CCS7 (Isup)

Course OSB0002 Issue 1.
CCS7 Signaling System OVSV610R003
Course Description
Course Overview
Basic concepts of CCS7, structure of C&C08 CCS7 system and introduction to concept of C&C08 CCS7 system are described in the course.
Course Objectives
After the course is completed, the trainees should be able to Understand basic concept of CCS7. Familiar with hardware structure of CCS7 in C&C08 switching system. Know the data fields used in No.7 data setting in database. Know the function of signaling tracing of C&C08 switching system.
Related Materials
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Course OSB0002 Issue 1.0
Section 1 An Introduction to Signaling

1.1 Signaling - General
In a telephony context, signaling means the passing of information and instructions from one point to another relevant to the setting up and supervision of a telephone call. By tradition, Signaling has been divided into two types :Subscriber Signaling i.e. signaling between a subscriber terminal (telephone) and the local exchange, and Trunk Signaling i.e. signaling between exchanges. See Figure 1.1.
Local Exchange Local Exchange
Subscriber Signalling
Trunk Signalling
c c s
c a s
c c s
c a s
Fig.1-1 Traditional division of signaling
The Trunk Signaling has further been divided into :Channel Associated Signaling (CAS) i.e. signaling in the speech channel (in-band) or in a channel closely associated with the speech channel ,and Common Channel Signaling (CCS) i.e. signaling in a channel totally separated from the speech channels and where this Signaling Channel is common for a large number of speech channels.
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1.2 Subscriber Signaling

To initiate a call, a telephone subscriber lifts the handset off its rest-goes "off hook". This action is a signal to the exchange that the subscriber wants to make a phone call. As soon as appropriate receiving equipment has been connected to the line, the exchange sends a dial tone back to the calling party, who then can start dialing the wanted number. The subscriber in due course then receives advice from the exchange about the status of the call, either a ringing tone, and engaged or busy tone signal, and equipment busy tone signal (congestion), or some other specialized tone. These are some of the signals with which the telephone subscribers themselves are concerned. See Figure 1.3.
HOOK OFF DIAL TONE
NUMBER RINGING TONE RINGING SIGNAL B ANSWER
CONVERSATION
HOOK
ON
HOOK
ON
Fig.1-2 Example of Subscriber Signals
Please note that the Calling Subscriber is always referred to as the A-subscriber, and the Called Subscriber is called the B -subscriber.
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1.3 Inter -Exchange Signaling

Telephone signaling is however also concerned with the signaling of information between exchanges (line and register signals). See Figure 1-3.
SEIZURE SEIZURE ACKN.
B NUMBER B ANSWER CONVERSATION CLEAR BACK CLEAR FORWARD RELEASE GUARD
Fig.1-3 Example of fundamental Inter-exchange signals.
The Register Signals are used during the set - up phase in order to guide the set up of the call all the way through the network to the terminating exchange, while the Line Signals are used during the whole time of a call to supervise the status of the call and the line. The information contents in these signals are mainly the same as for he subscriber loop signals. Until the mid 60's ,all such signaling was carried on, or directly associated with, the speech path. This traditional type of signaling is generally called Channel Associated Signaling.
1.4 Channel Associated Signaling - CAS

Through the years, a number of different signaling systems of this kind have been developed, some of them defined by CCITT.
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Examples of these Channel Associated Signaling (CAS) systems are: MFP - Multi Frequency Pulsed ( CCITT #5, R1) MFC - Multi Frequency Compelled (CCITT R2, LME MFC) The names of these signaling systems tell that the most common way of transmitting the signals are in the form of pulses or tones (combination of tone frequencies). Characteristic for this type of signaling is that for each speech channel there is one unambiguously defined signaling path, either: On- speech- path, i.e. the signals are transferred in the speech channel, for example In- Band Signaling or Out -band signaling which is frequently used today. Channel -associated, i.e. the signals are transferred in a separate signaling channel, for example the multi -frame arrangement in PCM where the line signals are transferred in time slot 16. All of these signaling systems have a number of limitations like: Relatively slow, Limited information capacity etc. During the 1970's, when Stored Program Controlled exchanges were introduced in the telephone networks, it was obvious that a new signaling concept could offer many advantages compared to the traditional signaling systems. In this new signaling concept, fast data links between the processors of the SPC exchanges were used to carry all the signaling, leaving the voice circuits to carry speech. This new type of signaling is commonly referred to as Common Channel Signaling (CCS).
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1.5 Common Channel Signaling - CCS

In this type of signaling system, signaling for numerous circuits can be handled by a few fast signaling data links. The signaling is performed in both directions, with one signaling channel in each direction. The signaling information that will be transferred is grouped into signal units (data packets). Besides the signaling information itself, there is also need for speech circuit identification and address information (label) and information for error control. The SPC (Stored Program Control) exchanges together with the Signaling Links thus form a separate logical "packet switched" signaling network. Today, there are two different standard systems for common channel signaling available. The first system, CCITT No. 6, was produced as early as 1968, and is intended for use on analog lines, primarily for intercontinental traffic. It has been completely replaced by CCITT No. 7. The second system, CCITT No. 7, which was specified in 1979/80, is intended primarily for digital networks, both national and international, where the high transmission rate (64 kb /s )can be exploited. It may also be used on analog lines. CCITT No. 7 signaling has not only been designed to control the setting up and supervision of telephone calls but of non -voice services also. The system has several advantages compared with traditional signaling systems. Some obvious advantages are the following: FAST - the time for call set up is reduced to less than one second in most cases.
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HIGH CAPACITY - each signaling link can handle the signaling for several thousand simultaneous calls. ECONOMIC - much less signaling equipment is required, compared to traditional signaling systems. RELIABLE - by using alternate signaling routes, the signaling network can be made very secure. FLEXIBLE - the system can contain many more signals, for example, and can be used for other purposes than telephony.
1.6 Evolution
The Signaling System No. 7, in the first version, was designed for Telephony. During the 1980's, the demand for new types of Services has increased dramatically, and the Signaling System No. 7 has therefore been developed to meet the signaling requirements from all these new Services. CCITT No. 7 is today an increasingly important basis for new Telecommunication Services in networks link: PSTN ISDN IN PLMN the Public Switched Telephone Network the Integrated Services Digital Network the Intelligent Network the Public Land Mobile Network (especially the digital
mobile networks).
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Section 2 Basic Concepts of CCS7

2.1 Signaling Point
A Signaling Point (SP) is a switching or, processing node in a signaling network, with the functions of CCITT S.S. No. 7 implemented. A telephone exchange, functioning as a Signaling Point, must be of the SPC (Stored Program Control) type, as No. 7 signaling is a form of data communication between processors. All Signaling Points in a No. 7 Signaling Network are identified by a unique code (14 bits 0r 24 bits) known as a Signaling Point Code.
2.2 Signaling Link / Link Set

The common channel signaling system uses Signaling Links (SL) to convey the signaling messages between two signaling points. Physically, a Signaling Link consists of a Signaling Terminal at each end of the link and some kind of transmission media (normally a time slot in a PCM -link) interconnecting the two Signaling Terminals. A number of parallel signaling links that directly interconnect two signaling points constitute a Signaling Link -Set.
2.3 Signaling Modes

The term Signaling Mode refers to the association between the path taken by a signaling message and the speech path (or data path) to which the message refers.
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In the Associated mode of signaling, the messages related to a call follow the same path as the speech between two adjacent signaling points. See Figure 2.1.
ASSOCIATED
SP
SP
Signalling relation Signalling link set
Fig 2.1. Associated signaling mode
In the Quasi -associated mode of signaling, the messages belonging to a call are conveyed over two or more link -sets in tandem passing through one or more signaling points other than those which are the origin and the destination of the messages. See Figure 2.2. In this case the signaling messages are following another path than the speech. The signaling points through which the messages are passing are called Signaling Transfer Points (STPs).
SP
QUASI - ASSOCIATED
SP
STP
STP
Fig 2.2 Quasi -associated signaling mode
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2.4 Signaling Point Modes

A signaling point, at which a signaling message is generated, is called the Originating Point. A signaling point, to which a signaling message is destined, is called a Destination Point. A signaling point, at which a message is received on one signaling link and then transferred to another link, without processing the contents of the message, is called a Signaling Transfer Point (STP). In the quasi -associated signaling mode, the messages are passing through one or more STPs on their way from the Originating Point to the Destination Point.
2.5 Signaling Route / Route Set

The pre -determined path, that a message takes through the signaling network between the origination point and the destination point is called a Signaling Route. It may consist of a succession of SP / STPs and the interconnecting SLs. All the Signaling Routes that may be used between an origination point and a destination point by a message traversing the signaling network is the Signaling Route Set for that signaling relation.
2.6 Functional Blocks

The CCITT Signaling Systems No. 7 comprises a number of functional blocks. See Figure 2.3.
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USER PARTS (UP)
MESSAGE TRANSFER PART MTP
USER PARTS (UP)
Fig 2.3 Basic structure of Signaling System No. 7
The Message Transfer Part (MTP) serves as a common transport system for reliable transfer of signaling messages between signaling points. In CCITT S.S. No. 7, there are a number of different User Parts defined. Each User Part contains the functions and procedures which are particular to a certain type of user of the signaling system. Examples of User Parts are Telephone User Part (TUP) and Data User Part (DUP). 2.6.1 Message Transfer Part (MTP) The Message Transfer Part conveys signaling messages between different User Parts and is completely independent of the content in each such message. The responsibility of the MTP is to convey signaling messages from one User Part to another User Part in a reliable way. This means that messages are transferred: Correctly, i.e. all distorted messages must be corrected before they are handed over to the receiving User Part. In correct sequence. Without loss or duplication.
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2.6.2 User Parts The User Parts generate and analyze signaling messages. They use the MTP as a transport function to convey the signaling information to other User Parts of the same kind. Examples of User Parts are: TUP DUP ISUP MTUP Telephone User Part Data User Part ISDN User Part Mobile Telephone User Part
2.7 Analogy - Mailing Organization

The Basic Structure of CCITT No. 7 can be compared with a mailing organization, where the letter -writes correspond to the User Parts and the Post Office corresponds to the Message Transfer Part. See Figure 2.4.
UP
UP
SIF
MTP
POST OFFICE
MSU
POST OFFICE
Fig 2.4 Analogy - CCITT No. 7 Mailing organization
The letter - writers (UPs) write their letters (the signal information - SIF) and mail them at the post office (MTP).
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At the post office, the letters are stamped and sorted and then transported (as Message Signal Units - MSU) via the road network (signaling network) to other post offices. At the receiving post office, the letters are again sorted and then distributed to their addressees (UPs).
2.8 Signaling Messages

In Common Channel Signaling, the signaling information is conveyed in a different way, compared to the traditional signaling systems where the signals are conveyed in the form of pulses, tones, tone -codes etc. In CCITT No. 7, the signaling information is conveyed in Signal Units, i.e. packets of binary digits (ones and zeros) arranged like data records with fields where the bit combinations mean different things. As a matter of fact, the signaling in CCITT No. 7 is a form of packet switched data communication. There are three main types of Signal Units in CCITT No. 7 See Figure 2.5.
MSU F
8
CK
16
SIF SIO
8n,n 2 8 2
LI
6
ERROR CORRECTION
16
F
8
First bit transmitted
LSSU F
8
CK
16
SF
8 or 16 2
LI
6
ERROR CORRECTION
16
F
8
FISU F
8
CK
16 2
LI
6
ERROR CORRECTION
16
F
8
Fig 2.5 Signal Units in CCITT No. 7
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MSU Message Signal Unit - contains the signaling information LSSU Link Status Signal Unit - is used for managing signaling links FISU Fill In Signal Unit - is used as fill in signals and for ac know lodgment.
2.9 Message Formats and Codes

