. In this stage, database is made by using GIS (Geography Information System) and the
input data for analysis and the propagation model should be corrected. After that, the simulation result
analysis and parameter adjustment is performed repeatedly to secure the optimal coverage.
[Figure 5-5] CellPLAN Structure
Followings are the constituents of CellPLAN and its output.
GIS Data
GIS data made by SPOT in France was used. Its resolution of HCMC and HANOI is 50m and
20m respectively and it is kind of vector map with satellite data, image view and road mark.
Wave Propagation Model
Adjusted Okumura-Hata model was used in the analysis. Okumura-Hata model is most
frequently adopted in the world as a wave propagation model but it is used after being adjusted to the
geographical situation.
Okumura-Hata model is as follows.
Measurement Integration
Forward Link Analysis
- RSSI
- Pilot Ec/Io
- Soft Handoff
Reverse Link Analysis
- Mobile ERP
- Traffic Eb/Nt
GIS DB
- Terrain
- Morphology
- Vector
- Building
Propagation Prediction Model
Field Measurement Data
Cell Site Parameters
CDMA Cellular / Gigacell
Wireless Network
Analysis
Personal Computer
Window 95
CellPLAN

CellPLAN STRUCTURE
RF ENG
d h h a h f L
t r t urban
log ) log 55 . 6 9 . 44 ( ) ( log 82 . 13 log 16 . 26 55 . 69 + +
1
1
]
1
'
,
_
4 . 5
28
log 2
2
f
L L
urban suburban
94 . 40 log 33 . 18 ) (log 78 . 4
2
+ f f L L
urban open
where,
Lurban : average amount of wave attenuation in urban (dB)
Lsuburban : average amount of wave attenuation in suburban (dB)
Lopen : average amount of wave attenuation in open area (dB)
f : frequency (MHz)
ht : antenna height in a site (m)
a(hr) : adjustment coefficient for the antenna height of a mobile station(dB)

Small or Medium City : a(hr) = (1.1*logf-0.7)*hr (1.56*logf-0.8)
Large City : a(hr) = 8.29*(log(1.54*hr))
2
-1.1, f 200 MHz
a(hr) = 3.2*(log(11.75*hr))
2
-4.97, f 200 MHz
d : distance between a mobile station antenna and a site antenna (km)
1500 MHz f 2000 MHz
30 m ht 200 m
1 m hr 10 m
1 km d 20 km
RF ENG
Measurement Result Integration
Okumura-Hata model was adjusted by driving test in HCMC and HANOI and then was used as
a wave propagation model.
Because Okumura-Hata model was developed through driving test in ToKyo of Japan, it needs to
be adjusted to the geographic situation of a target area.
In measurement result integration, the difference between the signal strength from the
propagation prediction model and the measurement data should be reflected on the adjustment of the
propagation model.
[Figure 5-6] Measurement Result Integration
Parameters
Input parameters for CellPLAN simulation are as follows.
ID : Site ID, Sector ID
Hegiht : Building Height(m), Tower Height(m)
Location : Latitude, Longitude
Antenna : Gain(dBd), HPBW(

o
), Direction(
o
), Tilt (
o
)
MEASUREMENT INTEGRATION
Propagation
Prediction Model
Measurement Data
Signal Strength
Distance
Propagation
Prediction Model
Measurement Data
Signal Strength
Distance
-
RF ENG
Traffic information is needed to simulate the RF network. Expected traffic in HCMC and
HANOI was distributed into the BTS.
In CellPLAN simulation, Traffic was distributed by the minimum resolution of GIS data in each
city, 50m in HCMC and 20m in HANOI.
Output of CellPLAN
Output plots of CellPLAN are as follows.
Best Server
In this plot, the strongest signal among the signals received by the mobile station is
displayed in colors. This plot is used to input initial traffic of each BTS, according to the
traffic distribution for the simulation analysis.
Ec/Io of pilot signal
This plot shows the ratio of energy per chip of the best pilot signal among the pilot signals
received in each bin to total interference per frequency by colors. Forward link and Soft
Handoff can be analyzed through Ec/Io analysis of the pilot signal.
Soft Handoff Status
The Soft Handoff status of the mobile phone in each bin is displayed in colors.
Reverse Link ERP
The transmitting signal strength of the mobile station in each bin is showed in colors. This
plot can be used to analyze the reverse link coverage with the reverse link traffic Eb/Nt
analysis.
Reverse Link Traffic Eb/Nt
RF ENG
This plot shows the ratio of energy-per-bit to total interference-per-frequency of the traffic
signal that is transmitted by the mobile station in each bin and is received by the BTS. This
plot is helpful for the reverse link analysis.

