TenthClass Content EM Mathematics 09-Trigonometry

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TRIGONOMETRY
This chapter comes under Paper-II. From this chapter 5 Marks question -1 (15 = 5M), 4 Marks questions - 2 (24 = 8M), 2 Marks questions - 2 (22 = 4M), 1 Mark question - 1 (11 = 1M) and 6 objective bits will be given. Altogether we can score 21 marks from it. This chapter is not only very important for S.S.C exam but also to higher classes like Intermediate and Engineering etc. The important material relevant to this topic is given below for the sake of the students who are going to appear S.S.C public exams.
Trigonometry is derived from three "Greek" roots ie Tri + Goma + Metron. Here Tri-means
three, Gomia means angle and Metron means measurement, this Trigonometry is the study of "Three angle measurement". Trigonometry is an analytical study of a three angled Geometric figure ie "triangle". "Hipparchus" established the relationship between the sides and angles of a triangle. Radian: The angle subtended by an arc of length equals to the radius of the circle at it's centre is called 'radian'. 2c = 360, c = 180 90 = 100g = c/2 or 180 = 200g = c The relationship among D, G, and C is
r
D G C D G C or = = = = 90 100 / 2 180 200
1c
If l is the length of arc of a sector, r is the radius, is the angle at the centre of sector
then the relationship among them is l = r or r = Here should be radian only. 1 = 0.01746 radian ; 1c = 5816' 3c/4 = 135 (degrees) 120 = 400g/3 (grades) 270 = 3c/2 (radians)
l l or = , r
Problem: 1 (1 Mark) A minute hand of a table clock is 3 cm long. How far it's tip move in 20 minutes? Sol: The length of minutes hand r = 3 cm Angle made by minutes hand in 60 minutes ---- 360 20 minutes ------- ?()
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6
20 360 c 2 c = 120 = 120 = 180 3 60

1
We know that l = r The distance travelled by tip of minutes hand l = r 2 = 3 3

= 2 = 22 7
r = 3cm r=?
44 cm 7
Problem: 2 (1 Mark) A wheel makes 360 revolutions in 1 minute. Through how many radians does it turn in 1 second. Sol: A wheel makes in 1 minute 360 revolutions i.e. 60 seconds 360 2c
6
1 second
360 2c 60
1
1 second 12c The wheel makes 12c in 1 second. Trigonometric Ratio's:

sin = cos = tan = cot = sec =
C
side opp.to BC = hypotenuse AC side adjacent to AB = hypotenuse AC side opp.to BC = side adj.to AB side adj.to AB = side opp.to BC hyp AC = sideadj.to AB
www.sakshieducation.com A hyp. Opp.side
adj.side B
co sec = tan =
hyp AC = sideopp.to BC
sin cos ;cot = cos sin
sin.cos = 1; cos.sec = 1 ; tan.cot = 1
Trigonometric Values
ratio sin cos tan cot sec cosec 0 0 1 0 1 30 1/2 3/2 1/3 3 2/3 2 45 1/2 1/2 1 1 2 2 60 3/2 1/2 3 1/3 2 2/3 1 90 1 0 0
Trigonometric Identities: I. sin2 + cos2 = 1 ; sin2 = 1 cos2 ; cos2 = 1 sin2 II. sec2 tan2 = 1 ; sec2 = 1 + tan2 ; sec2 1 = tan2 III. cosec2 cot2 = 1 ; cosec2 = 1 + cot2 ; cosec2 1 = cot2 Problem: 3 (2 Marks) If tan (A B ) =
1 1 , sin A = find B in circular measure. 3 2
Sol: tan(AB) = 1/3

tan (A B ) = tan 30
sinA = 1/2
sin A = sin 45
A B = 30 ____ (1) Substitute (2) in (1) 45 B = 30 B = 30 45 B = 15