A Signal Unit consists of a number of fields. One field (in MSU) Signaling Information Field (SIF) - has to do with the User Parts, all the other fields contain information for the Message Transfer Part (MTP). See Figure 2.6.
MSU F
8
CK
16
SIF
8nn 2
SIO
8 2
LI
6
ERROR CORRECTION
F
8
16
USER INFO
LABEL
TUP TUP TUP
MTP
Fig 2.6 Message Signal Unit
The Signaling Information Field contains the signaling information from the user part and a label. The contents of the remaining fields in an MSU are as follows: SIO Service Information Octet. It contains information about which User Part the MSU belongs to . LI Length Indicator. It indicates the number of octets in the fields between the LI field and the CK field. This makes it possible to
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differentiate between the three types of signal units (See figure 5) as follows: LI =0: FISU Fill - In Signal Unit LI = 1 or 2: LSSU Link Status Signal Unit LI > 2: MSU Message Signal Unit CK Check bits for detecting bit errors. Error Correction Consists of four fields - Forward Sequence Number (FSN), Backward Sequence Number (BSN), Forward Indicator Bit (FIB) and Backward Indicator Bit (BIB). These fields are used for requesting retransmission. F Flag: It indicates the beginning and the end of the message.
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Section 3 Signaling Networks

3.1 Planning Objectives
The main parameters in Signaling Network planning are: Simple network structure Reliability Short delay times Reasonable costs Simple network structure is normally achieved by arranging the signaling network in a few hierarchical levels. Advantages with a hierarchical structure are that it is very flexible for future growth and it is relatively simple to administer. Reliability is a very important factor to consider when planning a signaling network. As the capacity of a signaling link is very high and the signaling traffic is very concentrated, the consequences of a link failure can be very drastic. High reliability can be achieved in different ways, for instance by building redundancy into the network - alternate signaling routes must be planned into the network. Short delay times is one of the main advantages with S.S. No. 7 signaling. With a simple hierarchical network structure and with properly dimensioned signaling links and nodes, the delay times can be kept to a minimum (less than one second). Reasonable costs will be the result of proper dimensioning. The cost aspect is not as critical in planning an ordinary telephone network.
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3.2 Network Components

3.2.1 Signaling Pint (SP) An SP is a node in the No. 7 Signaling Network. It has both the MTP and one or more User Parts implemented. A local exchange with S.S. No. 7 implemented is an example of a Signaling Point. 3.2.2 Signaling Transfer Point (STP) An STP is a node in the No. 7 Signaling Network, which transfers received messages to other Signaling Points . It uses only MTP functions (sometimes also SCCP functions). A transit exchange may be an
example of an exchange with integrated Signaling Transfer Point capability. Note! An exchange can be both an SP and an STP. 3.2.3 STP - Pair For reliability reasons the STPs are, from the SP's point of view, often working together in pairs. In normal use the signaling traffic is divided between the two STPs on a load sharing basis. In case of failure in one STP, the other STPs must have the capacity to handle also all the signaling traffic at the failed STP. 3.2.4 Signaling Link (SL) A Signaling Link consists of two signaling terminals interconnected with some kind of transmission media (e.g. a time slot in a PCM system).
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3.2.5 Link Set A Link Set consists of one or more (up to 16) parallel Signaling Links.
3.3 Signaling Point Number

To facilitate identification of the exchanges in a network, all signaling transfer points and signaling points are numbered according to a predetermined system. When a message is sent from one signaling point to another, these numbers are represented by the Destination Point Code (DPC) and the Originating Point Code (OPC) in the Message Signal UNIT (MSU), See Figure 3.1.
Signalling Point SP=500
B
MSU sent from A to B OPC DPC 100 500
C A
Signalling Point SP=100 Signalling Point SP=110
Fig 3.1
All exchanges in a signaling network have unique numbers. Note, however, that the same numbering may be used in some other network. We will revert to the numbering of signaling points in a network when studying the Swedish national signaling network.
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Section 4 Signaling Message Transfer Procedure

4.1 Destination in the Signaling Network
As we have said already, each Message Signal Unit (MSU) contains a label. The label for message (MSU - TUP) related to a telephone conversation is composed as follows, See Figure 4.1
CIC
OPC
DPC
CIC Circuit Identification Code

Indicates the speech circuit to which the message belongs
OPC Originating Point Code

Indicates the signalling point which generates the message
DPC Destination Point Code

Indicates the signalling point for which the message is intended
Fig 4.1
The signaling point number given in DPC is the signaling network destination of the message (DEST). There is a DEST for each outgoing speech route in an exchange. This means that after a speech route has been selected for a call, the signaling point knows the DEST to which the appurtenant signaling messages are to be sent. DEST is placed in the labels Destination Point (DEC) together with the speech connection number in the Circuit Identification Code (CIC) and the number of the sending exchange in the Origination Point Code (OPC).
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Important basic rule: DEST in a given signaling point can only represent other signaling points in which direct speech routes from the signaling point in question terminate. Why, then, is it so important? After a message has been received in the signaling point that corresponds to the Destination Point (DPC) of the label, the speech connection must be identified. This is done with the aid of Originating Point Code (OPC) and Circuit Identification Code (CIC), i.e. the
originating exchange and the number of the speech connection between two exchanges, See Figure 4.2.
Label
CIC
OPC
DPC
Fig 4.2
Consequently, if the speech connection does not belong to a route from the originating exchange, the destination exchange will not be able to locate the speech connection. The result will be an "owner less" signaling message which cannot be interpreted in the receiving signaling point.
4.2 Forwarding Signaling Message

As we could see when studying how link sets are selected and priority marked, signaling messages are forwarded by the Signaling Transfer Points (STPs) to other points in the signaling network.
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STP forwards signaling messages between two signaling pints interconnected over a direct speech route, See Figure 4.3. STP forwards signaling messages between two signaling points not interconnected over a direct speech route, See Figure 4.4. Combinations of these two cases may also occur on a signaling path.
500
100
A
Speech route LS
200
Fig 4.3
To clarify the forwarding process we are going to study the following examples:
Example 1 (STP)
A subscriber in exchange A calls a subscriber in exchange C (see figure 4.3). Since there is a direct speech route between A and C, a circuit (No. 13) in this route is selected. We have already mentioned that each signaling point in the signaling network has a signaling point number. Let us begin by using these. In this simplified network pattern, only one Link Set (LS) is connected to exchange A, namely LS = 500. Consequently, signaling messages addressed to C must be forwarded by signaling point B. What does the label look like in an MSU - TUP sent from A and addressed to C?
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Remember that the destination will be DEST = 200 since A uses the direct speech route to C, See Figure 4.4.
MSU
CIC 13 OPC 100 DPC 200
500
B
CIC 13
MSU
OPC 100 DPC 200
100
A
Speech circuit 13
200
Speech route LS
Fig 4.4
What happens in B is that the Message Transfer Part (MTP) reads the Destination Point Code (DPC) of the label and decides to forward the message because it is not intended for the own exchange. DPC = 200 gives DEST = 200, and Link Set (LS) = 200 is used to transmit the message to C.
Example 2 (Tandem)
Also in this example, a subscriber in A calls a subscriber in C, see figure 4.5, but this time congestion is encountered on the direct speech route to C. So, a speech circuit (No. 20) is selected in the alternative route A -B. What will be the destination in A for a message intended for signaling point C? Since the selected speech route terminates in B, the answer bust be DEST = 500. The label will this be as shown in figure 4.5.
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MSU
500
B
CIC 25
MSU
OPC 500 DPC 200
Speech circuit 13
100
A
Conguestion
200
Speech route LS
Fig 4.5
When checking the Destination Point Code (DPC) of the label, the Message Transfer Part (MTP) in B finds that the message is addressed to the own exchange. After analyze of delivered subscriber address (digits) a new speech route from B to C will be selected. Then the signaling with DEST = 200 will start. Thus, speed circuits will be established link by link and each speech link has its own signaling relation. But how will this work, considering that the message from A is intended for signaling point C?
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Section 5 OSI Reference Model

5.1 Background
Telephony
Within Telephony we have, since long time, standards that makes it possible to connect oneself to the telephone network and communicate all over the world. See Figure 5.1.
PSTN
CCITT - rec.
Fig 5.1 PSTN - Public Switched Telephone Network

Data Communication
During the 1970s, Data communication was developing more and more rapidly. Different vendors of data communication systems were developing their own standards for data communication processes, leading to a number of closed islands of vendor - dependent systems. This diversity of emerging standards was not in the best interests of he users and an increasing need for international data communication standards was obvious. The increasing need for communication between different computer systems lead to the work on an international standard. This was started around 1977/78 by ISO (International Standard Organization) after an initiative by BSI (British Standard Institute).
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The objective was to create a standard that makes it possible to interconnect data communication systems all over the world. See Figure 5.2.
IBM
SNA
Honeywell - Bull
DSA
OSI - WORLD
DEC
DNA
Univac
DCA
Fig 5.2 Interconnection of data communication systems.
In 1980, ISO presented the result of this standardization work in the form of the OSI Reference Model. OSI is an abbreviation for Open Systems Interconnection. Open Systems are systems that use the standardized communication procedures developed from the reference model. Thus all such Open Systems will be able to communicate with each other. Open systems may be computer, exchanges, data networks etc. In 1984, CCITT (Comites' Consultative International Telegraphique et Telephonique) came out with the recommendation X.200, where the OSI reference model is described in detail.
5.2 OSI and CCITT No. 7

A first specification of S.S. No. 7 (Signaling System No. 7) was published as early as 1980 in the CCITT Yellow book, the same year as ISO presented the OSI model. The Signaling System No. 7, which is a
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type of packet switched data communication, was also structured in a modular way, very similar to the OSI model, but with 4 levels instead of 7 layer. The three lowest levels form a message transfer part, MTP, and the fourth level contains the user parts. See Figure 5.6.
SS7
OMAP TCAP ISUP TUP
OSI
layer 7 layer 6 layer 5 layer 4
4
SCCP
Signalling Network Signalling Link Signalling DataLink
layer 3 layer 2 layer 1
3 2 1
MTP
Fig 5.6 Relationship between CCITT No. 7 and OSI model.
Thus, S.S. No. 7 is not wholly compatible with OSI. One big difference between the first version of S.S. No. 7 and the OSI model is the communication process in the network. The OSI model describes a connection-oriented exchange of data. The communication process then comprises three stages: setting up the connection, data transfer and disconnection. MTP provides only connectionless transport service (only data transfer phase), which is a faster way of transmitting data in small amounts. In order to meet the need for extended services in certain application, SCCP (Signaling Connection Control Part) was added in 1984 in the CCITT Red Book.
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SCCP offers both connectionless and connection-oriented network transport service and provides an interface between the transport and network layers that in general conforms to that of OSI. SCCP makes it possible to use a S.S. No. 7 network, based on MTP, as the carrier between applications that use OSI protocols for the exchange of information in the upper layers. This is an advantage, particularly in cases where S.S. No. 7 networks already exist. In the CCITT Blue Book (1988) is also a general protocol for Transaction Capabilities (TCAP) and an Application Part for Operation and Maintenance described. They together correspond to layer 7 in the OSI model.
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Section 6 Message Transfer Part - MTP

6.1 General
The first application of the Signaling System No. 7 was, of course, setting up calls in the ordinary telephone network, PSTN. CCS7 performs the same signaling functions as the conventional signaling systems but with a technique that is better suited for digital systems and SPC exchanges. For the subscribers, it means a much faster set - up of the calls and a possibility for new services. For the tele-administrations, No. 7 signaling means much less signaling equipment required in the network and increased capacity for telephone calls. A few year after the first version (Yellow book) of the signaling system was presented by CCITT in 1980, several countries started to implement the system in their national telephone networks. It has turned out to be a very effective and successful signaling system. Today, many countries are using No. 7 signaling, not only in the telephone network but also in ISDN, Intelligent Networks, Mobile Networks etc. For signaling in the telephone network, PSTN, two parts of the signaling system are required. The Message Transfer Part (MTP), which is a common transport system for all kinds of telecommunication applications, is necessary for transferring the signaling messages between telephone exchanges (Signaling Points).
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The Telephone User Part (TUP) is the part of the signaling system, which creates the telephone signals in the originating exchange and receives and interprets the signals in the destination exchange.
6.2 Message Transfer Part - MTP

The Message Transfer Part is common to all user parts within one exchange, It consists of the Signaling Data Link (Level 1), which interconnects two exchanges, and the Message Transfer Control System. See Figure 6.1.
Signalling Point User Part User Part Signalling Transfer Point
Signalling Point User Part User Part
S C C P
Sighnalling Connection Control Part
S C C P
Message Transfer Control System