RF ENG
5.5 Coverage Design Result
99, SEORIN-DONG, JONGRO-GU, SEOUL,
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City BTS ID Equip Location Height(m) Antenna Type Antenna Orientation Tilt Overhead Power(dBm)_All Sectors
Type Address Latitude Longitude Building Tower Alpha Beta Gamma Alpha Beta Gamma Alpha Beta Gamma Pilot Sync Paing
HCMC HC01 3S 170 HAI BA TRUNG STREET, DISTRICT 1 10.7803 106.6956 24 3 16-65 16-65 16-65 30 110 220 5 5 5 33 23.9 28.7
HC02 3S 323 LE VAN SY STREET, DISTRICT 3. 10.7823 106.6774 33 3 16-65 16-65 16-65 40 160 270 5 5 4 33 23.9 28.7
HC03 3S 97 NGUYEN THI MINH KHAI QUAN 1 10.7668 106.6884 27 3 16-65 16-65 16-65 30 160 270 5 6 6 33 23.9 28.7
HC04 3S 362/1 LG THAI TO STREET, P1 QUAN 3 10.7627 106.6748 18 9 16-65 16-65 16-65 60 180 265 6 6 4 33 23.9 28.7
HC05 3S 268 TRAN HUNG DAO ST,DIST 1(POLICE OFFICE ) 10.7546 106.6872 0 47 16-65 16-65 16-65 0 140 230 6 4 6 33 23.9 28.7
HC06 3S CHUNG CU QUAN 5, NGUYEN TRAI ST.,DIST.5 10.7497 106.6648 35 3 16-65 16-65 16-65 0 120 240 5 6 6 33 23.9 28.7
HC07 3S 23 HUNG VUONG P6 QUAN 6 10.7481 106.6534 21 3 16-65 16-65 16-65 30 150 265 5 4 5 33 23.9 28.7
HC08 3S 6A DIEN BIEN PHU STREET 10.7969 106.7106 18 9 16-65 16-65 16-65 65 220 320 4 5 5 33 23.9 28.7
HC09 3S 62 PHAN DANG LUC STREET, PHU NHUAN DISTRICT 10.7946 106.6802 25 6 16-65 16-65 16-65 20 140 240 5 5 5 33 23.9 28.7
HC10 3S 309B-311 NGUYEN VAN TROU STREET TAN BINH DISTRICT10.7906 106.6585 27 6 16-65 16-65 16-65 90 220 320 5 5 5 33 23.9 28.7
HC11 3S 210 LAC LONG QUAN DISTRICT 11 10.7666 106.6464 12 20 16-65 16-65 16-65 20 140 260 5 5 5 33 23.9 28.7
HC12 3S 115 HUONG LO 14 TAN BINH DISTRICT 10.7554 106.6319 18 6 16-65 16-65 16-65 60 160 280 4 4 5 33 23.9 28.7
HC13 3S 628A AN BINH, AN PHU COMMUNE DIST 2 10.8002 106.7511 40 6 14-90 14-90 14-90 30 150 270 0 0 7 33 23.9 28.7
HC14 3S LOT CR3-6, CR 3-7 TAN PHU WORD DIST 7 10.7206 106.7220 32 3 14-90 14-90 14-90 0 120 240 7 0 0 33 23.9 28.7
HC15 3S 3 PHAN DANG LUU. STREET. PHU NHUAN DIST 10.7967 106.6951 24 6 16-65 16-65 16-65 40 140 270 5 5 6 33 23.9 28.7
HC16 3S 29 HO NGOC LAM BINH CHANH DIST 10.7220 106.6069 0 30 14-90 14-90 14-90 30 120 240 7 0 0 33 23.9 28.7
HC17 3S 33-5A HIGHWAY13 BINH THANH 10.8141 106.7126 25 3 14-90 14-90 14-90 0 170 270 4 4 4 33 23.9 28.7
HC18 3S 7B/3A 11 WARD, QUAN TRUNG STREET GOVAP 10.8116 106.6651 20 3 14-90 14-90 14-90 40 180 300 4 5 4 33 23.9 28.7
HC19 3S 364 CONG HOA STREET DISTRICT IB 10.7983 106.6388 15 15 16-65 16-65 16-65 90 220 310 5 4 4 33 23.9 28.7
HC20 3S 9/16H TAN NHON, TAN PHU DIST 9 10.8668 106.7651 0 50 14-90 14-90 14-90 20 200 280 0 6 0 33 23.9 28.7
HC21 3S 19B2 HA QUIGIAP STR. DIST, 12 (THANH LOC WARD) 10.8551 106.6787 0 40 14-90 14-90 14-90 80 180 300 0 6 0 33 23.9 28.7
HC22 3S 1/9 QUOC LO 22 KP7 P.DONG HUNG THUAN QUAN 12 10.8362 106.6150 15 15 14-90 14-90 14-90 80 220 320 6 6 0 33 23.9 28.7
HC23 3S 56-66 NGUYEN HUE. QUAN 1 10.7730 106.7063 57 3 16-65 16-65 16-65 0 120 270 6 5 7 33 23.9 28.7
HC24 3S 79A HAM NGHI:INCOM BANK (TEL:8214186) 10.7648 106.7013 33 3 16-65 16-65 16-65 0 160 280 4 4 6 33 23.9 28.7
HANOI HA01 3S 125 TRUC BACH SAPPHIRE H/T(84-4-8291280) 21.0399 105.8420 21 3 14-60 14-60 14-60 100 230 340 4 4 4 33 23.9 28.7
HA02 3S 30-LY THAI TO STREET (ELECTRICAL HOTEL) 21.0239 105.8538 18 20 14-60 14-60 14-60 0 150 260 4 5 6 33 23.9 28.7
HA03 3S 65-Van Mieu Development strategy Institute 21.0244 105.8367 27 3 14-60 14-60 14-60 60 180 300 5 5 5 33 23.9 28.7
HA04 3S 15 TO HIEN THANH-HANOI 21.0082 105.8509 30 3 14-60 14-60 14-60 120 230 350 5 5 6 33 23.9 28.7
HA05 3S 6 NGOC KHANH STR.HANOI 21.0214 105.8188 48 3 14-60 14-60 14-60 30 150 300 9 7 5 33 23.9 28.7
HA06 3S 33 THAI HA STR. DONG DA DIST 21.0047 105.8228 27 6 14-60 14-60 14-60 40 160 280 5 5 5 33 23.9 28.7
HA07 3S 308 MINH KHAI STR.HANOI 20.9903 105.8594 20 3 14-60 14-60 14-60 30 150 270 5 4 4 33 23.9 28.7
HA08 3S 6 PHO KIM DONG 20.9808 105.8414 33 3 14-90 14-90 14-60 70 190 310 5 4 5 33 23.9 28.7
HA09 3S 58 TAY HO ROAD TAY HO DISTRICT HANOI 21.0599 105.8208 21 9 14-60 14-60 14-90 100 220 340 4 5 4 33 23.9 28.7
HA10 3S TRUONG TAI HOE QURGRA (NATIONAL UNI.) 21.0333 105.7813 33 3 14-90 14-90 14-90 0 140 270 4 3 4 33 23.9 28.7
HA11 3S H10-THANH XUAN STREET 20.9834 105.7988 36 3 16-35 14-90 14-90 350 120 260 3 4 4 33 23.9 28.7
HA12 3S NO. 8 HOANG QUOC VIET STREET 21.0422 105.8029 27 9 14-60 14-60 14-60 60 130 280 5 4 4 33 23.9 28.7