B = 15
A = 45 ____ (2 )
1
Now A = 45 = 45
c 180c
4
c = 4
c c = B = 15 = 15 180 12
12
Problem: 4
c c c 2 3 Find the value of 32cot 8 sec + 8cot 4 3 6 2
Sol:
c c c 2 3 8 sec + 8cot 32cot 4 3 6 2
= 32cot 2
180 180 180 8 sec 2 + 8cot 3 4 3 6

1 1 1
45
60
30
= 32 cot2 45 8 sec2 60 + 8 cot3 30 = 32(1)2 8(2)2 + 8.(3)3 = 32 8(4) + 8 33

= 32 32 + 24 3
= 243 Problem: 5 If 4 cotA = 3 then find Sol: 4 cot A = 3

sideadj.to sideopp.to By Pythagorean Theorem, AC2 = AB2 + BC2 AC2 = 32 + 42 AC2 = 9 + 16 AC2 = 25 AC = 5 cot A = 3 / 4 =
A 3 B
sin A + cos A sin A cos A

5
sin A =
4 3 , cos A = 5 5
4 3 + sin A + cos A 5 5 = sin A cos A 4 3 5 5

7/ 5 =7 1/ 5
Problem: 6 (2 Marks) Show that Proof: L.H.S =

= 1 cos 1 + cos 1 cos 1 cos 1 + cos 1 cos 1 cos = cos ec cot 1 + cos
(1 cos )2
1 cos2
(1 cos )2
1 cos2
= 1 cos sin2
= =
1 cos sin 1 cos sin sin
= cosec cot = R.H.S Problem: 7 (4 Marks) Prove that

tan + sec 1 1 + sin = tan sec + 1 cos
Proof: tan + sec 1 tan sec + 1

= tan + sec sec 2 tan2 tan sec + 1 sec 2 tan2 = 1
= =
(tan + sec ) (sec tan )(sec + tan )

tan sec + 1
(tan + sec )1 (sec tan )

tan sec + 1
=
=
(tan + sec )(1 sec + tan )

tan sec + 1
tan + sec 1
= = =
sin 1 + cos cos sin + 1 cos 1 + sin cos
Problem: 8 (4 Marks)
P2 1 If sec + tan = P then show that sin = 2 P +1
Proof: Given that P = sec + tan R.H.S=

P2 1 (sec + tan ) 1 = P2 + 1 (sec + tan )2 + 1
2
sec 2 + tan 2 + 2sec tan 1 = sec 2 + tan 2 + 2sec tan + 1 = = sec 2 1 + tan 2 + 2sec tan sec 2 + tan 2 + 1 + 2sec tan tan2 + tan 2 + 2sec tan sec 2 + sec 2 + 2sec tan
2 tan2 + 2sec tan = 2sec 2 + 2sec tan =
( ) 2 sec (sec + tan )

2 tan tan + sec
sin cos = 1/ cos
= sin = L.H.S Problem: 9 (4 Marks) Eliminate from x = a sin b cos, y = a cos + b sin Sol: x = a sin b cos, y = a cos + b sin Consider x = a sin b cos Squaring on both sides x2 = (a sin b cos)2 x2 = a2 sin2 + b2 cos2 2ab sincos ____ (1) Consider y = a cos + b sin Squaring on both sides y2 = (a cos + b sin)2 y2 = a2 cos2 + b2 sin2 + 2ab cos sin ____ (2) (1) + (2)
x 2 + y2 = a2 sin2 + b2 cos2 2ab sin cos + a2 cos2 + b2 sin2 + 2ab cos .sin
x2 + y2 = a2(sin2 + cos2) + b2 (cos2 + sin2) x2 + y2 = a2(1) + b2(1) x2 + y2 = a2 + b2 Problem: 10 (1 Mark) If x = sec + tan, y = sec tan then find the relationship between x and y. Sol: x = sec + tan y = sec tan Consider xy = (sec + tan) (sec tan) = sec2 tan2 = 1
sin(90) = cos,
tan(90) = cot, sec(90) = cosec,