Signalling Data Link

MESSAGE TRANSFER PART
Fig 6.1 CCITT No. 7- System structure
The Message Transfer Control System is divided into two parts, the Signaling Link Functions (level 2) and the Signaling Network Functions (level 3). See Figure 6.2.
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LEVEL 4
LEVEL 3
LEVEL 2
LEVEL 1
UPs
MESSAGE TRANSFER PART - MTP

Signalling Network Functions
Signalling Network Message Handling Signalling Network Management
Signalling Link
Signalling Link Functions
Signalling Messages
Control Signals
Fig 6.2 General structure of signaling system functions Signaling Link Functions
The Signaling Link Functions supervise the Signaling Data Link for faulty messages and controls that messages are sent and received in correct sequence and without loss or duplication.
Signaling Network Functions
The Signaling Network Function contain functions for Message Handling (traffic handling) and for Signaling Network Management.
Signaling Message Handling
The Message Handling contains functions for routing messages to the appropriate link and to distribute received messages within the home exchange to the correct user.
Signaling Network Management
In the event of changes of the status in the signaling network, for instance if a signaling link or a signaling point becomes unavailable, the Signaling Network Management functions control reconfigurations and
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other actions to preserve or restore the normal message transfer capability. The principal interwork between the above functions are illustrated in Figure 6.3.
6.3 Signaling Data Link (Level 1)

A Signaling Data Link is a bi-directional transmission path for signaling, comprising two data channels operating together in opposite directions and at the same transmission rate. See Figure 6.3.
SIGNALLING DATA LINK

SLEVEL 1 SELECTOR SELECTOR
ST
MUX
ET
ET
MUX
ST
64 kb/s (G 703)
PCM (30) (G 732, 734)
Fig 6.3 Signaling Data Link
A Signaling Data Link can be either digital or analogue. A digital Signaling Data Link is mode up of digital transmission channels (64 kb /s) and digital switches. An analogue Signaling Data Link is made up of voice-frequency analogue transmission channels (4 kHz) and modems. The Level 1 protocol defines the physical, electrical and functional characteristics of a Signaling Data Link. These characteristics are described in more detail in the CCITT Recommendations G.703, G.732 and G.734.
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6.4 Signaling Link (Level 2)

The Signaling Link Functions, together with the Signaling Data Link as transmission medium and with the Signaling Terminal as
transmission/reception controller, provide a Signaling Link for reliable transfer of signaling messages between two directly connected Signaling Points. See Figure 6.4.
SIGNALLING LINKSL
SLEVEL 2 SELECTOR SLEVEL 1
(SIGNALLING DATA .INK)
SLEVEL 2 SELECTOR
GSS ST MUX ET ET MUX ST
Fig 6.4 Signaling Link
The Signaling Link Functions comprise: Signal unit delimitation and alignment (flags) Error detection Error Correction Initial alignment Processor outage Level 2 flow control Congestion indications to level 3 Signaling link error monitoring The purpose of the Signaling Link Function is to ensure that messages are delivered to the far end correctly, in correct sequence and without
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loss or duplication. The purpose is also to perform initial alignment of the look and to supervise the performance of the link.
6.5 Signaling Network Functions (Level 3)

The signaling network functions can be divided into two basic categories namely: Signaling message handing (traffic handing) Signaling network management See Figure 6.11
LEVEL 4
LEVEL 3
LEVEL 2
LEVEL 1
UPs

Signalling Message Handling Signalling Network Management
Signalling Link
Signalling Messages
Control Signals
Fig 6.11 Signaling Network Functions Signaling Message Handling
The purpose of the Signaling Message Handling functions is to ensure that the signaling messages originated by a particular User Part at a signaling point (originating point) are delivered to the same User Part at the destination point indicated by the sending User Part. The Signaling Message Handling functions are based on the Network Indicator in the SIO field and the Routing Label contained in the
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messages which explicitly identifies the destination and originating points. The Signaling Message Handling functions are divided into: Message Routing Message Discrimination Message Distribution See Figure 6.12
SIGNALLING MESSAGE HANDLING

LEVEL 4 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 2
MESSAGE DISTRIBUTION
MESSAGE DISCRIMINATION
MESSAGE ROUTING
Fig 6.12 Signaling Network Functions
The Message Routing function is used at each signaling point (SP) to determine the outgoing signaling link (SL) on which a message has to be sent towards its destination point. The Message Discrimination function is used at an SP to determine whether or not a received message is destined to the point itself. When a message is not destined to the SP, that message has to be transferred to the message routing function. The Message Distribution function is used at an SP to deliver the received messages (destined to the point itself) to the appropriate User Part (UP) or to the Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP).
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Message Routing
The routing of a message to the appropriate signaling link is based on the Network Indicator (NI) in the Service Information Octet, and on the Signaling Link Selection field (SLS) and the Destination Point Code (DPC) in the routing label. See Figure 6.13
MSU - MESSAGE SIGNAL UNIT
F CK
SIF
SIO LI
ERROR CORRECTION
ROUTING LABEL SLS OPC DPC NI

(SPARE)
SI
Fig 6.13 Message Routing fields.
The routing is performed so that messages having identical NI, SLS and DPC are routed over the same signaling link, if no signaling link fault has occurred. Load Sharing is a part of the routing function, by which the signaling traffic can be distributed over several signaling links and link sets. It is based on the four SLS bits in the routing label. In case of a signaling link failure, the routing is modified according to predetermined rules and the traffic is routed to other signaling links within the link set. If all signaling links within a link set have failed, the traffic is routed to the other link sets belonging to the same destination.
Message Discrimination
An SP in the network may act as a Destination Point or as a Signal Transfer Point (STP) for a message. In the former case the received messages are to be terminated within the own SP and in the latter case
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the received messages are directed to the routing function in order to be sent on the appropriate link towards the message destination point. The discrimination function performs this task by analyzing the NI and the DPC contained in the received message.
Message Distribution
If the message is destined in the own SP, it is directed from the discrimination function to the distribution function. The messages can be destined to: The User Parts (UP). The Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP). The Signaling Network Management Part of MTP. The Signaling Network Testing and Maintenance Part of MTP. The distribution function directs the received message to the appropriate user, based on the content of the Service Indicator (SI) in the Service Information Octet (SIO) contained in the Message Signal Unit. See Figure 6.14.
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SERVICE INFORMATION OCTET

Sub-Service Field Service Indicator
DC BA International network Spare National network Reserved for national use 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1

S P A R E
DCBA 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 to 1111 Signalling network management Signalling network testing Spare SCCP Telephone User Part ISDN User Part Data User Part Data User Part Spare
Fig 6.14 Service Information Octet - SIO Signaling Network Management Functions
The purpose of the Signaling Network Management functions is to provide reconfiguration of the signaling network in the case of failures, and to control the signaling traffic in case of congestion. A reconfiguration of the signaling network is effectuated by use of appropriate procedures to change the routing of signaling traffic in order to by pass the faulty links or signaling points. This requires communication between signaling points concerning the occurrence of the failures. The Signaling Network Management functions are divided into: Signaling Traffic Management Signaling Link Management Signaling Route Management See Figure 6.15
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SIGNALLING NETWORK MANAGEMENT

LEVEL 4 LEVEL 3 Signalling Traffic Management LEVEL 2
Signalling Route Management
Signalling Link Management
Fig 6.15 Signaling Network Management functions
These functions are used whenever an event, such as the failure or restoration of a signaling link, occurs in the signaling network.
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Section 7 Telephone User Part - TUP

7.1 General
The Telephone User Part defines the necessary telephone signaling functions in Signaling System No. 7 for international as well as national telephone traffic. It provides the same features for telephone signaling as other CCITT signaling systems. The TUP is described in CCITT Recommendations (protocols) Q.721 -Q.725
7.2 Telephone Signals

The telephone signals are transferred in the signaling network the form of signaling messages. which is the contents in the SIF field in the Message Signal Units (MSU). The TUP signaling messages are grouped into a number of message groups, where each group is indetified by a Heading Code H0. See Heading Code allocation table in Figure 7.1.
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Message Group
H1 H0 0000
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 Spare, reserved for national use IAM IAI SAM SAO GSM GRQ ACM CHG SEC CGC NNC ADI CFL SSB UNN LOS SST ACB DPN MPR COT CCF
11 11
FAM FSM BSM SBM UBM CSM CCM GRM
0001 0010 0011 0100 0101
0110 ANU ANC ANN CBK CLF RAN FOT CCL 0111 1000 1001 RLG BLO BLA UBL UBA CCR RSC MGB MBA MGU MUA HGB HBA HGU HUA GRS GRA SGB SBA SGU SUA RESERVED ACC Spare, reserved for international and basic national use
CNM
1010 1011 1100 1101
Spare, reserved for national use
Fig 7.1 Traditional division of signaling
Each signaling message within a message group is identified by another Heading Code H1. The detailed description of the TUP signals are found in the CCITT Recommendation Q.723.
7.3 Formats and Codes

Common for all TUP signals is the LABEL. See Figure 7.2.
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MSU F
8
CK
16
SIF SIO
8n,n 2 8 2
LI
6
ERROR CORRECTION
16
F
8
USER INFO H1 H0
LABEL
12
CIC SLS
14
14
OPC
Routing Label
DPC
Fig 7.2 Example of fundamental Inter-exchange signals
The Label contains 4 different fields: Destination Point Code (DPC) DPC is the part of the Label which uniquely identifies the Signaling Point to where the MSU is addressed. Originating Point Code (OPC) OPC is the part of the Label which uniquely identifies the Signaling Point that originates the message. Circuit Identification Code (CIC) CIC is the part of the Label that uniquely identifies a telephone or data circuit between the originating and the destination point. Signaling Link Selection (SLS) SLS is the 4 least significant bits of the CIC field. The SLS field is used to select a Signaling Link from a Signaling Link Set, normally on a load sharing basis. Routing Label
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The three fields DPC, OPC and SLS comprise the Routing Label. This label is used by the MTP to route the messages to the correct destination. Heading Codes Each TUP message also contains an octet (8 bits) with the two Heading Codes, which uniquely identifies the type of telephone signal. The rest of the SIF field contains a number of subfields (parameters) with the signaling information. Example: Initial Address Message (LAM) See Figure 7.3
IAM
0001 Address signals
n 8
0001 H0
Number of Message address Indicators signals

4 12
S P A R E
A-cat.
H1
LABEL
40
H0 = 0001 ---> FAM - Forward Address Message H1 = 0001 ---> IAM - Initial Address Message Calling Party Category (A -category) 000010 ---> operator, English 001010 ---> ordinary subscriber Message Indicators XXXXX1000111 ---> International number, one satellite circuit in connection, continuity check not required, outgoing half-echo suppresser included
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Number of address signals ---> Number of digits in the address field Address signals (B -number) 0011 ---> digit 3 1100 ---> code 12
7.4 Signaling Procedures

Normal Call Set - Up
The most common TUP signals used in a normal call set -up are shown in Figure 7.4.
STP
SP
SP
SP
3 2 5 8 7 6
IAM SAO SAO ACM ANC
(seizure,3258) (7) (6)
IAM SAO ACM ANC
(seizure,587) (6)
(B free)
(B answer)
CONVERSATION
CBK CLF RLG CLF RLG CBK
IAM
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The Initial Address Message (IAM) is the first message of a call set -up. It generally includes all of the information required to route the call. The seizing function is implicit in this message (CIC field). SAM or SAO The remaining digits, if any, may be sent individually (SAO Subsequent Address Message with One digit) or grouped together (SAM - Subsequent Address Message). Efficiency can be gained by grouping together as many digits as possible. However, in some cases it may be desirable to sent the last few digits individually to prevent an increase in post -dialing delay. ACM The Address Complete Message will be originated by the last Signaling System No. 7 exchange. It is sent as an acknowledgment signal if the B -subscriber is free and contains information like; charging, echo suppresser information etc. ANC or ANN The signals Answer Charge and Answer No Charge are sent as a result of the first off-hook signal from the B -subscriber. In case of an ANC signal, the charging process in the first exchange is normally initiated. CBK A Clear Back signal is sent if the B -subscriber hooks on first. This signal must not disconnect the speech path. The B -subscriber may just want to change telephones. CLF The Clear Forward signal is sent when the A -subscriber hooks on. All exchanges must respond by releasing the speech (or data) circuit and send a Release Guard (RLG) as an acknowledgment.
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RLG The Release Guard signal is the last signal in the signaling procedure. After this signal has been sent, the speech circuit is available for new traffic.
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Section 8 ISDN User Part - ISUP