RF ENG
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RF ENG
1. Parameter Design
6.1 Overview
Based on the coverage design result and the design criteria, following parameters were
determined. The result of the parameter design is generally used to operate the initial system. After
service launching, the parameters should be adjusted by system optimization.
PN Offset Allocation
Paging Zone
Handoff Neighbor List
6.2 PN Offset Allocation
PN Offset shall be allocated to the BTS that is finally decided by the RF environment analysis
and site acquisition. Through considering the distance between the BTSs, PN Offset Reuse Factor and
the minimum PILOT_INC can be calculated.
The distance (D) between the BTSs of the same PN Offset should meet the minimum distance
condition suggested in cell design criteria, that D is equal or larger than 5 times of the cell radius.
Because the minimum cell radius in HCMC and HANOI is 1.2Km, a PN Offset can be assigned at the
cell site that is far from the other BTSs of the same PN Offset. Therefore, considering the number of
the cell site in HCMC and HANOI, 8 was assigned as PILOT_INC.
21 PN sets are calculated with PILOT_INC of 8. The first PN set should be allocated to the cell
site in the center of the city and the others are assigned at the cel sites with the consideration of the
clustering.
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RF ENG
[Table 6-1] PN Set Table (PILOT_INC: 8)
Set#
Index PN Offset (Index * PILOT_INC)
Alpha Beta Gamma Alpha Beta Gamma
1 1 22 43 8 176 344
2 2 23 44 16 184 352
3 3 24 45 24 192 360
4 4 25 46 32 200 368
5 5 26 47 40 208 376
6 6 27 48 48 216 384
7 7 28 49 56 224 392
8 8 29 50 64 232 400
9 9 30 51 72 240 408
10 10 31 52 80 248 416
11 11 32 53 88 256 424
12 12 33 54 96 264 432
13 13 36 57 104 288 456
14 14 28 49 112 224 392
15 15 29 50 120 232 400
16 16 22 43 128 176 344
17 17 38 59 136 304 472
18 18 39 60 144 312 480
19 19 40 61 152 320 488
20 20 41 62 160 328 496
21 21 42 63 168 336 504
Usually, PN Offset is assigned at each BTS in consideration of PILOT_INC, the distance between
the cell sites of the same PN Offset, and reserved PN Offset for the other cell site that will be installed
to expand the service coverage in future.
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RF ENG
[Table 6-2] shows the result of PN Offset assignment by sectors in HCMC and HANOI.
[Table 6-2] PN Allocation in HCMC and HANOI
HCMC SET ID
PN Offset Value
HANOI SET ID
PN Offset Value
Alpha Beata Gamma Alpha Beata Gamma
HC01 16 128 304 472 HA01 16 128 304 472
HC02 9 72 248 416 HA02 10 80 256 424
HC03 1 8 184 352 HA03 1 8 184 352
HC04 12 96 272 440 HA04 18 144 320 488
HC05 14 112 288 456 HA05 12 96 272 440
HC06 8 64 240 408 HA06 8 64 240 408
HC07 15 120 296 464 HA07 14 112 288 456
HC08 19 152 328 496 HA08 2 16 192 360
HC09 7 56 232 400 HA09 9 72 248 416
HC10 11 88 264 432 HA10 15 120 296 464
HC11 4 32 208 376 HA11 3 24 200 368
HC12 13 104 280 448 HA12 4 32 208 376
HC13 13 104 280 448
* PN Offset Reused Site in HCMC
HA13,HA20,HA21, HA22, HA24
* Some PN Offset are reserved for coverage
expansion in futre.
HC14 2 16 192 360
HC15 5 40 216 384
HC16 3 24 200 368
HC17 17 136 312 480
HC18 18 144 320 488
HC19 6 48 224 392
HC20 14 112 288 456
HC21 3 24 200 368
HC22 1 8 184 352
HC23 10 80 256 424
HC24 18 144 320 488
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RF ENG
6.3 Paging Zone
To page the mobile station, in the CDMA system a zone is arranged as the first paging scope and
a MSC as the second paging scope. Therefore, the paging success rate is close related with the
appropriate zone arrangement. And the registration generated when the mobile station moves across
zones is an important factor for the paging success rate. In this chapter, paging zone design procedure
and its result is described.
Maximum Paging load is calculated based upon the cell sites (HCMC=24, HANOI=12) decided
through Site Acquisition. If calculated maximum paging load is larger than the maximum paging
capacity criteria (90%), the number of paging channel should be increased or paging zone should be
divided. In the opposite case that the calculated maximum paging load is smaller than the maximum
paging capacity criteria (90%), the number of paging channel and paging zone should remain. It is
desirable to make the 1
st
and 2
nd
paging zone as the unit of MSC.
[Figure 6-1] Paging Zone Calculation
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NUMBER OF PAGING ZONE
Estimated Paging Load
>=
Max Paging Load
HCMC :1 Paging Zone (24Site)
HANOI :1 Paging Zone (12Site)
Number of Paging Zones Increasing for each MSC
and then Paging Channel Load Calculation
Number of Paging Zone
YES
NO
RF ENG
Below is the description about calculating the number of paging zone by regions.
Maximum Capacity of Paging Channel (Maximum Paging Load)
The maximum paging channel capacity criteria is applied as 90% and the left is reserved as
spare for the server expansion of SMS and VMS.
Paging Load Calculation with Change of the Number of Paging Zone
The paging channel load of HCMC and HANOI is calculated as below in [Table 6-3], and the
detail procedure is described in [Table 6-5].
