FEDERATION EUROPEENNE DES ECOLES EUROPEAN FEDERATION OF SCHOOLS EUROPISCHER SCHULVERBAND FEDERAZIONE EUROPEA DELLE SCUOLE FEDERACION EUROPEA

DE CENTROS DOCENTES
Organisation Non Gouvernementale dote du statut participatif auprs du Conseil de lEurope NGO enjoying participatory status with the Council of Europe

LANGUE VIVANTE EUROPEENNE

ANGLAIS ECRIT

NIVEAU MASTER

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Type dpreuve : Dure : Session :

QCM et rdaction 1 heure 45 Janvier 2007

Fdration Europenne Des Ecoles European Federation of Schools Janvier 2007 UCB4 ANG Ecrit Niveau MASTER Sujet

FUEL FOR THOUGHT

If the world is going to reduce the quantity of greenhouse gases spewed into the atmosphere, every industry has to find ways to use energy more efficiently. One of the most sensible proposals we have heard lately comes from Sir Richard Branson, chairman of Virgin Atlantic airline. As passengers on late-departing flights are only too aware, jets taxi between the gate and the runway sometimes for an hour or longer. And they do it with their giant engines burning fuel the entire time. Sir Richard proposes simply that an aircrafts engines remain off until the plane is ready for takeoff. Under his proposal, tugs would pull the airplanes from the gates to a holding area near the end of the runway. This would reduce the pollution generated by the waiting planes. Not only does that help the effort against global warming, it also benefits the health of those living nearby. Like any new system, there would be details to work out. The biggest hurdle may be bureaucratic, because of the many different companies and regulatory bodies represented at each location. But airlines should get behind the proposal because it would save fuel, which would mean saving money. Virgin says it is working with Londons Gatwick and Heathrow airports to try to get trial programs up and running. With a little cooperation, substantial reductions in airport ground pollution are within reach. When Sir Richard pledged recently to invest USD 3 billion over 10 years to fight global warming, some questioned whether it was one of his many publicity stunts. This new proposal should allay doubts about his commitment and seriousness. Ultimately, private enterprise must play a critical role in moving away from an economy powered by fossil fuels and towards a sustainable one run on alternative power sources. The more entrepreneurs like the brash Sir Richard get involved in green business, the faster we will end our reliance on petroleum. But the actions of private citizens and businesses do not absolve the government of responsibility to act decisively. The United States government still needs to regulate emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases. Only when there is a price associated with polluting the atmosphere will the clean-energy businesses supported by the people like Sir Richard really take flight.

1) MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONNAIRE 1 1. Fuel for Thought, means: a) fuel efficient b) fuel up c) the subject is worth considering 2. gases spewed into the atmosphere.means: a) gases belched into the atmosphere b) gases held by the atmosphere. c) gases withdrawn into the atmosphere 3. Why is Sir Richards proposal said to be : one of the most sensible.. ? a) because the idea is merely from common sense b) because Sir Richard is allergic to pollution 4. If agreed, to what extent would this proposal help? a) It would have a positive double effect on the environment and individuals b) Improvements are likely to take place on a global level

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5. The biggest hurdle may be bureaucratic, because: a) red tape is likely to be the toughest aspect b) there will be a lot of hassle in the office c) everybody will be hurrying in the premises 6. Airlines should get behind the proposal, suggests: a) they are expected to lag behind b) they are likely to support the proposal c) they may be reluctant 7. Reductions of ground pollution are within reach, means: a) are at hand b) out of c) unexpected 8. Whether it was one of his publicity stunts, supposes that: a) Currently Sir Richard is dealing with advertising b) He is used to such uproar c) Hes known for being committed to environment 9. This new proposal should allay doubts about his commitment, means: a) People should feel less reluctant about Sir Richards involvement b) The proposal should strengthen peoples opinion on him c) Sir Richard is definitely lacking in seriousness 10. What is needed to become less dependent on fossil fuels? a) Actions led both by private companies and the Government of Virginia. b) More individuals and companies acting backed by governments rules c) Private companies can be involved in such actions

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Ireland top destination for new EU migrant workers Ireland is the top destination for migrants from the 10 new EU states, attracting six times as many people as Britain in proportion to its population, writes Jamie Smyth, Technology Reporter. Yet contrary to fears that the Republic would be flooded with cheap labour, the inflow of new workers has benefited the Irish economy, a new report shows. Report on the Free Movement of Workers in the EU-25 was compiled by the civil rights group European Citizen Action Service. The report, gathered data from 20 of the 25 EU states, said that 85,000 migrant workers travelled to the Republic from the 10 new EU states following enlargement. It did not quantify the output generated by these workers but concluded that Ireland has been a beneficiary of the enlargement. The authors said yesterday that the economic impact here was similar to that in Britain where 175,000 migrant workers, who registered in the year following EU enlargement, generated 500 million in extra economic output. This economic performance was achieved without boosting unemployment or straining the welfare system, it concluded. It noted that Irish State agencies have targeted workers from the 10 new member states for recruitment for several years. "The influx of new workers was considered as the lifeblood of the Irish economy and was certainly needed to sustain the country's economic growth," it said. The report pinpointed Poland, Lithuania and Latvia as the three new EU states providing the highest number of migrants. It also characterised the typical migrant from eastern Europe as a young, male, single worker who sends money back to his home country. The level of migration from the 10 new member states to the original 15 EU members overall was comparatively low at less than 1 per cent of the labour force, according to the report, which highlighted the high wages and flexible labour markets in the Republic and Britain as key factors for workers seeking jobs. "The scaremongers who had predicted a large influx of cheap labour from central and eastern Europe have been proved wrong," said Tony Venables, director of the European Citizen Action Service The Republic, Sweden and Britain were the only three states to open their labour markets fully to migrants from the 10 new member states. Other states, such as France and Germany, which have high unemployment, put restrictions on the right to work for several years to protect their own labour markets. The European Commission will recommend next year whether these restrictions should be shortened. Some campaigners against the Nice Treaty such as Anthony Coughlan of the National Platform had criticised the Government's policy of extending Irish citizens' rights of work to east European migrants when other EU states were not doing so.

2) MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONNAIRE 2 11. New east European migrants have plagued Irelands job market: a) True b) False 12. Migrants mainly came from: a) 10 of the latest member states b) 20 of the first member states c) 10 of the former member states 13. Strong migration has benefited the countrys economic output a) True b) False
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14. The influx fallout on the countrys economy was: a) An endangered welfare system of the country b) A boosted economy 15. Which EU states are truly welcoming eastern migrant workers? a) The Czech Republic, Finland and Sweden b) Ireland, Sweden and Great Britain c) France, Ireland and Scotland 16. The migration figures are a) Lower than one percent of the workforce b) Less than one percent of the population 17. New migrant workers are attracted by: a) Attractive wages, equal work rights b) Flexible hours and high salaries 18. Why do France and Germany set restrictions on the right to work? a) To protect their nationals jobs b) They think strong immigration would decrease unemployment rate 19. All Irish want to follow the French policy on job market protectionism. a) True b) False 20. The European Commission may recommend a) Tougher restrictions as migrant workers represent a true threat for the job market b) Softer rules to favour immigration c) Shorter work periods before being entitled to same work rights

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3) CLOZE TEXT For each blank choose one the four alternatives listed on page 7
Swarming the shelves Nov 9th 2006 From The Economist How shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales

Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and __21___ them to buy more food than they had intended. __22____ the most expensive products ___23___ makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how swarm intelligence (that is, how ants, bees or any social animal, including humans, behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy. Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani, a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology, described a new way to increase ___24___buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realize they wanted: for instance, by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store, forcing shoppers to walk past other ____25___goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes, also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to ___26___this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are ____27___ choose it too. The ___28____ is to keep customers informed about what others are buying. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio __29____identification ___30___, a sort of barcode that uses radio ___31___ to transmit information, and every ___32___has a scanner that reads this information and ___33___it to a central computer. As a customer ___34____ a shelf of goods, a __35___ on the shelf tells him how many people ____36___in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too. Mr Usmani's swarm-moves model ____37___ supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people _____38____. And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the right productthat is, the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world, mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart in America and Tesco in Britain are ____39____ his work, and testing will get ____40____in the spring. Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could, indeed, be ___41___ in this way. Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14,000 people ___42_____ previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded, they ____43____ the crowd. When the songs were not ordered by rank, but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed, the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the___44___ when it is easy for them to do so. In Japan a chain of ____45___ shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category, and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem, a company in Cambridge, Massachusetts, also ____46___ exploit knowledge of social ___47___ to improve sales. And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet. Online retailers such as Amazon are ___48___ telling shoppers which products are popular with ____49____ consumers. Even in the privacy of your home, you can still be part of the __ 50___.

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21) a) persuades b) obliged c) deter d) look into 24) a) happy b) impulse c) daily d) compulse 27) a) likely to b) liking to c) relying in d) never 30) a) clad b) lad c) tag d) bat 33) a) relays b) relies on c) runs d) cheats 36) a) currency b) currently c) yesterday d) next year 39) a) interested in b) interested by c) interesting with d) interesting to 42) a) download b) pictured c) downloaded d) storing 45) a) convenience b) malls c) outlet d) overseas 48) a) adept at b) adopt into c) adept on d) accurate

22) a) tights b) stocking c) socks d) happy to 25) a) naughty b) tempting c) large d) appalling 28) a) change b) challenge c) chosen d) charm 31) a) waved b) wavy c) wafers d) waves 34) a) walks past b) hurry up c) ride d) achieved 37) a) appeals to b) appeals at c) appalled d) attracted 40) a) long after b) on the run c) above all d) underway 43) a) followed b) forward c) hurried d) pushed 46) a) aims for b) aims to c) refuse d) postpone 49) a) like you b) slow-minded c) like-minded d) absent-minded

23) a) at the bottom b) at the top c) at eye level d) at your feet 26) a)destroy b) deter c) enhance d) outdate 29) a)frequency b) frenzy c) blatant d) frequent 32) a) cars b) trolley c) trolls d) cupboards 35) a) casing b) screen c) desk d) mouse 38) a) perks b) discounts c) prominent d) fads 41) a) plastered b) clashed c) boosted d)pictured 44) a) hard b) shepherd c) hyper d) herd 47) a) nests b) networking c) nettings d) railings 50) a) vamp b)swamp c) swarm d) dam

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4) ESSAY

Are airline carriers considering turning to a more environmentally-friendly power? Answer this question in 400 words (+or- 10%)

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