8.1 General
The purpose of the signaling in an ISDN network is to deliver control information to the switching nodes for call establishment and call control through the ISDN network. The signaling in ISDN is, compared with the relatively simple signaling in the PSTN, a lot more comprehensive and powerful. For example, ISDN's capability to handle many different services puts new
requirements on the signaling capacity. The signaling in ISDN can be divided into two types. See Figure 8.1
DSS 1
Exch.
S.S. No.7
Exch.
TE
Fig 8.1
The first type is used between a subscriber terminal and the local ISDN exchange. This signaling utilizes the D -channel on the digital subscriber line and is called Digital Subscriber Signaling System No. 1 (DSS 1). The second type of signaling is used between exchanges when more than one exchange are involved in an ISDN call. Here the CCITT Signaling System No. 7 (S.S. No. 7) is used to deliver the control information to all involved exchanges. Please observe that, although the control information has the highest priority on the D -channel, there is capacity left for user-to-user information to be transported the same way. This means that also the
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S.S. No. 7 must have the capacity to take care of user-to-user information. The channel can be one of the channels in an ordinary traffic PCM system or a dedicated signaling link. The signaling path is separated from the speech path (out-of-band signaling) and it serves a great number of speech circuits (common channel signaling). ISDN User Part (ISUP) is used for signaling between nodes within ISDN, ISUP is capable of processing ISDN specific information which is more complex than telephony signaling. MTP according to the CCITT red book can carry longer messages than the "yellow" MTP. Since ISDN uses very long messages the "red" or "blue" MTP should be used for ISDN. A TUP in one exchange can communicate with a TUP in another exchange, but a TUP and an ISUP cannot communicate. All ISDN nodes with direct connection to the telephony network need both ISUP and TUP. See Figure 8.2.
ISDN
ISUP
ISUP
TUP
TUP
PSTN
TUP
ISUP
TUP
Fig 8.2
8.2 DSS1 - ISUP, Interworking

Both D -channel and ISUP signaling use messages as information carries. A simple D -channel signaling sequence to set up a B -channel connection is shown in Figure 8.3.
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The call request information in a SETUP message is transmitted between ISDN modes by an Initial Address Message (IAM). The D -channel message ALERT corresponds, in this case, to an Address Complete Message (ACM), and CONNECT is converted to an Answer Message (ANM).
DSS 1
TE NT
S.S. No.7 EXCH IAM ACM ANM EXCH
DSS 1
NT TE
SETUP
SETUP ALERTING CONNECT
ALERTING CONNECT
Fig 8.3
8.3 ISDN Signaling Related to the OSI Model

Figure 8.4 shows the signaling in relation to the OSI layers. The upper part of the picture describes a circuit-switched connected B -channel. The lower part describes the signaling on the C -channel.
User
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 B-chan.
Network
User
Switch
Switch Switching Netw.
B-chan.
3 2 1 D-chan. S.S. No.7 Network D-chan.
Fig 8.4
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Signaling starts with a SETUP message delivered from layer 3 to layer 2 which adds address part, control part and check sum. The bits are transmitted by layer 1 functions to the first local exchange where it is received by layers 1, 2 and then 3. The SETUP message contents is analyzed and a route to another exchange is found. Signaling to that exchange utilizes level 4 (ISUP) and levels 3 to 1 (MTP). An Initial Address Message, IAM, is sent. In the next exchange levels 1 to 4 (MTP + ISUP) receive the message and its contents are analyzed. In the terminating exchange a SETUP message is sent on the D -channel towards the addressed user. The analysis functions in the two exchanges also order switching of the call, i.e. a B -channel is selected. Note that only layer 1, the physical layer is used. The B -channel is transparent through the network. After the connection has been established the two users can communicate on higher OSI layers using the transparent B -channel. See upper part of Figure 8.4.
8.4 User-to-User Signaling

User to user information carried by call establishment D -channel messages are also carried by call establishment messages over the ISDN network (ISUP-MTP). During the call, D- channel messages can be transmitted over the same signaling path that was established during the call setup. B- number analysis is not needed as the signaling path still exists in the processor memory. User to user signaling without a B -channel connection is done by establishing a virtual signaling connection. MTP is, however, not designed for signaling not related to a call establishment. This can be solved in two ways:
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1. A complement, called Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP), is added between MTP and the user part. 2. One bit (called the M -bit) indicates that the Circuit Identification Code, CIC, does not refer to a physical B -channel circuit. The SCCP solution is more flexible and it can also be used for other purposes. It can be used together with TCAP, Transactions Capabilities Application Part, for example, to request number translation in a data base.
8.5 End-to-End Signaling

End-to-end signaling is defined as the capability to transfer signaling information of end points significance directly between signaling end points. This method is used, for instance, to request additional call related information, to invoke a supplementary service or to transfer user-to-user information transparently through the network. There are two end-to-end signaling methods supported in ISDN: In the SCCP method the ISDN User Part is using the services provided by the Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) to establish a signaling connection for the end-to-end signaling. See Figure 8.5.
SCCP method
Orig. LE TE TE Term. LE
1 IAM (CR) CC
( )SCCP message
CR Connection request CR Connection confirm
Fig 8.5
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In the Pass-along method a special message type (Pass Along Message-PAM) is used to inform the intermediate exchanges that end-to-end signaling is used. This method can be used when the information to be transferred relates to an existing call for which a physical connection has been established. The purpose of end-to-end signaling is no reduce the delay and the processor capacity needed in the intermediate exchanges.
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Summary
1. Basic concept of CCS7 system: signaling link, link set, signaling point, signaling transfer point, associated mode, quasi-associated mode, load sharing, DPC, OPC, CIC, SLS, H0H1, message type. 2. Hierarchy levels of CCS7 system: signaling data link, signaling link, signaling network and telephone user part. 3. CCS7 structure of C&C08 switching system and boards related to it. 4. Four levels function realization in C&C08 switching system. 5. Data fields in C&C08 database related to CCS7: Card type of DTF, Circuit Type, Group Direction, Circuit Selection, CCS7 equipment, Link Selection, Link Number and Circuit Number, Link Code and Code Sending.
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Exercises
1. What is the standard bit rate of a signaling data link? 2. Which kind of signaling mode is the case of transmitting through STP? 3. Supposing that a telephone call from SP1 to SP3 and there are signaling units supporting the call going from SP1 to SP2 and from SP2 to SP3, illustrated below. Please point out the DPC and the OPC in each signaling unit.
SU1 SP1 SP2
SU2 SP3
SU3 SP1 STP2
SU4 SP3
4. Please confirm the slot location of LPN7 which provides the link with link number 25. 5. If there are two links connected to a destination signaling point, how many 1s and 0s should be set in the Link Selection Code.
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Keys to Exercises
1. signaling data link is usually at the bit rate of 64kbps. 2. signaling message transmitting through STP belongs
quasi-associated signaling mode. 3. The answer is: SU1: DPC=SP2, OPC=SP1; SU2: DPC=SP3, OPC=SP2; SU3: DPC=SP3, OPC=SP1; SU4: DPC=SP3, OPC=SP1. 4. Slot number 17 in lower frame. 5. Three 0s and one 1 should be set in the Link Selection Code like 0100 or 1000 etc.
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Appendix: Glossary
A ACM Address Complete Message
ACM is an acknowledgment message that is used in both the Telephone User Part (TUP) and ISDN User Part (ISUP). It is a message containing a signal indication that all address signals required for routing the call to the called party have been received. ANC Answer, Charge
ANC is a signal, in the Telephone User Part (TUP), which is sent in the backward direction to indicate that the call is answered and subject to charging. B C CAS CBK Channel Associated Signaling Clear Back
CLB is a signal, in the Telephone User Part (TUP), which is sent in the backward direction to indicate that the called party has cleared. CCS CLF Common Channel Signaling Clear Forward
CLF is a signal, in the Telephone User Part (TUP), which is sent in the forward direction to terminate the call or call attempt and release the circuit concerned. I
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IAI
Initial Address message with additional information
IAI is a message, in the Telephone User Part (TUP), which is sent first in the forward direction at call set -up. It contains address, routing and handling information such as charging and supplementary services information to be used in the call set -up procedures. IAM Initial Address Message
IAM is an address message in both the Telephone User Part (TUP) and ISDN User Part (ISUP). This message contains information like: Called Party Address, Calling Party Category, etc. L LS Link Set
An LS consists of a number of Signaling Links (SL) between adjacent Signaling Points (SP). P PRIMARY RATE ACCESS Primary Rate Access is the ISDN interface that connects PBXs to the ISDN network. It consists of 30 (or 23 in USA) data or voice channels (B -channels) and 1 signaling or packet data channel (D - channel). Primary Rate Access is also known as 30B+D or 23B+D. PSTN Public Switched telephone Network
PSTN is the common abbreviation used for the ordinary telephone network. R
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RLG
Release Guard
RLG is a signal, in the Telephone User Part (TUP), which is sent in the backward direction in response to a Clear Forward (CLF) signal when the circuit concerned has been brought into the idle condition. S SAM Subsequent Address Message
SAM is an address message in both the Telephone User Part (TUP) and ISDN User Part (ISUP). It contains the remaining digits in the Called Party Address in the case when the Initial Address Message does not carry all the digits in the address. SAO Subsequent Address message with One digit
SAO is a signal, in the Telephone User Part (TUP), which contains one digit of the Called Party Address. SLS Signaling Link Selection
The SLS field is a part of the Routing Label contained in the Signaling Information Field (SIF) of a Message Signal Unit (MSU). It is used to select a Signaling Link (SL) from a signaling Link Set (LS).
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Table of Contents
Course Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Course Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Course Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Related Materials
.................................................... 1
Section 1 An Introduction to Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1 Signaling - General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Subscriber Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 Inter -Exchange Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.4 Channel Associated Signaling - CAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.5 Common Channel Signaling - CCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.6 Evolution
....................................................... 7
Section 2 Basic Concepts of CCS7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.1 Signaling Point
................................................... 8 2.2 Signaling Link / Link Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.3 Signaling Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.4 Signaling Point Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.5 Signaling Route / Route Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.6 Functional Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.6.1 Message Transfer Part (MTP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.6.2 User Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.7 Analogy - Mailing Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.8 Signaling Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.9 Message Formats and Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
............................................. 3.1 Planning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Network Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.1 Signaling Pint (SP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.2 Signaling Transfer Point (STP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.3 STP - Pair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.4 Signaling Link (SL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.5 Link Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Signaling Point Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 16 17 17 17 17 17 18 18
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.1 Destination in the Signaling Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.2 Forwarding Signaling Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

i
Section 5 OSI Reference Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 5.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 5.2 OSI and CCITT No. 7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Section 6 Message Transfer Part - MTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 6.2 Message Transfer Part - MTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 6.3 Signaling Data Link (Level 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 6.4 Signaling Link (Level 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 6.5 Signaling Network Functions (Level 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Section 7 Telephone User Part - TUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 7.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 7.2 Telephone Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 7.3 Formats and Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 7.4 Signaling Procedures
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Section 8 ISDN User Part - ISUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 8.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 8.2 DSS1 - ISUP, Interworking
......................................... 8.3 ISDN Signaling Related to the OSI Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 User-to-User Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 End-to-End Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix: Glossary
47 48 49 50
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Keys to Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
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Course OSB0002 CCS7 Signaling System
Course Description
Course Overview
Basic concepts of CCS7, structure of C&C08 CCS7 system and introduction to concept of C&C08 CCS7 system are described in the course.
Course Objectives
After the course is completed, the trainees should be able to Understand basic concept of CCS7. Familiar with hardware structure of CCS7 in C&C08 switching system. Know the data fields used in No.7 data setting in database. Know the function of signaling tracing of C&C08 switching system.
Related Materials
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Section 1 An Introduction to Signaling

1.1 Signaling - General
In a telephony context, signaling means the passing of information and instructions from one point to another relevant to the setting up and supervision of a telephone call. By tradition, Signaling has been divided into two types :Subscriber Signaling i.e. signaling between a subscriber terminal (telephone) and the local exchange, and Trunk Signaling i.e. signaling between exchanges. See Figure 1.1.
Local Exchange Local Exchange
Trunk Signalling
c c s
c a s
c c s
c a s
Fig.1-1 Traditional division of signaling
The Trunk Signaling has further been divided into :Channel Associated Signaling (CAS) i.e. signaling in the speech channel (in-band) or in a channel closely associated with the speech channel ,and Common Channel Signaling (CCS) i.e. signaling in a channel totally separated from the speech channels and where this Signaling Channel is common for a large number of speech channels.
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1.2 Subscriber Signaling