[Table 6-3] Paging Channel Load Calculation
Item Load(HCMC) Load(HANOI)
General Page Message 14.5% 6.3%
Overhead Message 9.1% 9.1%
Channel Assignment Message 1.6% 0.7%
_DONE Message 11.6% 11.6%
VMS 6.5% 2.8%
SMS 0.1% 0.1%
Total 43.4% 30.5%
Assumption)
BHCA(2002.E, Core Network Part forecasting data) = 51,776(HCMC), 22,343(HANOI)
VMS method: Using call-setup Procedure Method (Method 1)
Result of Paging Zone Calculation
Paging Zone should not be set up larger than the maximum paging channel capacity.
Because calculated paging load is less than the maximum paging load capacity criteria (90%). In this
project, 1
st
and 2
nd
paging zone are designed as the unit of MSC.
[Table 6-4] Paging Zone Design
Item BTS NO. 1 Paging 2 Paging
HCMC 24 1 (BSC ) 1 (MSC )
HANOI 12 1 (BSC ) 1 (MSC )
Total 36 2 2
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[Table 6-5] Paging Channel Load Calculation Table
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1 Pagi ng Capaci t y Anal ysi s Tabl e
2 Si ze No.
3 Number Of User s 200000 Subscr i ber s
4 Number of power Up/ Down per day 5
5 Ti mer based Regi st r at i on per i od par amet er 64 Ti me Based Regi st r at i on Per i od
6 TI mer based Regi st r at i on per i od val ue - Second 5242. 88
I F( POWER( 2, ( C5/ 4) ) *0. 08=
0. 08, 0, POWER( 2, ( C5/ 4) ) *0. 08) : Typi cal Val ue of Reg.
7 Anot her Regi st r at i on 0 per day Zone- based Reg. Et c
8
9 Number of Zones 1 1 zone Assumpt i on
10 Number of BTS per Zone 24. 00
11 Number of Sect or s per BTS 3
12 Number of BTS i n Syst em 24
13 Sect or s i n Syst em 72 C11*C12
14 Regi strati on
15 Tot al Regi st r at i on i n t he Syst emper Day 5295898
C3*(C4*2+3600*24/ C6 +C7) : Power On/ Of f , Ti me Based ,
Zone based r eg. et c
16 Concent r at i on r at e of BHCA 0. 098
17 Regi st r at i on f or BHCA 518998 C15*C16
18 Regi st r at i ons / Sect or s / Second f or BHCA 2. 00 7208 C17/ C13/ 3600
19 Si ze of Mob Or der - Reg. Acc 110bi t s
20 Load due t o r egi st r at i ons / Sect or / FA / Bi t s / Sec 88. 10 C18*C19/ $D$46*2
21 General Page For Ori gi nati on & Termi nat i on
22 BHCA 150000
23 Por t i on of MS t er mi nat ed Cal l s 0. 35
24 Por t i on of MS or i gi nat ed Cal l s 0. 65
25 MS or i gi nat ed cal l s/ hour 97500 C22*C24
26 MS t er mi nat ed cal l s/ hour 52500 C22*C23
27 Pr obabi l i t y of 1st page success 0. 8
28 Channel Assi gn Message For Ori gi nati on & Termi nati on
29 Cal l assi gnement s/ sect or / second 0. 58 2083 C22/ C13/ 3600 : Channel
30 si ze of Channel assi gnment message- bi t s 140
31 l oad due t o channel assi gnment s bi t s/ sect or / FA/ sec 16. 20 C29*C30/ $D$46
32 Sl ott ed Pagi ng Message For Termi nati on
33 Number of 1st Pages/ sect or / sec 14. 58 C26/ C9/ 3600
34 Number of 2nd Pages/ sect or / sec 2. 92 C26*( 1- C27) / 3600
35 Number of 1st and 2nd Pages per sect or / sec 17. 50 12600 C33+C34
36 si ze of sl ot t ed page msg wi t h si ngl e page- bi t s 288 I F( ( 21+( C37*55) +8+30+1) >192, 288, 192)
37 Sl ot t ed page message Number 4 ROUNDUP( C26/ C13/ 3600, 0) +1
38 l oad due t o Page message bi t s/ sect or / FA/ sec 1008 C35*C36/ $D$46
39 Overhead Message
40 si ze of Over head messages bi t s/ sec 900 911 45000 ( C41+C42+C43+C45+C47) / 1. 28
41 Syst emPar amet er Message 288 264
42 Access Par amet er Message 192 152
43 Nei ghbor Li st Message 288 276 I F( D43>288, 384, 288)
44 Number of Nei ghbor Li st 17 MAX 20 ( Assumpt i on : 17)
45 Channel Li st Message 192 123
46 Number of Channel Li st 5
47 Ext ended Syst emPar amet er Message 192 96
48 Pagi ng channel r at e 9600
49 Over al l ut i l i zat i on bi t s/ sec - Gener al Page 2012 66892 ( C20+C31+C38+C40)
50 Ut i l i zat i on ( %) - Load 20. 96 C49/ C48*100
51 BHSM per Subscr i ber 0. 2
52 SMS Pagi ng Channel Rat i o 0. 15 15 %of BHSM f or usi ng Pagi ng Channel
53 BHSM per Zone ( SMS on Pagi ng CH ) 6000 C3*C51*C52/ C9
54 SMS Pagi ng ( Pagi ng Channel ) 16. 67 16. 67C3*C51*C52/ C13/ D46
55 MSG Si ze 480 58
I S- 637 Header ( 20) +User Dat a( 38) = 58Byt e = 58 8 Bi t
I F( ( D55*8) <96, 96, I F( ( D55*8) <192, 192, I F( ( D55*8) <288, 28
8, I F( ( D55*8) <384, 384, I F( ( D55*8) <480, 480, I F( ( D55*8) <57
6, 576, "Tr af f i c") ) ) ) ) )
56 Over al l ut i l i zat i on bi t s/ sec ( SMS ) 2. 22 C54*C55/ 3600
57 Ut i l i zat i on ( %) - Load - SMS 0. 17 17C54/ C48*100
58 Tot al Ut i l i zat i on ( %) - Load 21. 14 66908C50+C55
RF ENG
6.4 Handoff Neighbor List
Handoff neighbor list of each sector is generated from the coverage design result. And not
only the adjacent sectors but also sectors included in 2 tire region on the simulation are considered as
the candidate neighbors that can be used in the real RF environment.
Following is the handoff neighbor list of each sector in HCMC and HANOI.
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Handoff Neighbor List in HCMC
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Ci t y BTS I D Sect or NGBR1 NGBR2 NGBR3 NGBR4 NGBR5 NGBR6 NGBR7 NGBR8 NGBR9 NGBR10 NGBR11 NGBR12 NGBR13 NGBR14 NGBR15 NGBR16 NGBR17 NGBR18 NGBR19 NGBR20
HCMC HC01 Al pha HC01_b HC01_g HC03_a HC03_b HC17_b HC02_a HC02_b HC09_b HC09_g HC08_b HC08_g HC15_b HC15_g HC23_a HC23_g