sin() = sin,
cos(90) = sin, cot(90) = tan cosec (90) = sec
tan() = tan, sec() = sec,
cos() = cos cot() = cot cosec() = cosec
Problem: 11 (4 Marks) Show that sec(270) = cosec Sol: L.H.S sec(270 ) = sec[90 + 180 ) Let 180 = x = sec[90 + x] = sec[90(x)] = cosec(x) = cosec x = cosec(180) = cosec[90 + 90 ] Let 90 =y = cosec [90 + y] = cosec [90(y)] = sec(y) = secy = sec(90) = cosec = R.H.S

sin(180 + ) = sin cos(270 + ) = sin tan(90 + ) = cot sec(270 ) = cosec cot(360 + ) = cot cosec (360 ) = cosec
t
Angle of Elevation: If the object is at a heigher level than the eye then the angle between the horizontal line drawn through the observers eye and the line joining the eye to an object is called "Angle of Elevation".
lin
s of
igh
Angle of elevation Eye Horizontal line
Angle of Depression: If the object is at a lower level than the eye, then the angle between the horizontal line drawn through the observers eye and the line joining the eye to any object is called "Angle of Depression".
lin
Angle of depression
ig fs ht
eo
object www.sakshieducation.com
Horizontal line
Problem: 12 (2 Marks) Find the height of mountain cliff, if the angle of elevation of it's top, from a point 300m from it's foot is found to be 60. Sol: Let AB is the mountain cliff. AC is the distance between cliff and observing point. B BCA = 60 In ABC, tan60 =
3= AB AC
AB 300 AB = 3003 m AB = 300 1.732 AB = 519.6m Height of mountain cliff = 519.6m

C
Mountain Cliff
= 60 300 m A
Problem: 13 (4 Marks) The upper part of a tree, broken by wind into two parts, makes an angle of 30 with the ground. The top of the tree touches the ground at a distance of 20m from the foot of the tree. Find the height of the tree before it was broken. Sol: Let AB is the tree before it was broken. C is broken point. CB' is broken part. B CB'A = 30 y AB' = 20m Let AC = x, BC = y = B'C AC C In CB'A, tan30 = AB '
1 x = 3 20 20 3 x= 3 3
30 B' 20 m A
y
x=
20 3 m ____ (1) 3 AB ' CB '
In CB'A, cos30 =
3 20 = 2 y y= y= 20 2 3 40 3 3 3
40 3 ____ (2 ) 3 The height of tree before it was broken = x + y y= = 20 3 40 3 + 3 3

20
60 3 3
= 203 = 20 1.732 = 34.64m Problem: 14 There are two temples, one on each bank of a river, just opposite to each other. One of the temple A is 40m high. As observed from the top of this temple 'A', the angles of depression of the top and foot of the other temple 'B' are 1230' and 2148' respectively. Find the width of the river and height of the temple "B". Sol:
P 1230' 2148' 40 - h x
1230' R Q d
40 m
2148' A d www.sakshieducation.com B
AP & BQ are two temples. AP = 40m AB is the width of river. QPX = 1230' RQP = 1230', BPX = 2148' ABP = 2148' Let AB = d RQ = d Let BQ = h AR = h PR = 40h 40 h Consider PQR, tan1230' = d
0.2217 = 40 h ____ (1) d
In PBA, tan 2148' = 40/d 0.4000 = 40/d 4000 d = 40 10000