To initiate a call, a telephone subscriber lifts the handset off its rest-goes "off hook". This action is a signal to the exchange that the subscriber wants to make a phone call. As soon as appropriate receiving equipment has been connected to the line, the exchange sends a dial tone back to the calling party, who then can start dialing the wanted number. The subscriber in due course then receives advice from the exchange about the status of the call, either a ringing tone, and engaged or busy tone signal, and equipment busy tone signal (congestion), or some other specialized tone. These are some of the signals with which the telephone subscribers themselves are concerned. See Figure 1.3.
HOOK OFF DIAL TONE
NUMBER RINGING TONE RINGING SIGNAL B ANSWER
CONVERSATION
HOOK
ON
HOOK
ON
Fig.1-2 Example of Subscriber Signals
Please note that the Calling Subscriber is always referred to as the A-subscriber, and the Called Subscriber is called the B -subscriber.
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1.3 Inter -Exchange Signaling

Telephone signaling is however also concerned with the signaling of information between exchanges (line and register signals). See Figure 1-3.
SEIZURE SEIZURE ACKN.
B NUMBER B ANSWER CONVERSATION CLEAR BACK CLEAR FORWARD RELEASE GUARD
Fig.1-3 Example of fundamental Inter-exchange signals.
The Register Signals are used during the set - up phase in order to guide the set up of the call all the way through the network to the terminating exchange, while the Line Signals are used during the whole time of a call to supervise the status of the call and the line. The information contents in these signals are mainly the same as for he subscriber loop signals. Until the mid 60's ,all such signaling was carried on, or directly associated with, the speech path. This traditional type of signaling is generally called Channel Associated Signaling.
1.4 Channel Associated Signaling - CAS

Through the years, a number of different signaling systems of this kind have been developed, some of them defined by CCITT.
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Examples of these Channel Associated Signaling (CAS) systems are: MFP - Multi Frequency Pulsed ( CCITT #5, R1) MFC - Multi Frequency Compelled (CCITT R2, LME MFC) The names of these signaling systems tell that the most common way of transmitting the signals are in the form of pulses or tones (combination of tone frequencies). Characteristic for this type of signaling is that for each speech channel there is one unambiguously defined signaling path, either: On- speech- path, i.e. the signals are transferred in the speech channel, for example In- Band Signaling or Out -band signaling which is frequently used today. Channel -associated, i.e. the signals are transferred in a separate signaling channel, for example the multi -frame arrangement in PCM where the line signals are transferred in time slot 16. All of these signaling systems have a number of limitations like: Relatively slow, Limited information capacity etc. During the 1970's, when Stored Program Controlled exchanges were introduced in the telephone networks, it was obvious that a new signaling concept could offer many advantages compared to the traditional signaling systems. In this new signaling concept, fast data links between the processors of the SPC exchanges were used to carry all the signaling, leaving the voice circuits to carry speech. This new type of signaling is commonly referred to as Common Channel Signaling (CCS).
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1.5 Common Channel Signaling - CCS

In this type of signaling system, signaling for numerous circuits can be handled by a few fast signaling data links. The signaling is performed in both directions, with one signaling channel in each direction. The signaling information that will be transferred is grouped into signal units (data packets). Besides the signaling information itself, there is also need for speech circuit identification and address information (label) and information for error control. The SPC (Stored Program Control) exchanges together with the Signaling Links thus form a separate logical "packet switched" signaling network. Today, there are two different standard systems for common channel signaling available. The first system, CCITT No. 6, was produced as early as 1968, and is intended for use on analog lines, primarily for intercontinental traffic. It has been completely replaced by CCITT No. 7. The second system, CCITT No. 7, which was specified in 1979/80, is intended primarily for digital networks, both national and international, where the high transmission rate (64 kb /s )can be exploited. It may also be used on analog lines. CCITT No. 7 signaling has not only been designed to control the setting up and supervision of telephone calls but of non -voice services also. The system has several advantages compared with traditional signaling systems. Some obvious advantages are the following: FAST - the time for call set up is reduced to less than one second in most cases.
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HIGH CAPACITY - each signaling link can handle the signaling for several thousand simultaneous calls. ECONOMIC - much less signaling equipment is required, compared to traditional signaling systems. RELIABLE - by using alternate signaling routes, the signaling network can be made very secure. FLEXIBLE - the system can contain many more signals, for example, and can be used for other purposes than telephony.
1.6 Evolution
The Signaling System No. 7, in the first version, was designed for Telephony. During the 1980's, the demand for new types of Services has increased dramatically, and the Signaling System No. 7 has therefore been developed to meet the signaling requirements from all these new Services. CCITT No. 7 is today an increasingly important basis for new Telecommunication Services in networks link: PSTN ISDN IN PLMN the Public Switched Telephone Network the Integrated Services Digital Network the Intelligent Network the Public Land Mobile Network (especially the digital
mobile networks).
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Section 2 Basic Concepts of CCS7

2.1 Signaling Point
A Signaling Point (SP) is a switching or, processing node in a signaling network, with the functions of CCITT S.S. No. 7 implemented. A telephone exchange, functioning as a Signaling Point, must be of the SPC (Stored Program Control) type, as No. 7 signaling is a form of data communication between processors. All Signaling Points in a No. 7 Signaling Network are identified by a unique code (14 bits 0r 24 bits) known as a Signaling Point Code.
2.2 Signaling Link / Link Set

The common channel signaling system uses Signaling Links (SL) to convey the signaling messages between two signaling points. Physically, a Signaling Link consists of a Signaling Terminal at each end of the link and some kind of transmission media (normally a time slot in a PCM -link) interconnecting the two Signaling Terminals. A number of parallel signaling links that directly interconnect two signaling points constitute a Signaling Link -Set.
2.3 Signaling Modes

The term Signaling Mode refers to the association between the path taken by a signaling message and the speech path (or data path) to which the message refers.
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In the Associated mode of signaling, the messages related to a call follow the same path as the speech between two adjacent signaling points. See Figure 2.1.
ASSOCIATED
SP
SP
Fig 2.1. Associated signaling mode
In the Quasi -associated mode of signaling, the messages belonging to a call are conveyed over two or more link -sets in tandem passing through one or more signaling points other than those which are the origin and the destination of the messages. See Figure 2.2. In this case the signaling messages are following another path than the speech. The signaling points through which the messages are passing are called Signaling Transfer Points (STPs).
SP
QUASI - ASSOCIATED
SP
STP
STP
Fig 2.2 Quasi -associated signaling mode
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2.4 Signaling Point Modes

A signaling point, at which a signaling message is generated, is called the Originating Point. A signaling point, to which a signaling message is destined, is called a Destination Point. A signaling point, at which a message is received on one signaling link and then transferred to another link, without processing the contents of the message, is called a Signaling Transfer Point (STP). In the quasi -associated signaling mode, the messages are passing through one or more STPs on their way from the Originating Point to the Destination Point.
2.5 Signaling Route / Route Set

The pre -determined path, that a message takes through the signaling network between the origination point and the destination point is called a Signaling Route. It may consist of a succession of SP / STPs and the interconnecting SLs. All the Signaling Routes that may be used between an origination point and a destination point by a message traversing the signaling network is the Signaling Route Set for that signaling relation.
2.6 Functional Blocks

The CCITT Signaling Systems No. 7 comprises a number of functional blocks. See Figure 2.3.
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USER PARTS (UP)
MESSAGE TRANSFER PART MTP
USER PARTS (UP)
Fig 2.3 Basic structure of Signaling System No. 7
The Message Transfer Part (MTP) serves as a common transport system for reliable transfer of signaling messages between signaling points. In CCITT S.S. No. 7, there are a number of different User Parts defined. Each User Part contains the functions and procedures which are particular to a certain type of user of the signaling system. Examples of User Parts are Telephone User Part (TUP) and Data User Part (DUP). 2.6.1 Message Transfer Part (MTP) The Message Transfer Part conveys signaling messages between different User Parts and is completely independent of the content in each such message. The responsibility of the MTP is to convey signaling messages from one User Part to another User Part in a reliable way. This means that messages are transferred: Correctly, i.e. all distorted messages must be corrected before they are handed over to the receiving User Part. In correct sequence. Without loss or duplication.
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2.6.2 User Parts The User Parts generate and analyze signaling messages. They use the MTP as a transport function to convey the signaling information to other User Parts of the same kind. Examples of User Parts are: TUP DUP ISUP MTUP Telephone User Part Data User Part ISDN User Part Mobile Telephone User Part
2.7 Analogy - Mailing Organization

The Basic Structure of CCITT No. 7 can be compared with a mailing organization, where the letter -writes correspond to the User Parts and the Post Office corresponds to the Message Transfer Part. See Figure 2.4.
UP
UP
SIF
MTP
POST OFFICE
MSU
POST OFFICE
Fig 2.4 Analogy - CCITT No. 7 Mailing organization
The letter - writers (UPs) write their letters (the signal information - SIF) and mail them at the post office (MTP).
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At the post office, the letters are stamped and sorted and then transported (as Message Signal Units - MSU) via the road network (signaling network) to other post offices. At the receiving post office, the letters are again sorted and then distributed to their addressees (UPs).
2.8 Signaling Messages

In Common Channel Signaling, the signaling information is conveyed in a different way, compared to the traditional signaling systems where the signals are conveyed in the form of pulses, tones, tone -codes etc. In CCITT No. 7, the signaling information is conveyed in Signal Units, i.e. packets of binary digits (ones and zeros) arranged like data records with fields where the bit combinations mean different things. As a matter of fact, the signaling in CCITT No. 7 is a form of packet switched data communication. There are three main types of Signal Units in CCITT No. 7 See Figure 2.5.
MSU F
8
CK
16
SIF SIO
8n,n 2 8 2
LI
6
ERROR CORRECTION
16
F
8
LSSU F
8
CK
16
SF
8 or 16 2
LI
6
ERROR CORRECTION
16
F
8
FISU F
8
CK
16 2
LI
6
ERROR CORRECTION
16
F
8
Fig 2.5 Signal Units in CCITT No. 7
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MSU Message Signal Unit - contains the signaling information LSSU Link Status Signal Unit - is used for managing signaling links FISU Fill In Signal Unit - is used as fill in signals and for ac know lodgment.
2.9 Message Formats and Codes

A Signal Unit consists of a number of fields. One field (in MSU) Signaling Information Field (SIF) - has to do with the User Parts, all the other fields contain information for the Message Transfer Part (MTP). See Figure 2.6.
MSU F
8
CK
16
SIF
8nn 2
SIO
8 2
LI
6
ERROR CORRECTION
F
8
16
USER INFO
LABEL
TUP TUP TUP
MTP
Fig 2.6 Message Signal Unit
The Signaling Information Field contains the signaling information from the user part and a label. The contents of the remaining fields in an MSU are as follows: SIO Service Information Octet. It contains information about which User Part the MSU belongs to . LI Length Indicator. It indicates the number of octets in the fields between the LI field and the CK field. This makes it possible to
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differentiate between the three types of signal units (See figure 5) as follows: LI =0: FISU Fill - In Signal Unit LI = 1 or 2: LSSU Link Status Signal Unit LI > 2: MSU Message Signal Unit CK Check bits for detecting bit errors. Error Correction Consists of four fields - Forward Sequence Number (FSN), Backward Sequence Number (BSN), Forward Indicator Bit (FIB) and Backward Indicator Bit (BIB). These fields are used for requesting retransmission. F Flag: It indicates the beginning and the end of the message.
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3.1 Planning Objectives
The main parameters in Signaling Network planning are: Simple network structure Reliability Short delay times Reasonable costs Simple network structure is normally achieved by arranging the signaling network in a few hierarchical levels. Advantages with a hierarchical structure are that it is very flexible for future growth and it is relatively simple to administer. Reliability is a very important factor to consider when planning a signaling network. As the capacity of a signaling link is very high and the signaling traffic is very concentrated, the consequences of a link failure can be very drastic. High reliability can be achieved in different ways, for instance by building redundancy into the network - alternate signaling routes must be planned into the network. Short delay times is one of the main advantages with S.S. No. 7 signaling. With a simple hierarchical network structure and with properly dimensioned signaling links and nodes, the delay times can be kept to a minimum (less than one second). Reasonable costs will be the result of proper dimensioning. The cost aspect is not as critical in planning an ordinary telephone network.
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3.2 Network Components