Bet a HC01_a HC01_g HC23_a HC23_b HC23_g HC24_a HC24_g HC03_a HC03_b HC05_a HC04_a HC02_b HC15_b HC08_b HC09_b
Gamma HC01_a HC01_b HC02_a HC02_b HC02_g HC03_a HC03_b HC04_a HC04_b HC04_g HC23_g HC24_a HC24_g HC05_a HC09_b HC15_b HC08_b
HC02 Al pha HC02_a HC02_b HC09_b HC09_g HC01_a HC01_g HC15_g HC15_b HC03_a HC03_g HC04_a HC04_g HC10_a HC18_b HC08_b
Bet a HC02_a HC02_g HC02_b HC15_b HC15_g HC01_a HC01_g HC03_a HC03_g HC04_a HC04_g HC10_a HC23_a HC23_g HC08_b
Gamma HC02_a HC02_b HC04_a HC04_g HC10_a HC10_b HC11_a HC11_b HC06_a HC07_a HC18_b HC19_a HC12_a
HC03 Al pha HC03_b HC03_g HC01_b HC01_g HC23_g HC24_a HC24_g HC09_b HC09_g HC15_b HC15_g HC08_b HC04_a HC04_b
Bet a HC03_a HC03_g HC24_a HC24_g HC01_g HC01_b HC23_g HC05_a HC05_b HC04_b HC04_a HC02_b HC14_a
Gamma HC03_a HC03_b HC05_a HC05_g HC04_a HC04_b HC02_b HC02_g HC01_g HC06_a HC06_b HC24_g
HC04 Al pha HC04_b HC04_g HC02_a HC02_b HC02_g HC01_g HC03_a HC03_g HC05_a HC05_g
Bet a HC04_a HC04_g HC03_a HC03_g HC05_a HC05_g HC06_a HC06_b HC02_b HC02_g HC09_b HC01_g HC24_g
Gamma HC04_a HC04_b HC06_a HC07_a HC07_b HC11_a HC11_b HC10_a HC02_g HC02_b HC09_g HC09_b HC18_b
HC05 Al pha HC05_b HC05_g HC03_b HC03_g HC24_b HC24_g HC23_g HC01_b HC01_g HC04_a HC04_b HC02_b HC02_g
Bet a HC05_a HC05_g HC14_a HC14_g HC24_b HC24_g HC06_b HC04_b HC23_g
Gamma HC05_a HC05_b HC04_a HC04_b HC03_g HC06_a HC06_b HC07_b
HC06 Al pha HC06_b HC06_g HC04_b HC04_g HC07_a HC07_b HC11_a HC11_b HC10_b HC02_g HC03_g HC05_g
Bet a HC06_a HC06_g HC05_b HC05_g HC04_b HC04_g HC07_b
Gamma HC06_a HC06_b HC07_a HC07_b HC16_a HC16_b HC12_b HC11_b
HC07 Al pha HC07_b HC07_g HC06_a HC06_g HC11_b HC11_g HC12_a HC12_b HC04_g HC02_g HC10_b
Bet a HC07_a HC07_g HC06_a HC06_b HC06_g HC05_g HC05_b HC16_a HC16_b
Gamma HC07_a HC07_b HC11_b HC11_g HC12_a HC12_b HC16_a HC16_b
HC08 Al pha HC08_b HC08_g HC20_b HC20_g HC13_a HC13_g HC17_b HC23_a HC01_a HC01_b HC24_a
Bet a HC08_a HC08_g HC23_a HC23_b HC01_a HC01_b HC15_a HC15_b HC02_a HC02_b HC03_a HC03_b HC05_a HC09_b HC09_a HC24_a
Gamma HC08_a HC08_b HC17_b HC17_g HC15_a HC15_b HC01_a HC09_a HC09_b HC18_a HC18_b
HC09 Al pha HC09_b HC09_g HC15_a HC15_g HC18_a HC18_b HC17_b HC17_g HC10_a HC08_g
Bet a HC09_a HC09_g HC15_b HC15_g HC02_a HC02_b HC01_a HC01_g HC08_b HC03_a HC03_b HC03_g HC04_a HC04_b HC23_a HC23_g HC24_a HC24_g
Gamma HC09_a HC09_b HC02_a HC02_g HC10_a HC18_b HC11_a HC11_b HC06_a
HC10 Al pha HC10_b HC10_g HC18_b HC09_g HC02_a HC02_g HC04_g HC15_g HC01_g HC11_a HC11_b HC07_a HC06_a
Bet a HC10_a HC10_g HC11_a HC11_b HC11_g HC07_a HC06_a HC04_g HC02_g HC09_g HC19_a HC19_b HC18_b HC12_a
Gamma HC19_a HC19_b HC19_g HC18_b HC18_g HC22_a HC22_b
HC11 Al pha HC10_a HC10_b HC10_g HC19_a HC19_b HC18_b HC02_g HC09_g HC04_g HC07_a HC06_a HC06_g HC12_a
Bet a HC11_a HC01_g HC11_g HC07_a HC07_b HC07_g HC06_a HC06_g HC12_a HC12_b HC10_b HC04_g HC02_g HC09_g
Gamma HC11_a HC11_b HC12_a HC12_b HC12_g HC07_g HC07_a HC19_b HC16_a HC16_b HC10_b
HC12 Al pha HC12_b HC12_g HC11_a HC11_b HC11_g HC07_a HC07_g HC19_b HC10_b HC16_a HC16_b HC04_g HC02_g HC10_g
Bet a HC12_a HC12_g HC11_g HC11_b HC07_g HC16_a HC16_b HC06_g HC06_a
Gamma HC11_g HC07_g HC16_a HC16_b HC16_g
HCMC HC13 Al pha HC13_b HC13_g HC20_b HC08_a HC08_b
Bet a HC13_a HC13_g HC14_a HC14_b
Gamma HC13_a HC13_b HC14_a HC14_b HC23_a HC23_b HC24_a HC24_b
HC14 Al pha HC14_b HC14_g HC13_g HC24_b HC24_g HC05_a HC05_b HC03_b HC23_b HC23_g
Bet a HC14_a HC14_g HC13_g HC13_b
Gamma HC14_a HC14_b HC05_b HC05_g HC24_b HC24_g HC06_b HC06_g
HC15 Al pha HC15_b HC15_g HC08_g HC08_b HC09_a HC09_b HC17_b HC17_g HC01_a HC01_b
Bet a HC15_a HC15_g HC08_b HC08_g HC01_a HC01_b HC23_a HC02_a HC02_b HC09_b HC03_a HC03_b HC24_a
Gamma HC15_a HC15_b HC09_a HC09_b HC02_a HC02_b HC03_a HC03_b HC01_a HC01_g HC18_a HC18_b HC10_a HC04_a HC04_g
HC16 Al pha HC16_b HC16_g HC12_b HC12_g HC07_g HC09_b
Bet a HC16_a HC16_g HC07_b HC07_g HC12_b
Gamma HC16_a HC16_b
HC17 Al pha HC17_b HC17_g HC20_b HC20_g
Bet a HC17_a HC17_g HC08_a HC08_g HC15_a HC15_b
Gamma HC17_a HC17_b HC08_g HC15_a HC18_a HC18_b HC09_a HC02_a
HC18 Al pha HC18_b HC18_g HC17_a HC17_g HC15_a HC15_g HC09_a HC21_a HC21_b HC21_g
Bet a HC18_a HC18_g HC10_a HC10_g HC09_a HC09_g HC19_a
Gamma HC18_a HC18_b HC10_a HC10_g HC09_a HC09_g HC19_a HC22_a HC22_b HC21_a HC21_b HC21_g
HC19 Al pha HC19_b HC19_g HC10_b HC10_g HC18_b HC18_g HC11_a HC09_g
Bet a HC19_a HC19_g HC11_a HC11_g HC12_a HC12_g
Gamma HC10_a HC19_b HC22_a HC22_b HC18_g
HC20 Al pha HC20_b HC20_g HC10_a
Bet a HC20_a HC20_g HC17_b HC08_a
Gamma HC20_a HC20_b HC17_a HC17_b HC08_a
HC21 Al pha HC21_b HC21_g HC20_b HC20_g HC17_a HC17_g
Bet a HC21_a HC21_g HC18_a HC18_g HC17_a HC17_g HC22_a HC19_a HC19_g
Gamma HC21_a HC21_b HC22_a HC22_g
HC22 Al pha HC22_b HC22_g HC21_b HC21_g HC18_g HC19_a HC19_g
Bet a HC22_a HC22_g HC19_g HC19_b HC18_g HC10_g
Gamma HC22_a HC22_b
HC23 Al pha HC23_b HC23_g HC01_a HC01_b HC08_b HC15_b
Bet a HC23_a HC23_g HC24_a HC24_b HC14_a HC08_a HC08_b
Gamma HC23_a HC23_b HC24_a HC24_g HC03_a HC03_b HC01_b HC01_g HC05_a HC04_a HC04_b HC02_b
HC24 Al pha HC24_b HC24_g HC23_b HC01_b HC01_g HC03_a HC03_b
Bet a HC24_a HC24_g HC05_a HC05_b HC14_a HC14_g HC03_b
Gamma HC24_a HC24_b HC03_a HC03_b HC05_a HC05_b HC04_a HC04_b HC06_a HC06_b