4 0 10, 000 d= 4 000
1 1
d = 100m
Substitute 'd' value in (1) 40 h 0.2217 = 100

2217 100 = 40 h 10, 000
2217 = 40 h 100 22.17 = 40h h = 40 22.17 h = 17.83m Width of the river (d) = 100m. The height of temple B = 17.83m
Objective Bits: 1. If sin = cos then = _______ 2. If tan sec = 1 then tan + sec = _______ 3. cosec2 9 cot2 9 = _______ 4. sin 420 = _______ 5. sin29 + sin281 = _______ 6. If tan = a/b then sin = _______ 7. If sin2 = cos3 then (i) tan 5 = (ii) cot 5 =
sin18 = _______ cos72 9. sin15 cos15 = 10. 1 = ______ radians 11. x = sec tan, y = sec + tan then the relationship between x and y is ____ 12. cos 240 = _____ 13. The relationship among D, G, and C is 14. sin258 + cos258 = 15. An angle made by a side of a 24 sided regular polygon at it's centre is ____
8.
Answers:
c 1. = or 45 4
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
1 1 3/2 1 a
a 2 + b2
7. i) ii) 0 8. 1 9. 1/4 10. 0.01746 11. xy = 1 12. 1/2 D G C D G C or = = = = 13. 90 100 / 2 180 200 14. 1 15. 15 Assignment: (2 Marks) 1. The angles of a triangle are in A.P and the greatest is three times the least. Then find the angles of triangle in circular measure. 2. Prove that 4(sin430 + cos460) 3 (cos245 sin290) = 2 (1 3. 4. (4 Mark) Find the value of cos0 + sin90 + 2.sin45 Show that tan2 + tan4 = sec4 sec2 Marks) cos cos + =4 5. Solve 1 sin 1 + sin
(2 Marks) 6. Show that cos(270 + ) = sin (4 Marks) 7. A ladder 20m long is placed against a vertical wall of height 10m. Find the distance between the foot of the ladder and the wall, also find the inclination of the ladder with the horizontal. (4 Marks) 8. An aeroplane at an altitude of 2500 mts observes the angles of depression of opposite points on the two banks of a river to be 4120' and 5210'. Find the width of the river in metres.

TenthClass Content EM Mathematics 09-Trigonometry

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D G C D G C or = = = = 90 100 / 2 180 200

20 360 c 2 c = 120 = 120 = 180 3 60

We know that l = r The distance travelled by tip of minutes hand l = r 2 = 3 3

1 second 12c The wheel makes 12c in 1 second. Trigonometric Ratio's:

sin cos ;cot = cos sin

sin.cos = 1; cos.sec = 1 ; tan.cot = 1

Sol: tan(AB) = 1/3

A B = 30 ____ (1) Substitute (2) in (1) 45 B = 30 B = 30 45 B = 15

180 180 180 8 sec 2 + 8cot 3 4 3 6

= 32 cot2 45 8 sec2 60 + 8 cot3 30 = 32(1)2 8(2)2 + 8.(3)3 = 32 8(4) + 8 33

= 243 Problem: 5 If 4 cotA = 3 then find Sol: 4 cot A = 3

sin A + cos A sin A cos A

4 3 + sin A + cos A 5 5 = sin A cos A 4 3 5 5

Problem: 6 (2 Marks) Show that Proof: L.H.S =

1 cos sin 1 cos sin sin

= cosec cot = R.H.S Problem: 7 (4 Marks) Prove that

Proof: tan + sec 1 tan sec + 1

(tan + sec ) (sec tan )(sec + tan )

(tan + sec )1 (sec tan )

(tan + sec )(1 sec + tan )

sin 1 + cos cos sin + 1 cos 1 + sin cos

Proof: Given that P = sec + tan R.H.S=

2 tan2 + 2sec tan = 2sec 2 + 2sec tan =

( ) 2 sec (sec + tan )

sin cos = 1/ cos

tan(90) = cot, sec(90) = cosec,

cos(90) = sin, cot(90) = tan cosec (90) = sec

tan() = tan, sec() = sec,

cos() = cos cot() = cot cosec() = cosec

Angle of elevation Eye Horizontal line

AB 300 AB = 3003 m AB = 300 1.732 AB = 519.6m Height of mountain cliff = 519.6m

20 3 m ____ (1) 3 AB ' CB '

40 3 ____ (2 ) 3 The height of tree before it was broken = x + y y= = 20 3 40 3 + 3 3

In PBA, tan 2148' = 40/d 0.4000 = 40/d 4000 d = 40 10000

Substitute 'd' value in (1) 40 h 0.2217 = 100

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