3.2.1 Signaling Pint (SP) An SP is a node in the No. 7 Signaling Network. It has both the MTP and one or more User Parts implemented. A local exchange with S.S. No. 7 implemented is an example of a Signaling Point. 3.2.2 Signaling Transfer Point (STP) An STP is a node in the No. 7 Signaling Network, which transfers received messages to other Signaling Points . It uses only MTP functions (sometimes also SCCP functions). A transit exchange may be an
example of an exchange with integrated Signaling Transfer Point capability. Note! An exchange can be both an SP and an STP. 3.2.3 STP - Pair For reliability reasons the STPs are, from the SP's point of view, often working together in pairs. In normal use the signaling traffic is divided between the two STPs on a load sharing basis. In case of failure in one STP, the other STPs must have the capacity to handle also all the signaling traffic at the failed STP. 3.2.4 Signaling Link (SL) A Signaling Link consists of two signaling terminals interconnected with some kind of transmission media (e.g. a time slot in a PCM system).
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3.2.5 Link Set A Link Set consists of one or more (up to 16) parallel Signaling Links.
3.3 Signaling Point Number

To facilitate identification of the exchanges in a network, all signaling transfer points and signaling points are numbered according to a predetermined system. When a message is sent from one signaling point to another, these numbers are represented by the Destination Point Code (DPC) and the Originating Point Code (OPC) in the Message Signal UNIT (MSU), See Figure 3.1.
Signalling Point SP=500
B
MSU sent from A to B OPC DPC 100 500
C A
Signalling Point SP=100 Signalling Point SP=110
Fig 3.1
All exchanges in a signaling network have unique numbers. Note, however, that the same numbering may be used in some other network. We will revert to the numbering of signaling points in a network when studying the Swedish national signaling network.
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4.1 Destination in the Signaling Network
As we have said already, each Message Signal Unit (MSU) contains a label. The label for message (MSU - TUP) related to a telephone conversation is composed as follows, See Figure 4.1
CIC
OPC
DPC
CIC Circuit Identification Code

Indicates the speech circuit to which the message belongs
OPC Originating Point Code

Indicates the signalling point which generates the message
DPC Destination Point Code

Indicates the signalling point for which the message is intended
Fig 4.1
The signaling point number given in DPC is the signaling network destination of the message (DEST). There is a DEST for each outgoing speech route in an exchange. This means that after a speech route has been selected for a call, the signaling point knows the DEST to which the appurtenant signaling messages are to be sent. DEST is placed in the labels Destination Point (DEC) together with the speech connection number in the Circuit Identification Code (CIC) and the number of the sending exchange in the Origination Point Code (OPC).
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Important basic rule: DEST in a given signaling point can only represent other signaling points in which direct speech routes from the signaling point in question terminate. Why, then, is it so important? After a message has been received in the signaling point that corresponds to the Destination Point (DPC) of the label, the speech connection must be identified. This is done with the aid of Originating Point Code (OPC) and Circuit Identification Code (CIC), i.e. the
originating exchange and the number of the speech connection between two exchanges, See Figure 4.2.
Label
CIC
OPC
DPC
Fig 4.2
Consequently, if the speech connection does not belong to a route from the originating exchange, the destination exchange will not be able to locate the speech connection. The result will be an "owner less" signaling message which cannot be interpreted in the receiving signaling point.
4.2 Forwarding Signaling Message

As we could see when studying how link sets are selected and priority marked, signaling messages are forwarded by the Signaling Transfer Points (STPs) to other points in the signaling network.
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STP forwards signaling messages between two signaling pints interconnected over a direct speech route, See Figure 4.3. STP forwards signaling messages between two signaling points not interconnected over a direct speech route, See Figure 4.4. Combinations of these two cases may also occur on a signaling path.
500
100
A
Speech route LS
200
Fig 4.3
To clarify the forwarding process we are going to study the following examples:
Example 1 (STP)
A subscriber in exchange A calls a subscriber in exchange C (see figure 4.3). Since there is a direct speech route between A and C, a circuit (No. 13) in this route is selected. We have already mentioned that each signaling point in the signaling network has a signaling point number. Let us begin by using these. In this simplified network pattern, only one Link Set (LS) is connected to exchange A, namely LS = 500. Consequently, signaling messages addressed to C must be forwarded by signaling point B. What does the label look like in an MSU - TUP sent from A and addressed to C?
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Remember that the destination will be DEST = 200 since A uses the direct speech route to C, See Figure 4.4.
MSU
500
B
CIC 13
MSU
OPC 100 DPC 200
100
A
Speech circuit 13
200
Speech route LS
Fig 4.4
What happens in B is that the Message Transfer Part (MTP) reads the Destination Point Code (DPC) of the label and decides to forward the message because it is not intended for the own exchange. DPC = 200 gives DEST = 200, and Link Set (LS) = 200 is used to transmit the message to C.
Example 2 (Tandem)
Also in this example, a subscriber in A calls a subscriber in C, see figure 4.5, but this time congestion is encountered on the direct speech route to C. So, a speech circuit (No. 20) is selected in the alternative route A -B. What will be the destination in A for a message intended for signaling point C? Since the selected speech route terminates in B, the answer bust be DEST = 500. The label will this be as shown in figure 4.5.
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MSU
500
B
CIC 25
MSU
OPC 500 DPC 200
Speech circuit 13
100
A
Conguestion
200
Speech route LS
Fig 4.5
When checking the Destination Point Code (DPC) of the label, the Message Transfer Part (MTP) in B finds that the message is addressed to the own exchange. After analyze of delivered subscriber address (digits) a new speech route from B to C will be selected. Then the signaling with DEST = 200 will start. Thus, speed circuits will be established link by link and each speech link has its own signaling relation. But how will this work, considering that the message from A is intended for signaling point C?
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Section 5 OSI Reference Model

5.1 Background
Telephony
Within Telephony we have, since long time, standards that makes it possible to connect oneself to the telephone network and communicate all over the world. See Figure 5.1.
PSTN
CCITT - rec.
Fig 5.1 PSTN - Public Switched Telephone Network

Data Communication
During the 1970s, Data communication was developing more and more rapidly. Different vendors of data communication systems were developing their own standards for data communication processes, leading to a number of closed islands of vendor - dependent systems. This diversity of emerging standards was not in the best interests of he users and an increasing need for international data communication standards was obvious. The increasing need for communication between different computer systems lead to the work on an international standard. This was started around 1977/78 by ISO (International Standard Organization) after an initiative by BSI (British Standard Institute).
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The objective was to create a standard that makes it possible to interconnect data communication systems all over the world. See Figure 5.2.
IBM
SNA
Honeywell - Bull
DSA
OSI - WORLD
DEC
DNA
Univac
DCA
Fig 5.2 Interconnection of data communication systems.
In 1980, ISO presented the result of this standardization work in the form of the OSI Reference Model. OSI is an abbreviation for Open Systems Interconnection. Open Systems are systems that use the standardized communication procedures developed from the reference model. Thus all such Open Systems will be able to communicate with each other. Open systems may be computer, exchanges, data networks etc. In 1984, CCITT (Comites' Consultative International Telegraphique et Telephonique) came out with the recommendation X.200, where the OSI reference model is described in detail.
5.2 OSI and CCITT No. 7

A first specification of S.S. No. 7 (Signaling System No. 7) was published as early as 1980 in the CCITT Yellow book, the same year as ISO presented the OSI model. The Signaling System No. 7, which is a
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type of packet switched data communication, was also structured in a modular way, very similar to the OSI model, but with 4 levels instead of 7 layer. The three lowest levels form a message transfer part, MTP, and the fourth level contains the user parts. See Figure 5.6.
SS7
OMAP TCAP ISUP TUP
OSI
layer 7 layer 6 layer 5 layer 4
4
SCCP
Signalling Network Signalling Link Signalling DataLink
layer 3 layer 2 layer 1
3 2 1
MTP
Fig 5.6 Relationship between CCITT No. 7 and OSI model.
Thus, S.S. No. 7 is not wholly compatible with OSI. One big difference between the first version of S.S. No. 7 and the OSI model is the communication process in the network. The OSI model describes a connection-oriented exchange of data. The communication process then comprises three stages: setting up the connection, data transfer and disconnection. MTP provides only connectionless transport service (only data transfer phase), which is a faster way of transmitting data in small amounts. In order to meet the need for extended services in certain application, SCCP (Signaling Connection Control Part) was added in 1984 in the CCITT Red Book.
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SCCP offers both connectionless and connection-oriented network transport service and provides an interface between the transport and network layers that in general conforms to that of OSI. SCCP makes it possible to use a S.S. No. 7 network, based on MTP, as the carrier between applications that use OSI protocols for the exchange of information in the upper layers. This is an advantage, particularly in cases where S.S. No. 7 networks already exist. In the CCITT Blue Book (1988) is also a general protocol for Transaction Capabilities (TCAP) and an Application Part for Operation and Maintenance described. They together correspond to layer 7 in the OSI model.
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Section 6 Message Transfer Part - MTP

6.1 General
The first application of the Signaling System No. 7 was, of course, setting up calls in the ordinary telephone network, PSTN. CCS7 performs the same signaling functions as the conventional signaling systems but with a technique that is better suited for digital systems and SPC exchanges. For the subscribers, it means a much faster set - up of the calls and a possibility for new services. For the tele-administrations, No. 7 signaling means much less signaling equipment required in the network and increased capacity for telephone calls. A few year after the first version (Yellow book) of the signaling system was presented by CCITT in 1980, several countries started to implement the system in their national telephone networks. It has turned out to be a very effective and successful signaling system. Today, many countries are using No. 7 signaling, not only in the telephone network but also in ISDN, Intelligent Networks, Mobile Networks etc. For signaling in the telephone network, PSTN, two parts of the signaling system are required. The Message Transfer Part (MTP), which is a common transport system for all kinds of telecommunication applications, is necessary for transferring the signaling messages between telephone exchanges (Signaling Points).
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The Telephone User Part (TUP) is the part of the signaling system, which creates the telephone signals in the originating exchange and receives and interprets the signals in the destination exchange.
6.2 Message Transfer Part - MTP

The Message Transfer Part is common to all user parts within one exchange, It consists of the Signaling Data Link (Level 1), which interconnects two exchanges, and the Message Transfer Control System. See Figure 6.1.
Signalling Point User Part User Part Signalling Transfer Point
Signalling Point User Part User Part
S C C P
Sighnalling Connection Control Part
S C C P


MESSAGE TRANSFER PART
Fig 6.1 CCITT No. 7- System structure
The Message Transfer Control System is divided into two parts, the Signaling Link Functions (level 2) and the Signaling Network Functions (level 3). See Figure 6.2.
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LEVEL 4
LEVEL 3
LEVEL 2
LEVEL 1
UPs

Signalling Network Message Handling Signalling Network Management
Signalling Link
Signalling Messages
Control Signals
Fig 6.2 General structure of signaling system functions Signaling Link Functions
The Signaling Link Functions supervise the Signaling Data Link for faulty messages and controls that messages are sent and received in correct sequence and without loss or duplication.
Signaling Network Functions
The Signaling Network Function contain functions for Message Handling (traffic handling) and for Signaling Network Management.
Signaling Message Handling
The Message Handling contains functions for routing messages to the appropriate link and to distribute received messages within the home exchange to the correct user.
Signaling Network Management
In the event of changes of the status in the signaling network, for instance if a signaling link or a signaling point becomes unavailable, the Signaling Network Management functions control reconfigurations and
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other actions to preserve or restore the normal message transfer capability. The principal interwork between the above functions are illustrated in Figure 6.3.
6.3 Signaling Data Link (Level 1)

A Signaling Data Link is a bi-directional transmission path for signaling, comprising two data channels operating together in opposite directions and at the same transmission rate. See Figure 6.3.
SIGNALLING DATA LINK