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Handoff Neighbor List in HANOI
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HANOI HA01 Al pha HA01_b HA01_g HA02_a HA02_g HA03_a HA04_g HA05_a
Bet a HA01_a HA01_g HA03_a HA03_g HA02_g HA04_g HA05_a HA05_b
Gamma HA01_a HA01_b HA09_a HA09_b HA12_a HA12_b HA05_a HA03_g HA02_g
HA02 Al pha HA02_b HA02_g HA01_a HA01_b HA03_a HA03_b HA04_g
Bet a HA02_a HA02_g HA04_a HA04_g HA07_a HA03_a HA03_b HA05_a HA01_a
Gamma HA02_a HA02_b HA04_b HA04_g HA03_a HA03_b HA01_a HA01_b HA05_a HA05_b HA06_a HA06_b
HA03 Al pha HA03_b HA03_g HA02_a HA02_g HA01_a HA01_b HA05_g HA05_b HA06_a
Bet a HA03_a HA03_g HA04_b HA04_g HA06_a HA06_b HA05_a HA05_b HA02_g HA02_b
Gamma HA03_a HA03_b HA01_b HA01_g HA05_a HA05_b HA06_a HA12_a HA12_b HA09_a HA09_b HA10_a
HA04 Al pha HA04_b HA04_g HA07_a HA07_b HA07_g HA08_a HA08_g HA02_b HA03_a HA03_b
Bet a HA04_a HA04_g HA07_a HA07_g HA08_a HA03_g HA06_a HA06_b HA03_b HA02_b HA02_g HA05_b
Gamma HA04_a HA04_b HA02_b HA02_g HA03_a HA03_b HA06_a HA05_a HA05_b HA01_a HA01_b
HA05 Al pha HA05_b HA05_g HA03_b HA03_g HA01_b HA01_g HA06_a HA06_g HA12_a HA12_b HA09_a HA09_b

RF ENG
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2. Dimensioning
7.1 Dimensioning Overview
In this, based on the estimated traffic volume and on the design criteria such as GOS and the
maximum channel element (CE) number per FA, the required number of CE and FA are calculated to
meet the design criteria when the estimated traffic in each BTS occurs.
And required CC number is also calculated dependent on the number of CE in a Channel Card
(CC).
Dimensioning consists of 3 stages such as the market demand analysis stage to estimate total
traffic volume in each BTS, and FA & BTS Dimensioning stage to compute the annually required
number of FA and BTS, and Required CE & CC Calculation stage to produce required number of CE
and CC
[Figure 7-1] Dimensioning procedure
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DIMENSIONING PROCEDURE
Design Criteria
Maximum CE per FA
Minimum CC
GOS(Blocking Rate)
Estimated Traffic
Pure Traffic
Soft Handoff Traffic
Cell Site Configuration
Channel Card Type
BTS Type
FA Dimensioning
BTS Dimensioning
Loading
Calculation
Module
Required CE Calculating
Required CE
Calculation
Module
Required CC Calculating CE per CC

RF ENG
Market demand analysis
Total traffic volume is calculated on the ground of the annual subscriber number and
forecaseted MOU. In this stage, that will be used, as the basic data to calculate required FA and CC of
each BTS. And annual traffic volume data will be used to get the annual-traffic-reflected sector
coverage in coverage design.
FA & BTS Dimensioning
Required number of FA of each BTS can be calculated using the loading calculation module
according to traffic of each BTS by services. And, in this stage, the required number of FA in the
clustered region is also calculated in reference to the FA distribution of BTSs.
BTSs are added in a heavy traffic region to prevent the required FA from exceeding over the
available number of FA. Annual BTS number is usually decided through the comparion between the
investment cost by increasing FA in a region and the expense by increasing BTSs in that region.
Required CE and CC calculation
After confirming the BTS and sector coverage in RF design, total traffic volume in a sector is
acquired. Using total traffic volume in a sector and considering the target GOS, the reguired number of
CE can be calculated.
Total required number of CE including Overhaed channel is calculated based on the required
number of CE and FA in each BTS. Total required number of CE is calculated in consideration of the
number of available CE in a CC and the minimum equipped number of CC in a BTS.
Followings are items needed for the required equipment calculation.
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[Table 7-1] Required data for dimensioning
Item Remarks
BTS specification Channel Card and BTS Type
Forecasted traffic of BTS/sector
To be calculated by market demand analysis, cell site position and
coverage design
Loading Calculation Module
BTS loading calculation module according to the traffic distribution
by services
Requred CE Calculation Module
Voice service : required CE calculation by Erlang B or Soft Blocking
Model
Data service : required CE calculation based on transmission rate for
data volume
Minimum CC / FA To be decided in consideration of CE Pooling
Number of CE / CC Dependent on the type of BTS and vendor
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7.2 Estimated Market Demand Data Analysis
In this, traffic usage per subscriber and annual traffic can be estimated through annual subscriber
number and MOU analysis and annual FA and CC requirement also can be estimated in reference to
the equipment supply time criteria (Y+0.5). And yearly total traffic data is used to design the annual
traffic-reflected sector coverage in coverage design. The traffic of each BTS will be calculated on the
ground of the detail coverage design with regard to the traffic distribution.
Market demand related data and the method/result for detail works are described in below.
Market Demand Eastimation Data
Total traffic data for Total traffic that is necessary to take the dimension of equipment
quantities for radio network is turned out by analyzing the data for market demand. The data for
subscriber demand is made up of the number of subscribers based on the type of service and MOU per
subscriber. The [Table 7-2] and [Table 7-3] show these respectively.
[Table 7-2] Subscribers in HCMC and HANOI
Item SVC Type 2002.06 2003.06 2004.06 2005.06 2006.06
HCMC
Prepaid 35,797 94,567 161,211 244,897 345,177
Postpaid 1,397 3,986 7,218 10,967 15,104
Sub_total 37,194 98,553 168,429 255,865 360,280
HANOI
Prepaid 15,384 40,717 69,470 106,008 150,490
Postpaid 606 1,719 3,129 4,815 6,660
Sub_Total 15,991 42,436 72,599 110,823 157,150
Total 53,185 140,989 241,028 366,687 517,431
[Table 7-3] MOU per subscriber
Item SVC Type 2002.06 2003.06 2004.06 2005.06 2006.06
Voice
Prepaid 131.31 130.00 128.70 127.41 126.14
Postpaid 313.18 310.05 306.95 303.88 300.84
Data
Prepaid - 0.0089 0.0089 0.0088 0.0087
Postpaid - 0.0089 0.0089 0.0088 0.0087
SMS
Prepaid 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007
Postpaid 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007 0.0007
VMS
Prepaid 0.0014 0.0014 0.0014 0.0014 0.0014
Postpaid 0.0014 0.0014 0.0014 0.0014 0.0014
Total
Prepaid 131.31 130.01 128.71 127.42 126.15
Postpaid 313.18 310.06 306.96 303.89 300.85
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Total Traffic and Traffic per subscriber Calculation
Total Traffic and Traffic per subscriber in the area where the mobile service will be provided is
calculated by the formula below.
Erlang/Sub. = MOU per Sub./ ACDM * BHDR / MH
Total Erlang = Erlang/Sub. * Total Estimated Sub.
The parameter value for traffic calculation is applied as below.
BHDR : Busy Hour Day Ratio (9.8%)