SLEVEL 1 SELECTOR SELECTOR
ST
MUX
ET
ET
MUX
ST
64 kb/s (G 703)
PCM (30) (G 732, 734)
Fig 6.3 Signaling Data Link
A Signaling Data Link can be either digital or analogue. A digital Signaling Data Link is mode up of digital transmission channels (64 kb /s) and digital switches. An analogue Signaling Data Link is made up of voice-frequency analogue transmission channels (4 kHz) and modems. The Level 1 protocol defines the physical, electrical and functional characteristics of a Signaling Data Link. These characteristics are described in more detail in the CCITT Recommendations G.703, G.732 and G.734.
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6.4 Signaling Link (Level 2)

The Signaling Link Functions, together with the Signaling Data Link as transmission medium and with the Signaling Terminal as
transmission/reception controller, provide a Signaling Link for reliable transfer of signaling messages between two directly connected Signaling Points. See Figure 6.4.
SIGNALLING LINKSL
SLEVEL 2 SELECTOR SLEVEL 1
(SIGNALLING DATA .INK)
SLEVEL 2 SELECTOR
GSS ST MUX ET ET MUX ST
Fig 6.4 Signaling Link
The Signaling Link Functions comprise: Signal unit delimitation and alignment (flags) Error detection Error Correction Initial alignment Processor outage Level 2 flow control Congestion indications to level 3 Signaling link error monitoring The purpose of the Signaling Link Function is to ensure that messages are delivered to the far end correctly, in correct sequence and without
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loss or duplication. The purpose is also to perform initial alignment of the look and to supervise the performance of the link.
6.5 Signaling Network Functions (Level 3)

The signaling network functions can be divided into two basic categories namely: Signaling message handing (traffic handing) Signaling network management See Figure 6.11
LEVEL 4
LEVEL 3
LEVEL 2
LEVEL 1
UPs

Signalling Message Handling Signalling Network Management
Signalling Link
Signalling Messages
Control Signals
Fig 6.11 Signaling Network Functions Signaling Message Handling
The purpose of the Signaling Message Handling functions is to ensure that the signaling messages originated by a particular User Part at a signaling point (originating point) are delivered to the same User Part at the destination point indicated by the sending User Part. The Signaling Message Handling functions are based on the Network Indicator in the SIO field and the Routing Label contained in the
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messages which explicitly identifies the destination and originating points. The Signaling Message Handling functions are divided into: Message Routing Message Discrimination Message Distribution See Figure 6.12
SIGNALLING MESSAGE HANDLING

LEVEL 4 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 2
MESSAGE DISTRIBUTION
MESSAGE DISCRIMINATION
MESSAGE ROUTING
Fig 6.12 Signaling Network Functions
The Message Routing function is used at each signaling point (SP) to determine the outgoing signaling link (SL) on which a message has to be sent towards its destination point. The Message Discrimination function is used at an SP to determine whether or not a received message is destined to the point itself. When a message is not destined to the SP, that message has to be transferred to the message routing function. The Message Distribution function is used at an SP to deliver the received messages (destined to the point itself) to the appropriate User Part (UP) or to the Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP).
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Message Routing
The routing of a message to the appropriate signaling link is based on the Network Indicator (NI) in the Service Information Octet, and on the Signaling Link Selection field (SLS) and the Destination Point Code (DPC) in the routing label. See Figure 6.13
MSU - MESSAGE SIGNAL UNIT
F CK
SIF
SIO LI
ERROR CORRECTION
ROUTING LABEL SLS OPC DPC NI

(SPARE)
SI
Fig 6.13 Message Routing fields.
The routing is performed so that messages having identical NI, SLS and DPC are routed over the same signaling link, if no signaling link fault has occurred. Load Sharing is a part of the routing function, by which the signaling traffic can be distributed over several signaling links and link sets. It is based on the four SLS bits in the routing label. In case of a signaling link failure, the routing is modified according to predetermined rules and the traffic is routed to other signaling links within the link set. If all signaling links within a link set have failed, the traffic is routed to the other link sets belonging to the same destination.
Message Discrimination
An SP in the network may act as a Destination Point or as a Signal Transfer Point (STP) for a message. In the former case the received messages are to be terminated within the own SP and in the latter case
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the received messages are directed to the routing function in order to be sent on the appropriate link towards the message destination point. The discrimination function performs this task by analyzing the NI and the DPC contained in the received message.
Message Distribution
If the message is destined in the own SP, it is directed from the discrimination function to the distribution function. The messages can be destined to: The User Parts (UP). The Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP). The Signaling Network Management Part of MTP. The Signaling Network Testing and Maintenance Part of MTP. The distribution function directs the received message to the appropriate user, based on the content of the Service Indicator (SI) in the Service Information Octet (SIO) contained in the Message Signal Unit. See Figure 6.14.
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SERVICE INFORMATION OCTET

Sub-Service Field Service Indicator
DC BA International network Spare National network Reserved for national use 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1

S P A R E
DCBA 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 to 1111 Signalling network management Signalling network testing Spare SCCP Telephone User Part ISDN User Part Data User Part Data User Part Spare
Fig 6.14 Service Information Octet - SIO Signaling Network Management Functions
The purpose of the Signaling Network Management functions is to provide reconfiguration of the signaling network in the case of failures, and to control the signaling traffic in case of congestion. A reconfiguration of the signaling network is effectuated by use of appropriate procedures to change the routing of signaling traffic in order to by pass the faulty links or signaling points. This requires communication between signaling points concerning the occurrence of the failures. The Signaling Network Management functions are divided into: Signaling Traffic Management Signaling Link Management Signaling Route Management See Figure 6.15
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SIGNALLING NETWORK MANAGEMENT

LEVEL 4 LEVEL 3 Signalling Traffic Management LEVEL 2
Signalling Route Management
Signalling Link Management
Fig 6.15 Signaling Network Management functions
These functions are used whenever an event, such as the failure or restoration of a signaling link, occurs in the signaling network.
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Section 7 Telephone User Part - TUP

7.1 General
The Telephone User Part defines the necessary telephone signaling functions in Signaling System No. 7 for international as well as national telephone traffic. It provides the same features for telephone signaling as other CCITT signaling systems. The TUP is described in CCITT Recommendations (protocols) Q.721 -Q.725
7.2 Telephone Signals

The telephone signals are transferred in the signaling network the form of signaling messages. which is the contents in the SIF field in the Message Signal Units (MSU). The TUP signaling messages are grouped into a number of message groups, where each group is indetified by a Heading Code H0. See Heading Code allocation table in Figure 7.1.
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Message Group
H1 H0 0000
0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 Spare, reserved for national use IAM IAI SAM SAO GSM GRQ ACM CHG SEC CGC NNC ADI CFL SSB UNN LOS SST ACB DPN MPR COT CCF
11 11
FAM FSM BSM SBM UBM CSM CCM GRM
0001 0010 0011 0100 0101
0110 ANU ANC ANN CBK CLF RAN FOT CCL 0111 1000 1001 RLG BLO BLA UBL UBA CCR RSC MGB MBA MGU MUA HGB HBA HGU HUA GRS GRA SGB SBA SGU SUA RESERVED ACC Spare, reserved for international and basic national use
CNM
1010 1011 1100 1101
Spare, reserved for national use
Fig 7.1 Traditional division of signaling
Each signaling message within a message group is identified by another Heading Code H1. The detailed description of the TUP signals are found in the CCITT Recommendation Q.723.
7.3 Formats and Codes

Common for all TUP signals is the LABEL. See Figure 7.2.
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MSU F
8
CK
16
SIF SIO
8n,n 2 8 2
LI
6
ERROR CORRECTION
16
F
8
USER INFO H1 H0
LABEL
12
CIC SLS
14
14
OPC
Routing Label
DPC
The Label contains 4 different fields: Destination Point Code (DPC) DPC is the part of the Label which uniquely identifies the Signaling Point to where the MSU is addressed. Originating Point Code (OPC) OPC is the part of the Label which uniquely identifies the Signaling Point that originates the message. Circuit Identification Code (CIC) CIC is the part of the Label that uniquely identifies a telephone or data circuit between the originating and the destination point. Signaling Link Selection (SLS) SLS is the 4 least significant bits of the CIC field. The SLS field is used to select a Signaling Link from a Signaling Link Set, normally on a load sharing basis. Routing Label
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The three fields DPC, OPC and SLS comprise the Routing Label. This label is used by the MTP to route the messages to the correct destination. Heading Codes Each TUP message also contains an octet (8 bits) with the two Heading Codes, which uniquely identifies the type of telephone signal. The rest of the SIF field contains a number of subfields (parameters) with the signaling information. Example: Initial Address Message (LAM) See Figure 7.3
IAM
0001 Address signals
n 8
0001 H0
Number of Message address Indicators signals

4 12
S P A R E
A-cat.
H1
LABEL
40
H0 = 0001 ---> FAM - Forward Address Message H1 = 0001 ---> IAM - Initial Address Message Calling Party Category (A -category) 000010 ---> operator, English 001010 ---> ordinary subscriber Message Indicators XXXXX1000111 ---> International number, one satellite circuit in connection, continuity check not required, outgoing half-echo suppresser included
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Number of address signals ---> Number of digits in the address field Address signals (B -number) 0011 ---> digit 3 1100 ---> code 12
7.4 Signaling Procedures

Normal Call Set - Up
The most common TUP signals used in a normal call set -up are shown in Figure 7.4.
STP
SP
SP
SP
3 2 5 8 7 6
IAM SAO SAO ACM ANC
(seizure,3258) (7) (6)
IAM SAO ACM ANC
(seizure,587) (6)
(B free)
(B answer)
CONVERSATION
CBK CLF RLG CLF RLG CBK
IAM
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The Initial Address Message (IAM) is the first message of a call set -up. It generally includes all of the information required to route the call. The seizing function is implicit in this message (CIC field). SAM or SAO The remaining digits, if any, may be sent individually (SAO Subsequent Address Message with One digit) or grouped together (SAM - Subsequent Address Message). Efficiency can be gained by grouping together as many digits as possible. However, in some cases it may be desirable to sent the last few digits individually to prevent an increase in post -dialing delay. ACM The Address Complete Message will be originated by the last Signaling System No. 7 exchange. It is sent as an acknowledgment signal if the B -subscriber is free and contains information like; charging, echo suppresser information etc. ANC or ANN The signals Answer Charge and Answer No Charge are sent as a result of the first off-hook signal from the B -subscriber. In case of an ANC signal, the charging process in the first exchange is normally initiated. CBK A Clear Back signal is sent if the B -subscriber hooks on first. This signal must not disconnect the speech path. The B -subscriber may just want to change telephones. CLF The Clear Forward signal is sent when the A -subscriber hooks on. All exchanges must respond by releasing the speech (or data) circuit and send a Release Guard (RLG) as an acknowledgment.
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RLG The Release Guard signal is the last signal in the signaling procedure. After this signal has been sent, the speech circuit is available for new traffic.
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Section 8 ISDN User Part - ISUP

8.1 General
The purpose of the signaling in an ISDN network is to deliver control information to the switching nodes for call establishment and call control through the ISDN network. The signaling in ISDN is, compared with the relatively simple signaling in the PSTN, a lot more comprehensive and powerful. For example, ISDN's capability to handle many different services puts new
requirements on the signaling capacity. The signaling in ISDN can be divided into two types. See Figure 8.1
DSS 1
Exch.
S.S. No.7
Exch.
TE
Fig 8.1
The first type is used between a subscriber terminal and the local ISDN exchange. This signaling utilizes the D -channel on the digital subscriber line and is called Digital Subscriber Signaling System No. 1 (DSS 1). The second type of signaling is used between exchanges when more than one exchange are involved in an ISDN call. Here the CCITT Signaling System No. 7 (S.S. No. 7) is used to deliver the control information to all involved exchanges. Please observe that, although the control information has the highest priority on the D -channel, there is capacity left for user-to-user information to be transported the same way. This means that also the
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S.S. No. 7 must have the capacity to take care of user-to-user information. The channel can be one of the channels in an ordinary traffic PCM system or a dedicated signaling link. The signaling path is separated from the speech path (out-of-band signaling) and it serves a great number of speech circuits (common channel signaling). ISDN User Part (ISUP) is used for signaling between nodes within ISDN, ISUP is capable of processing ISDN specific information which is more complex than telephony signaling. MTP according to the CCITT red book can carry longer messages than the "yellow" MTP. Since ISDN uses very long messages the "red" or "blue" MTP should be used for ISDN. A TUP in one exchange can communicate with a TUP in another exchange, but a TUP and an ISUP cannot communicate. All ISDN nodes with direct connection to the telephony network need both ISUP and TUP. See Figure 8.2.
ISDN
ISUP
ISUP
TUP
TUP
PSTN
TUP
ISUP
TUP
Fig 8.2
8.2 DSS1 - ISUP, Interworking