margin of 20% is applied to BHDR of the existing operator
ACDM : Average Calling Days per Month (27 day)
MH : Mimutes per Hours (60 Minute)

The result values for Erlang per subscriber and total traffic are shown in [Table 7-4] and [Table 7-
5].
[Table 7-4] Erlang per subscriber
Item SVC Type 2002.06 2003.06 2004.06 2005.06 2006.06
Voice
Prepaid 0.079 0.079 0.078 0.077 0.076
Postpaid 0.189 0.188 0.186 0.184 0.182
Data
Prepaid - 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Postpaid - 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
SMS
Prepaid 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Postpaid 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
VMS
Prepaid 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Postpaid 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Total
Prepaid 0.079 0.079 0.078 0.077 0.076
Postpaid 0.189 0.188 0.186 0.184 0.182
[Table 7-5] Total Traffic (Erlang)
Item 2002.06 2003.06 2004.06 2005.06 2006.06
Hochiminh 310.83 824.59 1,399.56 2,104.86 2,930.59
Hanoi 133.70 355.08 603.45 912.38 1,279.06
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Total 444.52 1,179.68 2,003.01 3,017.24 4,209.64
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Annual traffic eatimation for each BTS
The annual traffic for each BTS is estimated by using the total traffic of each region, which
was acquired by the traffic weight of each BTS in RF network design as well as by total traffic in market
demand analysis. [Table 7-6] and [Table 7-7] show the result of the annual traffic estimation for each
BTS in HCMC and HANOI.
[Table 7-6] Annual traffic estimation for each BTS (HCMC)
BTS ID Traffic Ratio 2002.06 2003.06 2004.06 2005.06 2006.06
HC01 0.0674 20.96 55.60 94.36 141.91 197.58
HC02 0.0479 14.90 39.53 67.10 100.91 140.50
HC03 0.0717 22.29 59.12 100.35 150.92 210.12
HC04 0.0633 19.68 52.20 88.59 133.24 185.51
HC05 0.0554 17.21 45.67 77.51 116.57 162.30
HC06 0.0530 16.49 43.74 74.24 111.66 155.46
HC07 0.0498 15.48 41.07 69.70 104.83 145.95
HC08 0.0420 13.04 34.59 58.71 88.30 122.94
HC09 0.0471 14.64 38.83 65.91 99.12 138.01
HC10 0.0443 13.76 36.49 61.94 93.15 129.70
HC11 0.0236 7.33 19.46 33.02 49.66 69.15
HC12 0.0179 5.58 14.80 25.11 37.77 52.58
HC13 0.0451 14.01 37.17 63.08 94.87 132.09
HC14 0.0525 16.31 43.27 73.44 110.45 153.78
HC15 0.0242 7.53 19.98 33.92 51.01 71.03
HC16 0.0175 5.44 14.42 24.47 36.81 51.25
HC17 0.0264 8.21 21.77 36.95 55.58 77.38
HC18 0.0541 16.82 44.62 75.73 113.89 158.57
HC19 0.0303 9.41 24.96 42.36 63.71 88.71
HC20 0.0125 3.88 10.29 17.47 26.27 36.58
HC21 0.0326 10.13 26.86 45.59 68.57 95.47
HC22 0.0159 4.94 13.12 22.26 33.48 46.61
HC23 0.0616 19.13 50.76 86.15 129.56 180.38
HC24 0.0440 13.68 36.28 61.58 92.62 128.95
Total 1.0000 310.83 824.59 1399.56 2104.86 2930.59
[Table 7-7] Annual traffic estimation for each BTS (HANOI)
BTS ID Traffic Ratio 2002.06 2003.06 2004.06 2005.06 2006.06
HA01 0.03450 4.61 12.25 20.82 31.48 44.13
HA02 0.21033 28.12 74.68 126.92 191.90 269.02
HA03 0.07139 9.54 25.35 43.08 65.13 91.31
HA04 0.16402 21.93 58.24 98.98 149.64 209.79
HA05 0.12482 16.69 44.32 75.32 113.88 159.65
HA06 0.09480 12.67 33.66 57.21 86.49 121.25
HA07 0.03395 4.54 12.06 20.49 30.98 43.42
HA08 0.03719 4.97 13.21 22.44 33.93 47.57
HA09 0.01855 2.48 6.59 11.19 16.92 23.72
HA10 0.07003 9.36 24.87 42.26 63.89 89.57
HA11 0.04966 6.64 17.63 29.97 45.31 63.52
HA12 0.09076 12.14 32.23 54.77 82.81 116.09
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Total 1.00000 133.70 355.08 603.45 912.38 1279.06
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7.3 FA and BTS Dimensioning
In this project, the yearly required number of FA and BTS for the target area are calculated as
below.
FA Dimensioning
At first, BTS loading should be calculated using the annual traffic estimation for each BTS.
Any BTS loaded with more than the effective reference loading of 85% in design criteria is extracted.
Then the regional overloaded BTS ratio of the number of FA capacity overloaded BTS to total number
of the BTS will be obtained.
If overloaded BTS ratio is above 10%, after increasing FA in the region and then BTS loading is
calculated again. The FA when the overloaded BTS ratio is under 10%, is the required FA in that year.
Detail method for BTS loading calculation is presented in 2.2 FA Capacity Criteria. And in order
to calculate the loading of each BTS automatically, the VisualBasic program has been implemented
and was used. [Table 7-8] show the annual required FA number for design area.
[Table 7-8] annual required FA
City 2001.E 2002.E 2003.E 2004.E 2005.E
HCMC 1 FA 1 FA 2 FA 3 FA 3 FA
HANOI 1 FA 1 FA 2 FA 3 FA 3 FA
BTS Dimensioning
If the calculated number of FA exceeds the available number of FA (4FA in this project) in a
region, overloaded BTS should be divided into 2 or more BTSs. After thorough comparison of the
investment cost for additional BTS with the expense to increase FA, the annual number of BTS is
decided.
In this project, additional BTS increase is considered only on the condition that required FA is
more than 4FA. According to the analysis result, additional BTS will not be required and 24 BTSs in
HCMC and 12BTSs in HANOI will be maintained until the end of 2005 year under the previously
suggested assumptions. In future, when a new FA is needed, the thorough cost comparison should be
advanced.
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7.4 Required CE and CC Calculation
In order to calculate the loading of each BTS automatically, the Visual Basic program has been
implemented. And the method to calculate the required CE and CC is described as below.
Reuired CE Calculation
The required number of CE for the voice service is calculated by adapting Erland-B Model to
the traffic of each BTS. And the required number of CE for the packet service is calculated to satisfy
the reliability of 95% with maximum allowable delay time. The finally required number of CE is
calculated by suming both of them above and in consideration of trunking efficiency. In order to
calculate the loading of each BTS automatically, the VisualBasic program has been implemented and
is used.
[Table 7-9] shows traffic model and calculation criteria applied for each service and [Table 7-10]
shows annually required total number of CE.
[Table 7-9] Traffic model and calulation criteria for each service
Voice Packet Data
Traffic Model Blocking Rate Traffic Model Confidence
Erlang-B 1% Poisson Process 95%
[Table 7-10] Total Required Channel Element
Item 2001.12 2002.12 2003.12 2004.12 2005.12
HCMC 517 1,110 1,739 2,493 3,363
HANOI 227 488 761 1,092 1,479
Total 744 1,598 2,500 3,585 4,842
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Required CC Calculation
Total required number of CE including Overhaed channel is calculated based on the required
number of CE and FA in each BTS. Total required number of CE is calculated in consideration of the
number of available CE in a CC and the minimum equipped number of CC in a BTS. [Table 7-11]
shows the criteria to calculate the required number of CC and [Table 7-12] shows the annual number of
CC.
[Table 7-11] CC Calculation Criteria
Item Criteria Remark
CE per CC 64 CE LG Channel Card
Minimum CC 1FA : 2 CC
2FA : 2 CC
3FA : 4 CC
4FA : 4 CC
Channel Card Pooling : 2 FA, 3Sector
Overhead CE 3CE per FA,Sector Overhead CE = 3 * FA * Sector
Round Up 16CE 1 CC addition if the remain number of CE is 16 above
[Table 7-12] Total Required CC
Item 2001.12 2002.12 2003.12 2004.12 2005.12
HCMC 48 48 48 96 96
HANOI 24 24 25 48 49
Total 72 72 73 144 145
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=3.3 and T = 27dB and the radius of

D : Distance between Cell 1 and cell 3 (chips)

Spec. : Return Loss : over 17 dB // VSWR : under 1.3

BTS Paths: TX/RX-0 , TX/RX-1

The layout for the indoor-type equipment installation

The minimum space for the rooftop one-poles : over 2.89

The minimum space for the rooftop towers : over 9

The effective area exposed to the wind

The criteria of the maximum wind velocity

Wind pressure calculation by the maximum wind velocity

The calculation of the delivered moment

The fundamental load calculation

Lurban : average amount of wave attenuation in urban (dB)

Lsuburban : average amount of wave attenuation in suburban (dB)

Lopen : average amount of wave attenuation in open area (dB)

ht : antenna height in a site (m)

a(hr) : adjustment coefficient for the antenna height of a mobile station(dB)

d : distance between a mobile station antenna and a site antenna (km)

1500 MHz f 2000 MHz

ID : Site ID, Sector ID

Hegiht : Building Height(m), Tower Height(m)

Location : Latitude, Longitude

Antenna : Gain(dBd), HPBW(

BHDR : Busy Hour Day Ratio (9.8%)

ACDM : Average Calling Days per Month (27 day)

MH : Mimutes per Hours (60 Minute)

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