Both D -channel and ISUP signaling use messages as information carries. A simple D -channel signaling sequence to set up a B -channel connection is shown in Figure 8.3.
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The call request information in a SETUP message is transmitted between ISDN modes by an Initial Address Message (IAM). The D -channel message ALERT corresponds, in this case, to an Address Complete Message (ACM), and CONNECT is converted to an Answer Message (ANM).
DSS 1
TE NT
S.S. No.7 EXCH IAM ACM ANM EXCH
DSS 1
NT TE
SETUP
SETUP ALERTING CONNECT
ALERTING CONNECT
Fig 8.3
8.3 ISDN Signaling Related to the OSI Model

Figure 8.4 shows the signaling in relation to the OSI layers. The upper part of the picture describes a circuit-switched connected B -channel. The lower part describes the signaling on the C -channel.
User
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 B-chan.
Network
User
Switch
Switch Switching Netw.
B-chan.
3 2 1 D-chan. S.S. No.7 Network D-chan.
Fig 8.4
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Signaling starts with a SETUP message delivered from layer 3 to layer 2 which adds address part, control part and check sum. The bits are transmitted by layer 1 functions to the first local exchange where it is received by layers 1, 2 and then 3. The SETUP message contents is analyzed and a route to another exchange is found. Signaling to that exchange utilizes level 4 (ISUP) and levels 3 to 1 (MTP). An Initial Address Message, IAM, is sent. In the next exchange levels 1 to 4 (MTP + ISUP) receive the message and its contents are analyzed. In the terminating exchange a SETUP message is sent on the D -channel towards the addressed user. The analysis functions in the two exchanges also order switching of the call, i.e. a B -channel is selected. Note that only layer 1, the physical layer is used. The B -channel is transparent through the network. After the connection has been established the two users can communicate on higher OSI layers using the transparent B -channel. See upper part of Figure 8.4.
8.4 User-to-User Signaling

User to user information carried by call establishment D -channel messages are also carried by call establishment messages over the ISDN network (ISUP-MTP). During the call, D- channel messages can be transmitted over the same signaling path that was established during the call setup. B- number analysis is not needed as the signaling path still exists in the processor memory. User to user signaling without a B -channel connection is done by establishing a virtual signaling connection. MTP is, however, not designed for signaling not related to a call establishment. This can be solved in two ways:
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1. A complement, called Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP), is added between MTP and the user part. 2. One bit (called the M -bit) indicates that the Circuit Identification Code, CIC, does not refer to a physical B -channel circuit. The SCCP solution is more flexible and it can also be used for other purposes. It can be used together with TCAP, Transactions Capabilities Application Part, for example, to request number translation in a data base.
8.5 End-to-End Signaling

End-to-end signaling is defined as the capability to transfer signaling information of end points significance directly between signaling end points. This method is used, for instance, to request additional call related information, to invoke a supplementary service or to transfer user-to-user information transparently through the network. There are two end-to-end signaling methods supported in ISDN: In the SCCP method the ISDN User Part is using the services provided by the Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) to establish a signaling connection for the end-to-end signaling. See Figure 8.5.
SCCP method
Orig. LE TE TE Term. LE
1 IAM (CR) CC
( )SCCP message
CR Connection request CR Connection confirm
Fig 8.5
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In the Pass-along method a special message type (Pass Along Message-PAM) is used to inform the intermediate exchanges that end-to-end signaling is used. This method can be used when the information to be transferred relates to an existing call for which a physical connection has been established. The purpose of end-to-end signaling is no reduce the delay and the processor capacity needed in the intermediate exchanges.
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Summary
1. Basic concept of CCS7 system: signaling link, link set, signaling point, signaling transfer point, associated mode, quasi-associated mode, load sharing, DPC, OPC, CIC, SLS, H0H1, message type. 2. Hierarchy levels of CCS7 system: signaling data link, signaling link, signaling network and telephone user part. 3. CCS7 structure of C&C08 switching system and boards related to it. 4. Four levels function realization in C&C08 switching system. 5. Data fields in C&C08 database related to CCS7: Card type of DTF, Circuit Type, Group Direction, Circuit Selection, CCS7 equipment, Link Selection, Link Number and Circuit Number, Link Code and Code Sending.
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Exercises
1. What is the standard bit rate of a signaling data link? 2. Which kind of signaling mode is the case of transmitting through STP? 3. Supposing that a telephone call from SP1 to SP3 and there are signaling units supporting the call going from SP1 to SP2 and from SP2 to SP3, illustrated below. Please point out the DPC and the OPC in each signaling unit.
SU1 SP1 SP2
SU2 SP3
SU3 SP1 STP2
SU4 SP3
4. Please confirm the slot location of LPN7 which provides the link with link number 25. 5. If there are two links connected to a destination signaling point, how many 1s and 0s should be set in the Link Selection Code.
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Keys to Exercises
1. signaling data link is usually at the bit rate of 64kbps. 2. signaling message transmitting through STP belongs
quasi-associated signaling mode. 3. The answer is: SU1: DPC=SP2, OPC=SP1; SU2: DPC=SP3, OPC=SP2; SU3: DPC=SP3, OPC=SP1; SU4: DPC=SP3, OPC=SP1. 4. Slot number 17 in lower frame. 5. Three 0s and one 1 should be set in the Link Selection Code like 0100 or 1000 etc.
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Appendix: Glossary
A ACM Address Complete Message
ACM is an acknowledgment message that is used in both the Telephone User Part (TUP) and ISDN User Part (ISUP). It is a message containing a signal indication that all address signals required for routing the call to the called party have been received. ANC Answer, Charge
ANC is a signal, in the Telephone User Part (TUP), which is sent in the backward direction to indicate that the call is answered and subject to charging. B C CAS CBK Channel Associated Signaling Clear Back
CLB is a signal, in the Telephone User Part (TUP), which is sent in the backward direction to indicate that the called party has cleared. CCS CLF Common Channel Signaling Clear Forward
CLF is a signal, in the Telephone User Part (TUP), which is sent in the forward direction to terminate the call or call attempt and release the circuit concerned. I
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IAI
Initial Address message with additional information
IAI is a message, in the Telephone User Part (TUP), which is sent first in the forward direction at call set -up. It contains address, routing and handling information such as charging and supplementary services information to be used in the call set -up procedures. IAM Initial Address Message
IAM is an address message in both the Telephone User Part (TUP) and ISDN User Part (ISUP). This message contains information like: Called Party Address, Calling Party Category, etc. L LS Link Set
An LS consists of a number of Signaling Links (SL) between adjacent Signaling Points (SP). P PRIMARY RATE ACCESS Primary Rate Access is the ISDN interface that connects PBXs to the ISDN network. It consists of 30 (or 23 in USA) data or voice channels (B -channels) and 1 signaling or packet data channel (D - channel). Primary Rate Access is also known as 30B+D or 23B+D. PSTN Public Switched telephone Network
PSTN is the common abbreviation used for the ordinary telephone network. R
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RLG
Release Guard
RLG is a signal, in the Telephone User Part (TUP), which is sent in the backward direction in response to a Clear Forward (CLF) signal when the circuit concerned has been brought into the idle condition. S SAM Subsequent Address Message
SAM is an address message in both the Telephone User Part (TUP) and ISDN User Part (ISUP). It contains the remaining digits in the Called Party Address in the case when the Initial Address Message does not carry all the digits in the address. SAO Subsequent Address message with One digit
SAO is a signal, in the Telephone User Part (TUP), which contains one digit of the Called Party Address. SLS Signaling Link Selection
The SLS field is a part of the Routing Label contained in the Signaling Information Field (SIF) of a Message Signal Unit (MSU). It is used to select a Signaling Link (SL) from a signaling Link Set (LS).
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Table of Contents
Course Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Course Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Course Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Related Materials
.................................................... 1
Section 1 An Introduction to Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1 Signaling - General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2 Subscriber Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.3 Inter -Exchange Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.4 Channel Associated Signaling - CAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.5 Common Channel Signaling - CCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.6 Evolution
....................................................... 7
Section 2 Basic Concepts of CCS7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.1 Signaling Point
................................................... 8 2.2 Signaling Link / Link Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.3 Signaling Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.4 Signaling Point Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.5 Signaling Route / Route Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.6 Functional Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.6.1 Message Transfer Part (MTP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.6.2 User Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.7 Analogy - Mailing Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.8 Signaling Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.9 Message Formats and Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
............................................. 3.1 Planning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Network Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.1 Signaling Pint (SP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.2 Signaling Transfer Point (STP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.3 STP - Pair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.4 Signaling Link (SL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.5 Link Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 Signaling Point Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16 16 17 17 17 17 17 18 18
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.1 Destination in the Signaling Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 4.2 Forwarding Signaling Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

i
Section 5 OSI Reference Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 5.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 5.2 OSI and CCITT No. 7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Section 6 Message Transfer Part - MTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 6.2 Message Transfer Part - MTP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 6.3 Signaling Data Link (Level 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 6.4 Signaling Link (Level 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 6.5 Signaling Network Functions (Level 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Section 7 Telephone User Part - TUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 7.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 7.2 Telephone Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 7.3 Formats and Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 7.4 Signaling Procedures
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Section 8 ISDN User Part - ISUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 8.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 8.2 DSS1 - ISUP, Interworking
......................................... 8.3 ISDN Signaling Related to the OSI Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 User-to-User Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 End-to-End Signaling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix: Glossary
47 48 49 50
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 Keys to Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
ii
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Course OSB0002 Issue 1.

CCS7 Signaling System OVSV610R003

Course OSB0002 Issue 1.0

CCS7 Signaling System OVSV610R003

Section 1 An Introduction to Signaling

Fig.1-1 Traditional division of signaling

Course OSB0002 Issue 1.0

CCS7 Signaling System OVSV610R003

1.2 Subscriber Signaling

HOOK OFF DIAL TONE

NUMBER RINGING TONE RINGING SIGNAL B ANSWER

Fig.1-2 Example of Subscriber Signals

Course OSB0002 Issue 1.0

CCS7 Signaling System OVSV610R003

1.3 Inter -Exchange Signaling

SEIZURE SEIZURE ACKN.

B NUMBER B ANSWER CONVERSATION CLEAR BACK CLEAR FORWARD RELEASE GUARD

Fig.1-3 Example of fundamental Inter-exchange signals.

1.4 Channel Associated Signaling - CAS

Course OSB0002 Issue 1.0

CCS7 Signaling System OVSV610R003

Course OSB0002 Issue 1.0

CCS7 Signaling System OVSV610R003

1.5 Common Channel Signaling - CCS

Course OSB0002 Issue 1.0

CCS7 Signaling System OVSV610R003

Course OSB0002 Issue 1.0

CCS7 Signaling System OVSV610R003

Section 2 Basic Concepts of CCS7

2.2 Signaling Link / Link Set

2.3 Signaling Modes

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CCS7 Signaling System OVSV610R003

Signalling relation Signalling link set

Fig 2.1. Associated signaling mode

Signalling relation Signalling link set

Fig 2.2 Quasi -associated signaling mode

Course OSB0002 Issue 1.0

CCS7 Signaling System OVSV610R003

2.4 Signaling Point Modes

2.5 Signaling Route / Route Set

2.6 Functional Blocks

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CCS7 Signaling System OVSV610R003

USER PARTS (UP)

MESSAGE TRANSFER PART MTP

USER PARTS (UP)

Fig 2.3 Basic structure of Signaling System No. 7

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CCS7 Signaling System OVSV610R003

2.7 Analogy - Mailing Organization

Fig 2.4 Analogy - CCITT No. 7 Mailing organization

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CCS7 Signaling System OVSV610R003

2.8 Signaling Messages

First bit transmitted

First bit transmitted

First bit transmitted

Fig 2.5 Signal Units in CCITT No. 7

Course OSB0002 Issue 1.0

CCS7 Signaling System OVSV610R003

2.9 Message Formats and Codes

First bit transmitted